基于LC-MS/MS特征图谱技术牛黄清心丸(局方)中牛黄及代用品的鉴别研究

目的:通过建立牛黄清心丸(局方)中牛黄及代用品胆汁酸类成分的特征图谱,达到鉴别牛黄清心丸(局方)中牛黄种类的目的,进而更好地控制牛黄清心丸(局方)中牛黄的质量。方法:Waters Symmetryshield^TM C₁₈色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),以0.2%甲酸水溶液(含10 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵)(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1;采用负模式电喷雾离子化源(ESI^-),以甘氨胆酸(m/z 464.3→m/z 402.4/74.1)、牛磺胆酸(m/z 514.3→m/z 124.1/80.0)、胆酸(m/z 407.4→m/z 343.3/289.1)、猪去氧胆酸(m/z 391.4→m/z 391.4)、鹅去氧胆酸(m/z 391.4→m/z 391.4)和去氧胆酸(m/z 391.4→m/z 343.3/327.2)为检测离子对进行分析,建立牛黄清心丸(局方)中牛黄中胆汁酸类成分的特征图谱,对牛黄清心丸(局方)中牛黄及代...     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中艾普拉唑的浓度北大核心CSCD

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中艾普拉唑的浓度。方法:人血浆样本用乙酸乙酯提取后,选用Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm),以乙腈-10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(80∶20)为流动相,流速为0.20 mL.min-1;选用三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,正离子方式,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z367.5→m/z184.1(艾普拉唑)和m/z 383.2→m/z 266.8(内标氯雷他定)。结果:艾普拉唑和氯雷他定的保留时间分别为2.0 min和3.9 min;血浆中艾普拉唑的线性范围为5～1500 ng.mL-1(r>0.99),定量下限为5 ng.mL-1;日内、日间RSD均小于15%;低、中、高3个浓度下的提取回收率分别为(76.5±4.9)%、(78.8±6.3)%、(77.1±4.9)%。结论:该方法快速、灵敏、准确,专属性强,重复性好,适用于人血浆中艾普拉唑浓度的测定,可应用于艾普拉唑肠溶片的人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中奥昔布宁和去乙基奥昔布宁的质量浓度

目的 建立HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中奥昔布宁和去乙基奥昔布宁的质量浓度.方法 选用Waters-Atlantis dC18色谱柱,以0.01％甲酸溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用正离子多反应监测方式测定样品质量浓度.用于定量分析的离子对分别为m／z358.2→142.2(奥昔布宁),m/z330.2→96.2(去乙基奥昔布宁),m/z268.2→152.2(奥昔布宁D10),m/z 335.2→101.2(去乙基奥昔布宁D5).结果 血浆样品中,奥昔布宁在0.05～25 ng·mL-1线性关系良好(r=0.996 5),最低定量浓度为0.05 ng·mL-1;去乙基奥昔布宁在0.05～25 ng·mL-1线性关系良好(r=0.998 5),最低定量浓度为0.05 ng· mL-1.两者日内与日间RSD均＜15％,提取回收率＞75％,且稳定性均较好.结论 本方法简便快速、灵敏准确、特异性强,适用于奥昔布宁和去乙基奥昔布宁的体内药物动力学研究.     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定琥乙红霉素颗粒体内活性代谢物

目的:建立琥乙红霉素人体内活性代谢物红霉素的HPLC-MS/MS分析方法。方法:选用克拉霉素为内标,血浆样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷-异丙醇(300∶150∶15)提取处理,通过检测活性代谢物红霉素的浓度来监测琥乙红霉素体内行为。色谱条件Waters C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),甲醇-水(80∶20,含0.5%甲酸)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min-1,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测系统(SRM模式),质谱采用电喷雾电离源(ESI),红霉素选择检测离子对为m/z 734→m/z 158,内标克拉霉素选择检测离子对为m/z 748→m/z 158。结果:血浆中红霉素检测方法的线性范围为9.724～2431.0 ng·mL-1,最低检测限可达9.724 ng.mL-1。血浆中红霉素的平均回收率为77.6%～80.0%;日内、日间RSD均小于11%。结论:本法灵敏、准确、选择性高,可用于监测琥乙红霉素的体内行为。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定猪胆粉药材中3种牛磺结合型胆酸的含量

目的:建立同时测定猪胆粉药材中牛磺猪胆酸、牛磺猪去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸含量的RP-HPLC方法。方法:采用Welchrom C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-磷酸二氢钠溶液(0.03 mol·L-1)(70∶30),用磷酸调节pH为4.4,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长200 nm,柱温25℃。结果:牛磺猪胆酸、牛磺猪去氧胆酸和牛磺鹅去氧胆酸进样量分别在1.65～16.5μg(r=0.9998),2.03～20.3μg(r=0.9998),1.09～10.9μg(r=0.9996)范围内线性关系良好;检测限分别为26.4,7.6,38.2 ng;平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为101.2%(RSD=1.9%),99.1%(RSD=1.7%),100.6%(RSD=2.1%)。结论:该方法简便、准确,重复性好,在同一色谱条件下实现多指标成分的同时测定,为猪胆粉的全面质量评价提供参考。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)。方法:100μL血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以乙腈-水-冰醋酸(60:40:1.5)为流动相,经Neucleosil ODS柱(50 mm×2.0 mm,5μm)分离,采用电喷雾电离源,以多反应监测(MRM)方式进行正离子检测。用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 705→m/z 392(伊曲康唑),m/z 721→m/z 408(羟基伊曲康唑)和m/z 383→m/z 337(内标氯雷他定)。结果:测定血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑的线性范围分别为:10～2 500 ng.mL-1和20～4 000ng.mL-1,最低定量限(LLOQ)分别为:10和20 ng.mL-1。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均<15.0%,准确度(RE)在±7.8%以内。结论:该方法分析时间短、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑的药动学研究。     

高效液相-质谱串联法测定大鼠血浆中辛伐他汀及辛伐他汀酸的浓度

目的:建立HPLC-MS法测定大鼠血浆中辛伐他汀及其代谢物辛伐他汀酸的浓度。方法:血浆样本加入适量内标和醋酸铵缓冲液,以甲基叔丁基醚萃取后采用LC-MS进行分析。色谱柱采用Inertsil ODS-3柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5.0μm);流动相由乙腈-2.5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)(75∶25)组成,柱温35°C;流速0.3 mL.min-1;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以多反应监测方式(MRM)进行定量分析。辛伐他汀和内标洛伐他汀在正离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 419.2→m/z199.2和m/z 405.2→m/z 199.2;辛伐他汀酸和内标洛伐他汀酸在负离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 435.2→m/z319.2和m/z 421.4→m/z 319.2。结果:辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸在5.0～6 400 ng.mL-1内线性关系良好(r>0.999),最低定量限为0.1 ng.mL-1,提取回收率为87.91%～99.77%,日内、日间精密度均不高于8.95%。结论:该方法分析速度快、灵敏、准确,为临床进一步研究辛伐他汀提供了基础。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中替利定和去甲替利定的质量浓度

目的:建立LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中替利定和去甲替利定的质量浓度。方法:选用Agilent-Zorbax-Eclipse-XDB-C18色谱柱,以甲醇-1 mmol·L-1醋酸铵(75∶25)为流动相,采用正离子,多反应监测方式测定样品质量浓度。用于定量分析的离子对分别为[M+H]+m/z 274.3→m/z 155.1(替利定),[M+H]+m/z 260.2→m/z 155.1(去甲替利定)和[M+H]+m/z 284.8→m/z 192.9(地西泮)。结果:血浆样品中,替利定在0.5～250 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9936),最低定量质量浓度为0.5 ng·mL-1;去甲替利定在1～500 ng·mL-1范围线性关系良好(r=0.9948),最低定量质量浓度为1 ng·mL-1。二者日内与日间RSD均小于15%,平均回收率高,且稳定性均较好。结论:本方法简便快速、灵敏准确、特异性强,适用于盐酸替利定和去甲替利定的体内药代动力学研究。     

液质联用法测定裸鼠血浆中吉西他滨浓度

目的:建立高效灵敏的液质联用法(LC-MS/MS)测定裸鼠血浆中吉西他滨浓度。方法:选用0.01%醋酸水和乙腈(80∶20)作为流动相;质谱检测选择正离子方式,多离子反应监测(MRM)扫描,用于吉西他滨和内标(头孢克洛)定量分析的离子反应对分别为m/z 264.1→m/z 112.0和m/z 368.1→m/z 174.1。结果:该方法线性范围为5～500 ng.mL-1,定量下限为5 ng.mL-1。日内日间精密度均<12.9%,准确度<3.4%。结论:本方法操作简便、快速,灵敏度高,能够满足裸鼠血浆中吉西他滨检测的要求。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中的辅酶Q10

目的:建立一种快速、灵敏的LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中的辅酶Q10。方法:血浆样品经正己烷液-液萃取2次,以甲醇为流动相,CapcellPakC18柱(35mm×2.0mm,5μm)进行分离,采用大气压化学电离源,以多反应监测(MRM)方式进行正离子检测。用于定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z864→197(辅酶Q10)和m/z796→197(内标辅酶Q9)。结果:测定血浆中辅酶Q10的线性范围为10.0～1000ng·mL-1,定量下限可达10.0ng·mL-1,日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于8.9%,准确度(RE)在-0.9%～3.8%之间,单个样品分析时间为4.5min。结论:本方法分析测试时间短,灵敏度较高,血浆用量少,适用于人血浆样品中辅酶Q10的测定和药物动力学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.