侧脑室注射DJ-1蛋白对MPTP致帕金森病小鼠的神经保护作用

目的:观察DJ-1蛋白对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine,MPTP)致帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)小鼠是否具有神经保护作用。方法:分别采用SDS-PAGE和生物质谱仪对DJ-1蛋白的纯度和活性位点进行检测。然后将DJ-1蛋白注射进入小鼠侧脑室内,24 h后小鼠腹腔注射MPTP造模,通过滚筒实验、自主活动实验和竖直网格实验观察行为学变化,使用HPLC-ECD对纹状体内神经递质含量进行测定,通过酪氨酸羟化酶(tyroxine hydroxylase,TH)免疫组化染色观察SN区域多巴胺能神经元的存活状态。结果:SDS-PAGE和质谱实验表明DJ-1蛋白纯度较高,且活性位点未产生氧化;将DJ-1蛋白注射进入PD小鼠侧脑室后,小鼠行为学明显改善,纹状体内神经递质含量降低有所恢复,黑质区域多巴胺能神经元细胞死亡显著减少。结论:侧脑室注射DJ-1蛋白能够显著改善MPTP致的小鼠帕金森病症状,具有一定的神经保护作用。     

银杏叶提取物对MPTP所致帕金森小鼠神经保护作用研究

目的:观察银杏叶提取物对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)所致帕金森小鼠的神经保护作用。方法:采用MPTP腹腔注射制备帕金森小鼠模型,银杏叶提取物组(GBE组)、阳性组小鼠每日分别给予100mg·kg^(-1)的银杏叶提取物和75mg·kg^(-1)美多芭灌胃处理,连续15d后观察小鼠行为症状,采用滚筒试验评估小鼠肢体运动功能,色谱法测定纹状体内多巴胺(DA)含量,分光光度法测定脑组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量,并对脑组织切片行酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化染色,观察黑质多巴胺能神经损伤情况。结果:成功造模后,模型组小鼠出现震颤、尾僵直及竖毛等症状,滚筒试验中潜伏时间、DA、GSH-Px及SOD水平显著降低,MDA含量显著增加,脑黑质TH阳性细胞显著减少;GBE能缓解帕金森小鼠一般行为学症状,增加滚筒实验中小鼠运动潜伏时间,显著升高DA、GSH-Px及SOD水平,降低MDA含量,防止脑黑质TH阳性细胞继续减少。结论:银杏叶提取物对MPTP所致的帕金森小鼠神经元损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

大花罗布麻对MPTP型小鼠的多巴胺能神经保护作用研究

目的观察大花罗布麻叶中槲皮素-3-O-槐糖苷和黄酮富集物对MPTP型帕金森症(Parkinson's disease,PD)小鼠模型的多巴胺能(dopaminergic,DA)神经保护作用。方法以C57/bl6小鼠为研究对象,采用MPTP腹腔注射30mg.kg-1连续5d制备PD模型,口服灌胃给予槲皮素-3-O-槐糖苷25mg.kg-1和大花罗布麻叶黄酮富集物250mg.kg-1,造模前7d开始给药。给药结束后进行自主活动和爬杆实验测试动物行为变化,荧光法测定纹状体中多巴胺含量,石蜡切片观察黑质神经细胞病理变化,分析大花罗布麻对多巴胺能神经的保护作用。结果槲皮素-3-O-槐糖苷25mg.kg-1预先给药1wk,能提升MPTP型PD小鼠的运动能力,提高纹状体中多巴胺含量,减轻黑质神经的损伤,增加酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)阳性细胞表达数量。结论槲皮素-3-O-槐糖苷能减轻MPTP对PD小鼠的DA神经损伤。     

低分子量硫酸软骨素对MPTP致帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元的保护作用

目的:观察低分子量硫酸软骨素(CS)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)致帕金森病(PD)模型小鼠多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。方法:将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、MPTP损伤组以及低分子量CS低、高剂量组(100、400 mg/kg)。对照组和MPTP损伤组小鼠均灌胃等容生理盐水,各给药组小鼠均灌胃相应药物,每天1次,连续17 d。自给药后第11天开始,除对照组外,其余各组小鼠均于给药后腹腔注射MPTP溶液(20 mg/kg),每天1次,连续5 d,以复制PD模型。末次给药后,采用转棒式疲劳仪评价小鼠(每组10只)行为学的改变情况,采用免疫组织化学法和免疫荧光法检测小鼠(每组3只)中脑黑质中多巴胺神经元的损伤情况[酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞百分比、荧光强度百分比],采用高效液相色谱法检测小鼠(每组6只)脑纹状体中多巴胺的含量,采用化学比色法检测小鼠(每组6只)中脑黑质中氧化应激指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)]水平。结果:与对照组比较,MPTP损伤组小鼠在转棒上的滞留时间显著缩短,中脑黑质中TH阳性细胞明显减少、荧光强度明显减弱,其阳性细胞百分比和荧光强度百分比,脑纹状体中多巴胺的含量以及中脑黑质中SOD、GSH-Px的活性均显著降低,MDA的含量显著升高(P<0.01)。与MPTP损伤组比较,低分子量CS各剂量组小鼠在转棒上的滞留时间显著延长,中脑黑质中TH阳性细胞明显增加、荧光强度明显增强,其阳性细胞百分比、荧光强度百分比以及脑纹状体中多巴胺的含量均显著升高,且高剂量组上述指标均显著长于或高于低剂量组(P<0.05或P<0.01);低分子量CS各剂量组小鼠中脑黑质中SOD、GSH-Px的活性均显著升高,低分子量CS高剂量组小鼠中脑黑质中MDA的含量显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:预防性给予低分子量CS可剂量依赖性地减轻MPTP致PD模型小鼠中脑黑质中多巴胺能神经元的损伤,增加其脑纹状体中多巴胺的分泌。这种作用可能与抑制脂质过氧化反应、提高组织的抗氧化能力相关。     

黄芪甲苷对帕金森病体外、体内模型的神经保护作用研究

目的:研究黄芪甲苷对帕金森病(PD)体外、体内模型的神经保护作用。方法:MPP+诱导PC12细胞损伤复制体外PD模型,1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)复制PD小鼠模型。采用MTT法测定黄芪甲苷对MPP+诱导的PC12细胞的存活率及培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响,以及对模型小鼠自发活动及纹状体多巴胺(DA)及其高香草酸(HVA)含量的影响。结果:25、50、100μmol·L-1黄芪甲苷可呈浓度依赖性抑制MPP+诱导的PC12细胞存活率降低,并显著降低培养上清液中LDH和MDA的含量;10、20、40mg·kg-1黄芪甲苷可显著增加模型小鼠自发活动计数值,并显著降低纹状体DA及HVA的含量。结论:黄芪甲苷对PD体外、体内模型均有显著的神经保护作用。     

类叶升麻苷对MPTP所致帕金森病小鼠模型的神经保护作用

目的研究类叶升麻苷在MPTP诱导的C57小鼠的帕金森病(PD)模型中的神经保护作用及机制。方法通过自主活动实验和滚筒实验研究动物的行为表现,通过高效液相电化学检测方法观察脑纹状体多巴胺的变化,通过脑黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(tyroxinehydroxylase,TH)免疫组化染色观察多巴胺能神经元的损伤程度。并对黑质纹状体进行α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein)的免疫印迹分析以探讨药物作用机制。结果①经MPTP诱导的C57小鼠,其自主活动次数、滚筒运动潜伏期均低于对照组(P<0·01);纹状体多巴胺含量明显降低(P<0·01);多巴胺能神经元数量明显减少;黑质纹状体α-synuclein蛋白水平下降。②经类叶升麻苷(10、30mg·kg-1)预处理后能明显改善MPTP诱导的C57小鼠的行为学表现,增加脑内多巴胺递质的含量,增加多巴胺能神经元的数量,增加黑质纹状体α-synuclein蛋白水平。结论类叶升麻苷具有神经保护作用,能对抗MPTP诱导的C57小鼠PD模型中的神经损伤。其机制可能与上调α-synuclein蛋白水平有关。     

莫达非尼对1-甲基-4苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶所致的帕金森病的神经保护作用

目的　观察莫达非尼对 1 甲基 4苯基 1,2 ,3,6 四氢吡啶 (MPTP)诱导的帕金森病 (PD)模型的神经保护作用。方法给C5 7BL 6小鼠腹腔注射MPTP4d制备PD模型 ,与MPTP同时给予莫达非尼 (ip ,5 0or10 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ) 4天后 ,再连续给莫达非尼 10天。观测莫达非尼对小鼠的自发活动 ,震颤潜伏期、维持期和震颤评分及爬杆时间的影响 ,及对纹状体和黑质的酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)阳性细胞和尼氏体的影响。测定纹状体中多巴胺 (DA) ,去甲肾上腺素 (NA)和 5 羟色胺 ( 5 HT)含量。结果　莫达非尼 ( 5 0和 10 0mg·kg- 1 )呈剂量依赖性显著减少了自发活动、震颤和爬杆的行为缺陷 (P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1,n =10 ) ,阻止了MPTP造成的TH和尼氏体数量的减少 (P <0 .0 5 ,n =10 ) ,及纹状体中DA ,NA和 5 HT含量的降低 (P <0 .0 5 ,n =10 )。结论在MPTP诱导的PD小鼠模型中 ,莫达非尼可改善MPTP引起的帕金森病行为缺陷 ,且对单胺能神经细胞的损伤有保护作用。     

尿酸激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路对帕金森病小鼠的保护作用

目的 探讨尿酸对帕金森病(PD)小鼠的神经保护作用以及对核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)的调控作用。方法 雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(6~8周、20~25 g)30只,采用随机数字表法分为三组:对照组(生理盐水)、1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)组、尿酸组(尿酸+MPTP),每组各10只。MPTP组小鼠经腹腔注射MPTP(20 mg/kg),每天1次,连续7 d。尿酸组于MPTP给药之前2 h腹腔注射尿酸(250 mg/kg),共13 d(MPTP注射前3 d,MPTP注射同时的7 d,MPTP结束后3 d)。对照组接受0.9%生理盐水代替MPTP和尿酸。在第14天测量各组小鼠的行为和认知功能,处死小鼠获取脑组织,免疫荧光染色测定黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达。实时荧光定量PCR检测Nrf2及下游基因mRNA的表达。免疫组化检测海马白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)表达。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清和海马IL-1β、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平。结果 尿酸能改善PD小鼠的行为学和认知功能,增加黑质TH阳性多巴胺能神经元数目和纹状体多巴胺含量。尿酸增加Nrf2和Nrf2下游基因mRNA的表达,包括γ-GCLC、HO-1和NQO1。尿酸显著提高MPTP处理小鼠黑质区SOD、CAT、GSH含量,降低MDA含量。尿酸抑制海马组织IL-1β蛋白的表达,并降低血清和海马中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平。结论 尿酸对PD小鼠多巴胺能神经元显示神经保护特性,其机制可能与尿酸通过激活Nrf2-ARE通路及调节神经炎症和氧化应激有关。     

松果菊苷对帕金森病模型小鼠黑质纹状体蛋白表达影响的双向电泳分析

目的观察松果菊苷对MPTP致小鼠帕金森病(PD)模型中对动物行为学和对黑质纹状体组织蛋白表达的影响,在蛋白质水平探讨松果菊苷的多巴胺能神经元保护作用机制。方法以MPTP损伤建立C57BL/6小鼠PD模型,通过自主活动实验和滚筒实验观察动物行为学表现,用双向电泳、图像分析、质谱鉴定等蛋白质组学技术研究松果菊苷对MPTP致小鼠PD模型行为学的影响和黑质纹状体组织蛋白表达的变化。结果①经MPTP诱导,小鼠的自主活动次数、滚筒运动潜伏期均低于对照组(P<0.01);经松果菊苷(20mg.kg-1)预处理后,MPTP诱导小鼠的行为学表现明显改善(P<0.01)。②经过双向电泳及PDQuest软件分析,硝酸银染色,对照组、模型组和松果菊苷给药组分别分离出282个、269个和236个的蛋白质斑点。对一个稳定差异表达的斑点进行MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定,数据库检索结果为胆绿素还原酶B。结论松果菊苷对MPTP致小鼠PD模型的行为学障碍具有改善作用,其神经保护作用机制可能与胆绿素还原酶B水平降低有关。     

2,3-吲哚醌对帕金森病模型小鼠抗氧化酶活性的影响研究

目的:探讨2,3-吲哚醌(ISA)神经保护作用的可能机制。方法:40只C57BL/6J小鼠分为空白对照组、模型组、ISA(200mg.kg-1灌胃)组和司来吉兰(0.5mg.kg-1腹腔注射)组。各组给予相应药物10d,后3组腹腔注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)制备帕金森病(PD)模型,随后处死小鼠测定各组小鼠血浆和脑组织中单胺氧化酶B(MAO-B)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)的活性。结果:与空白对照组比较,模型组MAO-B活性略有升高,SOD、GSH-px活性降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,ISA、司来吉兰组MAO-B活性明显降低,SOD、GSH-px活性明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:ISA对MPTP造成多巴胺能神经元损伤的保护作用可能与其抑制MAO-B活性,减少毒性产物量,提高自由基清除能力,减少氧化性应激损伤有关。     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

马蹄金中铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镍的形态分析

目的：研究马蹄金全草中微量元素的存在形态。方法：采用超声波提取。电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对马蹄金不同形态中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ma、Ni等元素进行分析。结果：Fe元素在马蹄金中含量最高，而Cu元素含量最低；Ca的提取率最高，Fe的提取率最低；Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni6种元素的可溶态均大于悬浮态；且渣中的微量元素含量较高。结论：马蹄金中的微量元素是以无机态为主，多种形态共存的复杂体系。