酶解法与LC-MS-MS相结合研究灯盏乙素在健康人体内的药代动力学

目的建立β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶解法与LC-MS-MS法相结合测定人体血浆中灯盏乙素的苷元,研究健康男性单剂量口服灯盏花素分散片的药代动力学。方法血浆样品经β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶水解,甲醇蛋白沉淀,色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB C18(2.1 mm×150 mm,5μm),运用乙腈-甲醇-水洗脱,多反应监测(MRM)灯盏乙素苷元([M-H]-,m/z285.0/136.8)和内标槲皮素([M-H]-,m/z 301.1/120.8)。12名健康男性单剂量口服灯盏花素分散片120 mg后,采用该方法测定血浆中灯盏乙素苷元,使用DAS 1.0软件处理数据,计算药代动力学参数。结果灯盏乙素苷元在4.01~513.38μg·L-1范围内线性良好,日内日间精密度小于7.22%,提取回收率大于84.23%。12名健康男性单剂量口服灯盏花素分散片120 mg后,以灯盏乙素苷元为检测对象的主要药动学参数为:Cmax(μg·L-1):159.97±58.14;AUC(0-19)(μg·L-1·h):1151.37±279.80;AUC(0-∞)(μg·L-1·h):1194.13±264.51;Tmax(h):6.33±1.67;T1/2(h):2.83±0.60。结论建立的酶解与LC-MS-MS相结合分析方法准确灵敏,适用于灯盏乙素人体内的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中美普他酚的浓度

目的:建立人血浆中美普他酚浓度的HPLC-MS/MS测定法。方法:血浆样品500μL经液-液萃取后,以10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵(含0.5%甲酸水溶液)-乙腈(70∶30)为流动相,采用InertsilCN(150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5μm)柱分离,采用电喷雾电离化(ESI)方式和多反应离子监测(MRM)模式进行正离子检测。用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z 234.2→107.0(美普他酚)和m/z 152.0→110.0(对乙酰氨基酚)。结果:美普他酚血药浓度线性范围为0.20～508.00μg.L-1,定量下限为0.20μg.L-1。低、中、高3个浓度提取回收率分别为68.1%,67.0%,65.6%。结论:该法操作简便、快速、灵敏,适用于美普他酚的药代动力学研究及制剂的生物等效性评价。     

HPLC法测定灯盏花素注射液中野黄芩苷含量及有关物质

目的:建立用高效液相色谱法测定灯盏花素注射液中野黄芩苷含量及其有关物质。方法:采用Agilent TC C18(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,以甲醇-0.1 mol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(用磷酸调节pH 3.0)(32∶68)为流动相,流速1.0 mL.m in-1,检测波长335 nm。结果:主峰和相邻杂质峰能较好地分离;野黄芩苷浓度在26.02~312.24μg.mL-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9994,n=5);最低检出量为2 ng;灯盏花素注射液中的主要有关物质为灯盏花甲素。结论:本法专属准确,可用于灯盏花素注射液的质量控制。     

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定Beagle犬血浆中原儿茶酸、异荭草素和野黄芩苷

目的建立Beagle犬血浆中同时测定原儿茶酸、异荭草素和野黄芩苷的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。方法 Beagle犬单次股静脉注射88 mg.kg-1的注射用复方荭草(冻干粉针),分时取血处理。色谱采用Waters BEH C18反相柱,流动相为乙腈-水(含0.1%甲酸)梯度洗脱,质谱采用多反应离子监测(MRM)方式进行检测,用于定量分析的离子对分别为原儿茶酸m/z109.0→m/z152.8、异荭草素m/z449.2→m/z299.1、野黄芩苷m/z463.1→m/z287.1。结果原儿茶酸、异荭草素和野黄芩苷的线性范围分别为0.002～0.569、0.022～5.450和0.024～5.860 mg·L-1,方法的准确度,日内、日间精密度和稳定性均符合要求。结论该方法快速、灵敏、专属性强,可用于原儿茶酸、异荭草素和野黄芩苷的药代动力学研究。     

高效液相-质谱法测定大鼠肝组织中黄芩苷浓度

目的:建立用于测定黄芩苷大鼠肝组织中浓度的高效液相-质谱联用分析方法。方法:采用Thermo C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),柱温40℃,流动相:甲醇与5‰甲酸水溶液(含0.1‰三氟乙酸),使用梯度洗脱程序,以芬氟拉明为内标,使用电喷雾电离子源,选择性离子方式检测。黄芩苷及内标用于定量分析的离子m/z分别为271.4、232.4。肝组织样品用甲醇(含0.5‰甲酸)溶液按1g∶2mL比例冰浴匀浆后,低温高速离心,取上清液直接进样分析。结果:黄芩苷在56.8~5 680.0μg.L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 8;最低检测限为2.0μg.L-1。日内RSD在3.0%~5.5%之间(n=5);日间RSD为2.9%~7.8%之间(n=15);平均回收率在101.5%~107.2%之间(n=5)。结论:该方法操作简单、结果准确、灵敏度高,适用于黄芩苷大鼠肝组织中代谢动力学研究。     

RP-HPLC同时测定大卫颗粒中绿原酸、黄芩苷、连翘苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法同时测定大卫颗粒中绿原酸、黄芩苷、连翘苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素的含量。方法:采用Diamon-sil C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-0.05%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱(0～10 min,10%A→15%A;10～15 min,15%A→25%A;15～25 min,25%A→28%A;25～35 min,28%A→35%A),柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长230 nm,进样量20μL。结果:绿原酸、黄芩苷、连翘苷、黄芩素和汉黄芩素5个成分质量浓度分别在2.80～28.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9992)、25.71～257.1μg.mL-1(r=0.9994)、0.71～7.1μg.mL-1(r=0.9995)、0.81～8.1μg.mL-1(r=0.9990)、0.50～5.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9992)的范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;方法的平均回收率(n=9)分别为100.0%,99.0%,99.0%,99.9%,99.4%。结论:所建立的高效液相色谱测定法简便、准确,重复性好,专属性强,可用于大卫颗粒的含量测定质量控制。     

桔贝合剂中5种成分的含量测定

目的建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)同时测定桔贝合剂中甘草苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量的方法。方法采用超高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸(梯度洗脱),流速为0.3 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为276 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为2μL。结果甘草苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素检测质量浓度线性范围分别为1.09～21.74μg·m L-1(r=0.9998),11.99～239.89μg·m L-1(r=0.9995),2.95～58.90μg·m L-1(r=0.9997),0.52～10.30μg·m L-1(r=0.9998),0.57～11.32μg·m L-1(r=0.9997);加样回收率分别为99.0%(RSD=1.2%),99.4%(RSD=0.94%),100.4%(RSD=0.77%),98.4(RSD=1.4%),97.4%(RSD=1.4%)。结论该方法快捷、准确,重复性好,为提高桔贝合剂的质量标准提供了科学依据。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中甲氧氯普胺的浓度

目的建立测定人血浆中甲氧氯普胺浓度的LC-MS/MS方法。方法采用Alltech Alltima C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×50 mm,3μm),以5 mmol.L-1乙酸铵-乙腈-甲醇(体积比为50∶40∶10)为流动相,流速为0.2 mL.min-1,血浆样品在碱性条件下液-液萃取,通过电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,以多离子反应监测(MRM)方式进行检测。用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z300.20→m/z227.00(甲氧氯普胺)和m/z152.20→m/z134.00(内标,苯丙醇胺)。结果甲氧氯普胺线性范围为0.5~200.0μg.L-1,最低定量限为0.5μg.L-1,平均回收率为(71.38±6.35)%,日内和日间精密度均小于15%。结论该法适用于临床药物浓度监测和药物动力学的研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定动物血清中射干合剂多指标成分的浓度

目的:建立测定动物血清中射干合剂多指标成分的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）方法。方法:血清样品中加入内标（硫利达嗪）,甲醇直接沉淀;用Capcell C₁₈MGⅢ（2.0 mm×100 mm,5μm）;流动相为水:乙腈（95:5）梯度洗脱,流量为0.3 ml·min^-1,扫描方式为正离子多离子反应监测（MRM）,黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素、盐酸麻黄碱和内标硫利达嗪的离子选择通道分别为m/z 447.2→271.2、271.2→123.2、285.2→270.2、463.2→301.2、387.1→357.1、166.2→148.2、371.2→126.2。结果:黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素、射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素、盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围为0.01～500.00μg·L^-1,定量下限为0.01μg·L^-1,提取回收率均大于90%,批内、批间RSD均小于10%。结论:本法操作简便,特异性强,灵敏度高,取血量少,符合生物样品的分析要求,可用于射干合剂中多指标成分在动物体内的药动学研究。     

电喷雾离子阱二级质谱法测定人血浆中利培酮浓度

目的 建立电喷雾离子阱二级质谱法(LC-ESI-MS/MS)测定人血浆中利培酮浓度.方法 色谱柱DiamonsilTM C18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈(1%甲酸):0.02mol·L-1醋酸铵=(60:40,V:V),流速:0.8 mL·min-1;柱温:25℃;进样体积:10μL;质谱条件为电喷雾离子源,检测方式为正离子多离子反应监测(MRM),用于定量分析的离子为利培酮m/z411→191,内标替米沙坦m/z516→497,生物样本采用醋酸乙酯:二氯甲烷(4:1)液液萃取处理.结果 利培酮血药浓度线性范围为0.5～50 μg·L-1,线性方程为C=2.38F-0.24,r=0.999(n=7),最低检测浓度为0.1μg·L-1,高中低三个浓度的提取回收率分别为71.70%,64.58%,64.93%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%.结论 本法灵敏、准确、快速,可用于临床常规血药浓度测定和药动学研究.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.