盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂的制备工艺

目的优化盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂的制备工艺。方法采用喷雾干燥法制备盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂,采用双层液体碰撞器测定盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂体外沉积率,扫描电镜观察粉粒的形态,激光粒度测定仪测定粒径大小,以产品收率、粉末的空气动力学径、休止角及体外沉积率为考察指标,通过正交设计结合多指标综合评价法优化最佳制备工艺。结果通过正交试验-多指标综合评价,最佳制备工艺为:进口温度110℃、喷液速度1.8 mL.min-1、泵压170 kPa、气流量0.7 m3.min-1。结论按最佳制备工艺制得的干粉收率的质量分数为62.10%,空气动力学径Da 3.05μm,休止角36.16°,沉积率32.05%。正交实验结合多指标综合评价法用于盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂制备工艺的优化实用有效。     

阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂的制备及稳定性考察

摘要：目的:制备阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂并考察其稳定性。方法:采用气流粉碎法制备阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂,以粉末收率、粒子空气动力学粒径、休止角和阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂的细微粒子剂量为考察指标,通过正交设计结合多指标综合评价法优化最佳制备工艺,并考察阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂的稳定性。结果:通过正交试验-多指标综合评价,最佳制备工艺为:分选频率25Hz;进料量80 g;粉碎次数1次;粉碎压力1.0 MPa。在稳定性考察中阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂的各项指标在观察期内无明显变化。结论:所制备的阿奇霉素干粉吸入剂适合肺部吸入给药,且具有较好的稳定性。     

均匀设计法优化硫酸特布他林微囊的处方

目的制备硫酸特布他林（TBS）缓释微囊。方法采用乳化-溶剂扩散法，并用均匀设计优化处方，以微囊外观、粒度分布和包封率为考察指标，优化硫酸特布他林缓释微囊的制备工艺。结果在优化条件下制备的TBS微囊，外形圆整光滑，分布均匀，不粘连，平均粒径为40-50μm，包封率达91．2％，8h体外释放百分率为82．3％。结论优化条件下可制备外观较好、包封率高的TBS微囊，且在体外具有缓释作用。     

胰岛素吸入粉雾剂的制备及其体外沉积性质

目的采用喷雾干燥法制备胰岛素吸入粉雾剂,并对其体外沉积性质做出评价。方法以产品收率,粉末的空气动力学径、休止角及水分含量为考察指标,采用正交设计Z综合评价法优化喷雾干燥制备方法中各工艺参数,同时采用双层液体碰撞器测定该工艺所制备的胰岛素吸入粉雾剂的有效部位沉积量,并通过扫描电镜观察产品的形态。结果优选出的工艺参数为:气流量为0.6 m3.min-1,进口温度为100℃,喷液速度为5.0 mL.min-1,泵压为130 kPa,溶液质量分数为0.75%。体外有效部位沉积质量高达60%。结论采用本法制备胰岛素肺部吸入粉雾剂重现性好,所得粉雾剂的有效部位沉积量高,提示大部分粒子能够到达肺部。     

两性霉素B脂质干粉吸入剂处方筛选与粉体学性质评价

目的考察两性霉素B脂质体干粉的体外性质,筛选合适的载体并确定最佳粉雾剂配比。方法通过薄膜分散法制备两性霉素B脂质体,分别经冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥法获得两性霉素B脂质体干粉。比较两种类型脂质干粉的粒径,以体外有效部位沉积率为指标,筛选载体组成及比例,确定最佳处方配比。结果冷冻干燥得到的脂质干粉具有较大的粉末粒径,喷雾干燥脂质干粉粒径较小。经过筛选发现,使用Inhalac230乳糖（含20%第三组分）做载体与干粉比例为1：1时具有较高的有效部位沉积率即二级分布率。其中冷冻干燥脂质体的有效部位沉积率为11.95%,喷雾干燥脂质干粉为20.08%。结论采用喷雾干燥法可以得到粒径小的脂质体干粉颗粒,体外实验证明具有较高的有效部位沉积率。     

盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂理化性质及其初步稳定性考察

目的:研究盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂的理化性质并考察其稳定性。方法:采用喷雾干燥法制备盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂;考察其吸湿性及临界相对湿度;观察其粒径分布、粉末形态;差示扫描量热(DSC)法分析吸入剂及其原料药和各辅料的特征峰;检测其排空率和沉积率;对制剂进行加速试验和长期试验以考察其稳定性。结果:所得干粉吸入剂的临界相对湿度约为64%,平均空气动力学径小于5μm,形态为粒径均匀的球形;DSC提示各样品特征峰未发生明显变化,即在喷雾干燥过程主药与辅料之间未发生相互作用;3批干粉吸入剂排空率均>90%,沉积率均>30%;稳定性试验中各指标在观察期内无明显变化。结论:所制盐酸氨溴索干粉吸入剂适合肺部吸入给药,且具有较好的稳定性。     

吸入制剂的研究进展

吸入给药是防治哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等呼吸道疾病的首选给药方式.常见的吸入给药制剂包括压力定量吸入剂、干粉吸入剂和雾化吸入剂.吸入给药有效的评价指标为粒径的测定,测定吸入制剂粒径的方法主要有撞击器法和光学仪器法.就目前吸入给药制剂的优点、剂型分类、体外评价和研究现状等进行综述.     

干粉吸入剂空气动力学分散模型的建立和验证

在Weiler干粉粒子聚集体全分散理论模型基础上,以硫酸沙丁胺醇为模型药物,建立了一种更加深入的千粉吸入剂空气动力学分散模型.硫酸沙丁胺醇干粉吸入剂体外沉积试验表明,该模型可预测干粉粒子的空气动力学分散行为,并可结合计算流体动力学,估算干粉吸入剂在吸入装置中的分散及微细粒子分数.     

正交试验优选参芪颗粒干法制粒工艺

目的:优选参芪颗粒干法制粒工艺。方法:以一次成型率和溶化性为评价指标,以羧甲基淀粉钠、乙醇、聚维酮K30、乳糖分别与参芪浸膏粉的比例为考察因素,采用正交试验优选辅料配比;以一次成型率为评价指标,以轧辊压力、浸膏粉水分含量、轧辊转速、进料转速为考察因素,采用正交试验优选干法制粒工艺参数。结果:最佳辅料配比为加入参芪浸膏粉用量的0.05倍羧甲基淀粉钠、0.03倍乙醇、0.02倍乳糖;最佳制粒工艺为轧辊压力2.0MPa、浸膏粉水分含量2.0%、轧辊转速10r·min-1、进料转速14r·min-1。结论:所选工艺合理、可行,可用于制备参芪颗粒。     

新型环索奈德胶囊型干粉吸入剂的研制及其质量研究

目的:研制用于治疗哮喘的环索奈德胶囊型干粉吸入剂,建立其含量测定方法,并对其稳定性进行初步考察。方法:用高效液相色谱-紫外法检测环索奈德干粉吸入剂中主药环索奈德及其有关物质的含量。将主药与辅料混合后,以含量均匀度和肺部沉积率为指标进行处方筛选,考察制剂的有关物质和影响因素,并进行了加速稳定性和长期留样稳定性试验。结果:建立的高效液相色谱法,色谱条件如下:色谱柱为Alltima C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙醇-水(65∶35);流速为1.2 mL.min-1;检测波长为243 nm。最后选择乳糖作为辅料,确定了最佳处方和工艺,获得了较好的含量均匀度和肺部沉积率(约19%)。稳定性结果显示,本制剂应置于阴凉、干燥处保存,在室温下保存至少在1年内稳定,长期放置稳定性在继续考察。结论:建立的高效液相色谱法适合于环索奈德胶囊型干粉吸入剂的日常质量控制,研制的制剂处方稳定。     

Characterisation of salmon calcitonin in spray-dried powder for inhalation. Effect of chitosan

Salmon calcitonin (sCT) powders suitable for inhalation, containing chitosan and mannitol as absorption enhancer and protection agent, respectively, were prepared using a spray-drying process. The effect of chitosan on physicochemical stability of sCT in the dry powder was investigated by different analytical techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that sCT was chemically stable upon spray-drying. With the proportion of chitosan in spray-drying formulation being increased, dissolution of sCT from the dry powders was decreased both in phosphate buffer and acetate buffer. The thioflavine T fluorescence assay showed that no fibrils were present in the spray-dried powder. However, sCT partly fibrillated in the phosphate buffer, but not in acetate buffer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that the secondary structure of sCT was slightly changed in the dry powder, yet no aggregate signal was observed. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that the structure of sCT in an aqueous formulation was slightly altered by addition of chitosan. Nevertheless, recovery of sCT was not influenced by chitosan in the aqueous formulation as indicated by HPLC analysis. This study suggested that sCT, in absence of any additives, was stable during the spray-drying process under certain conditions. Addition of chitosan affects recovery of sCT from spray-dried powders, which may be due to formation of a partially irreversible complex between the protein and chitosan during the spray-drying process.     

Comparison of physical and inhalation properties of spray-dried and micronized terbutaline sulphate.

Terbutaline sulphate particles, for use in dry powder inhaler formulations, were prepared by spray-drying, using a Büchi 190 mini spray dryer. Spray-drying conditions were chosen to allow the production of spray-dried terbutaline sulphate with a size similar to micronized terbutaline sulphate, that is to say about 2.9mum of volume mean diameter. The physical properties and in vitro inhalation behaviour of micronized and spray-dried terbutaline sulphate were compared. X-ray diffraction, DSC, SEM and laser size analysis were investigated. Spray-dying produced spherically shaped particles with amorphous structure. After blending with different lactoses, adhesion and aerodynamic properties were investigated. Evaluation of adhesion was carried out with a mechanical sieve and an Alpine air-jet sieve. The adhesion of terbutaline sulphate on the lactoses tested was lower in the case of the spray-dried drug. Aerodynamic evaluation of fine particle dose and emitted dose was conducted using a twin stage impactor. The emitted doses and the fine particle doses were higher with the spray-dried terbutaline sulphate. The Alpine air-jet sieve assays showed that there was a correlation between drug separation from a carrier by sieving and that obtained from longer in vitro deposition studies. There was a linear relationship between the adhesion characteristics and the fine particle dose.     

Development of an Inhaled Sustained Release Dry Powder Formulation of Salbutamol Sulphate,an Antiasthmatic Drug

The present research was aimed to develop and characterize a sustained release dry powder inhalable formulation of salbutamol sulphate. The salbutamol sulphate microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method using biodegradable polymer poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) to produce salbutamol sulphate microparticle mixed with carrier respirable grade lactose for oral inhalation of dry powder. The drug content were estimated to produce 1 mg sustained release salbutamol sulphate per dose. Total four formulations K1, K2, K3 and K4 were prepared with 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 ratio of salbutamol sulphate:poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid). The developed formulations were studied for physicochemical properties, in vitro drug relase and Anderson cascade impaction studies. The prepared formulations effectively releases drug for 12 h in diffusion bag studies. Based on dissolution performance the 1:1 ratio of salbutamol sulphate:poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) produces in vitro release 92.57% at 12 h and having particle size of microparticles (D_0.5μm) 5.02±0.6 and the pulmonary deposition of dry powder 34.5±3.21 (respiratory fraction in percentage).     

Hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) powder formulation: process and stability assessment

The purpose of this study was to develop a hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) dry powder vaccine formulation suitable for epidermal powder immunization (EPI) via an efficient, scalable powder-formation process. Several HBsAg dry powder formulations were prepared using four different powder-formation methods: freeze-drying/compress/grind/sieve (FD/C/G/S), spray-drying (SD), agarose beads, and spray freeze-drying (SFD). Powder properties and physical stability were determined using particle size analysis, tap density measurement, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and moisture content analysis. Physical, chemical and biochemical stability of HBsAg was determined by dynamic light scattering, an enzyme immune assay, and immunogenicity in a mouse or hairless guinea pig model. Out of the four powder-formation methods evaluated SFD outperformed other methods in the following considerations: good process efficiency, flexible scalability, and desirable particle characteristics for skin penetration. The stress posed by SFD appeared to be mild as HBsAg in the dry form retained its potency and immunogenicity. Notably, the mechanism of fast freezing by SFD actually promoted the preservation of HBsAg nanoparticle size, in good correlation with long-term biochemical stability. Among several formulations screened, the formulation containing 10 microg HBsAg in 1-mg powder with a tertiary mixture of trehalose, mannitol, and dextran, exhibited excellent overall stability performance. In conclusion, HBsAg dry powder formulations suitable for EPI were successfully prepared using SFD. Further, a systematic formulation development strategy allowed the development and optimization of an HBsAg dry powder formulation, demonstrating excellent long-term physical, biochemical, and immunological stability.     

Dry powder inhalation of colistin sulphomethate in healthy volunteers: A pilot study

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary administration of the antimicrobial drugs colistin sulphomethate and tobramycin has been shown to be effective in slowing down pulmonary deterioration in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Both drugs are administered by liquid nebulisation, a technique known to have disadvantages. Dry powder inhalation may be an attractive alternative. We investigated inhalation of colistin sulphomethate dry powder using a newly developed Twincer device in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers inhaled a single dose of 25mg colistin sulphomethate dry powder each, using the Twincer inhaler. The median diameter (X(50)) of the dry powder was 1.6 microm (X(10)=0.7 microm, X(90)=3.1 microm), measured by laser diffraction technique. Pulmonary function tests were performed before, 5 and 30 min after inhalation. Serum samples were drawn at t=15 min, 45 min, 1.5h, 2.5h, 3.5h, 5.5h, 7.5h and 24h after inhalation. RESULTS: The colistin sulphomethate dry powder inhaler was well tolerated: no clinically relevant effect on FEV(1) was observed nor did the volunteers experience adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Dry powder inhalation of colistin sulphomethate using the Twincer inhaler is well tolerated by healthy volunteers. A pilot study in cystic fibrosis patients is therefore considered safe in developing a dry powder inhalation of colistin for everyday CF treatment.     

胰岛素吸入粉雾剂的体外沉降及大鼠体内吸收促进剂的药效学评价

目的采用喷雾干燥法制备胰岛素吸入粉雾剂，对吸入粉雾剂体外沉降性质进行考察，并对其吸收促进剂在大鼠体内的药效学进行初步研究。方法采用中国药典(2000版)附录XH的装置测定粉末的体外有效部位沉积量，以葡糖氧化酶法（GOD-PAP法）测定大鼠的血糖浓度来评价其降血糖效果。结果喷雾干燥法制得的胰岛素吸收粉雾剂沉积量在各湿度下均大于40％，在气流量≥18 L·min^-1的情况下其有效部位沉积量变化不大。8 mmol·L^-1/dose牛黄胆酸钠［PA=59.91%,C_nadir=(33±6)%］和10 mmol·L^-1/dose去氧胆酸钠［PA=47.46%，C _nadir=(32±7)%］对胰岛素肺部吸收促进作用明显。而1%辛酸钠、1%十二烷基硫酸钠、250 μg/dose卵磷脂和10 mmol·L^-1/dose EDTA并未显示明显效果。结论制得的胰岛素吸收粉雾剂沉积量受湿度影响小，环境湿度依赖性和吸气流量依赖性小。8 mmol·L^-1/dose牛黄胆酸钠和10 mmol·L^-1/dose去氧胆酸钠可有效促进胰岛素干粉吸入剂的降血糖效果。     

Physico-chemical characterisation of surface modified particles for inhalation

Surface modification of drugs for inhalation is a possibility to influence interparticulate forces. This can be necessary to achieve a sufficient aerosolisation during powder inhalation as the cohesiveness of the micronised drug can be reduced. In addition, the interaction with propellants in pressurised metered dose inhaler can be changed. This can be used to improve the physical stability of the suspension based formulations. A dry particle coating process was used for the alteration of particle surfaces. The blending of micronised salbutamol sulphate (SBS) with different concentrations of magnesium stearate (Mgst) or glycerol monostearate (GMS) was followed by co-milling with an air jet mill.     

Carbomer-modified spray-dried respirable powders for pulmonary delivery of salbutamol sulphate

The present study investigates the feasibility of using two types of carbomer (971 and 974) to prepare inhalable dry powders that exhibit modified drug release properties. Powders were prepared by spray-drying formulations containing salbutamol sulphate, 20-50% w/w carbomer as a drug release modifier and leucine as an aerosolization enhancer. Following physical characterization of the powders, the aerosolization and dissolution properties of the powders were investigated using a Multi-Stage Liquid Impinger and a modified USP II dissolution apparatus, respectively. All carbomer 974-modified powders and the 20% carbomer 971 powder demonstrated high dispersibility, with emitted doses of at least 80% and fine particle fractions of approximately 40%. The release data indicated that all carbomer-modified powders displayed a sustained release profile, with carbomer 971-modified powders obeying first order kinetics, whereas carbomer 974-modified powders obeyed the Higuchi root time kinetic model; increasing the amount of carbomer 971 in the formulation did not extend the duration of drug release, whereas this was observed for the carbomer 974-modified powders. These powders would be anticipated to deposit predominately in the lower regions of the lung following inhalation and then undergo delayed rather than instantaneous drug release, offering the potential to reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance.