我国新药品种批准情况简介

我国自改革开放以来,新药研究开发呈现良好的发展态势。1985～1993年共批准新药(西药)587个,平均每年65个。1994～1998年批准新药(西药)情况见表1。但目前我国新药申报中也存在着一些问题,主要表现为仿制品种、改革剂型的品种多,创新药少,药品开发仍停留在以仿制为主的阶段,低水平重复多。据统计不同种类喹诺酮类药物的申报单位达280个,仿制伪麻黄碱复方制剂申报单位约60个,仿制大环内酯类抗生素申报单位约120个。近期备案的申报新药项目中60%为已批准生产的品种。一类新药申报将加快报批程序,四类新药申报则采取保护捷足先登者,一旦批准进…     

我国罕见病药物优先审评审批情况简析

该文介绍了目前我国正式纳入优先审评审批的罕见病药物的研发和注册情况。自2016年施行优先审评政策以来，截至2022年第一季度，药品审评中心共正式纳入了137个罕见病药物的优先审评。从2018年开始，从受理到上市的审评时长开始缩短。纳入优先审评的罕见病药物涉及多种分子类型，治疗领域以肿瘤为主，但适应证属于《第一批罕见病目录》的国产药物依然以仿制为主。总体来看，优先审评政策加速了罕见病药物在中国的申报和上市，建议将更多优先审评药物的适应证纳入罕见病目录，并尽快出台罕见病的相关法规、配套出台相应的研发激励政策，促进国内企业投入罕见病创新药的研发，推动我国的自主研发药物上市，以满足罕见病患者的临床需求。     

仿制药申报资料存在问题浅谈

我国新的《仿制药品审批办法》规定 :申报的仿制药均由国家药品监督管理局收审 ,药品审评中心进行技术审评 ,国家药品监督管理局核发批准文号。该办法的实施 ,使我国仿制药品注册管理 ,上了一个新台阶。但仍存在不少问题 ,应予重视。1　仿制药申报的基本状况国家药品监督管理局自收审仿制药品以来 ,到2 0 0 0年底共收审 10 63个品种 ,已批准生产 5 92个(5 5 7% ) ;其中一次通过批准生产 34个 (3 2 % ) ;退审 4 0个 (3 7% ) ;经第一次发补通知后 ,批准生产的有 4 96个品种 (4 6 7% )。从表中看 ,1999年当年通过 10 6个 (12 4 % ) ;2 0 0 0…     

创新药药学研究的特点及技术考虑

创新药研发是一个探索性的研究过程,具有不同于仿制药的研发规律和研究特点,研究和审评应遵循其规律有序开展。参考FDA、欧盟发布的IND申请药学相关技术指南,结合笔者近年来的审评实践,对创新药药学研发的特点、阶段性的技术要求进行讨论,并介绍近期国内创新药审评的相关政策。     

化学创新药有条件批准临床试验药学技术审评探讨

随着国内药物研发水平的提高和社会经济的发展,创新药的研发近年来有了长足的进步,改构(Me too)和自主知识产权药物的研发逐年增多.如何进行创新药的研究与评价,以及处理好安全、有效、质量可控的最终目标与药物研发的阶段性要求的关系是摆在我们面前亟待解决的问题.本文遵循药物研发的客观规律,在综合权衡安全、有效、质量可控的最终目标与审评阶段性要求的基础上,对有条件批准临床试验药学技术审评的基本原则进行了探讨,并根据临床试验的不同阶段,阐述了药学审评的考虑要点,目的是与业内人士共同探讨,以明确创新药研发与评价的思路.     

抗肿瘤等创新药审批工作今年将加快

国家食品药品监督管理总局药品审评中心化药一部副部长陈震近日表示,今年药品审评资源将继续向创新药物和重点领域仿制药审批倾斜,其中近期将重点加快抗肿瘤药、耐结核药等几类药物审评审批工作。据介绍,基于中国目前新药研发的基础和实力,仿制药在今后相当长时期内仍将是我国医药卫生体系的支撑和     

质量源于设计在美国复杂仿制药监管中的应用

美国FDA对小分子化学仿制药的审评标准已很成熟,但对复杂药物及其仿制药的审评标准及评价方法仍在不断发展.针对此类药物,FDA已发布一些建议和指南,这些文件可以为其他国家复杂仿制药监管提供经验.此外,FDA大力倡导在仿制药研发中应用质量源于设计(Quality by Design,QbD)和逆向工程理念,以实现高质量仿制...     

欧盟批准的新植物药桦树皮凝胶的审评思路

以欧洲药品管理局第一个按照集中审评程序批准的新植物药桦树皮凝胶作为案例,详细介绍了欧盟植物药申请类别及药学和临床研究申报资料要求,从而为我国天然药物研发、技术审评以及审评报告的公开等提供参考。     

降血脂药物应用及发展

高血脂会引起动脉粥样硬化,与高血压、冠心病、脑卒中及糖尿病密切相关。降血脂药物是近年来较为活跃的药物研发领域,而他汀类药物则是现今在药效、安全性方面均处于优势地位的一线降血脂药物,并且以他汀类药物为基础的药物联合应用也成为调脂药物的更丰富选择。本文对基于经典药物靶点和新颖作用机制的降血脂药物研发进行综述,以便对降血脂药物研究进行系统的了解。     

他汀类药物的临床应用

他汀类药物是3—羟基—3—甲基戊二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂的总称。该类药物在国外的上市品种达20余个,国内主要有普伐他汀(Pravastatin)、洛伐他汀(Lovastatln)、辛伐他汀(Simvastatin)、氟伐他汀(Fluvastatin)、阿托伐他汀(Atorvastatin)、美伐他汀(mevastatin)等品种。近年的研究表明,该类药物除了具有显著的调脂疗     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.