股骨近端锁定钢板在老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折治疗中的应用

目的 研究股骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的效果。方法 回顾性分析新疆医科大学第五医院2008年1月至2009年12月应用股骨近端锁定钢板治疗的37例老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折患者的临床资料。骨折类型按Evans-Jensen分型为Ⅲ型16例，Ⅳ型13例，V型8例，年龄65～86岁，平均年龄71岁。手术均采用股外侧入路。结果 37例术后随访6～20个月，平均8个月。骨折愈合时间为8 ～16周，平均12周。术后功能恢复根据Harris评分标准：优23例，良11例，可4例，优良率为91.9％。结论 对于老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折，锁定加压钢板可以较好地维持骨折复位，可允许术后早期进行功能锻炼，并可获得满意的髋关节功能。     

加长柄双动半髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折

目的:探讨加长柄双动半髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法:2007年8月—2011年12月采用加长柄双动半髋关节置换治疗75岁以上股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折55例,平均随访20.3个月,观察术后并发症、下地时间及髋关节功能。结果:55例均获随访,无一例死于术后并发症,无深静脉血栓及脑型脂肪栓塞并发症,无髋关节脱位,平均下地时间7.5d,术后12个月Harris髋关节评分:优16例,良32例,可3例,差4例。结论:加长柄双动半髋关节置换术是治疗高龄股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折的一种安全有效的方法,术后恢复快,可早期负重,避免卧床并发症。     

人工关节置换术治疗32例老年股骨粗隆间骨折中的疗效分析

目的探讨人工关节置换术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法采用人工关节置换的方法对32例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者实施治疗。结果 32例患者均在术后获得随访,无失访病例,随访时间6～36个月,平均(19.3±6.8)个月,其中1例患者在术后5个月死于急性脑梗死复发,其余31例患者关节功能均获得不同程度的恢复,其中疗效评价为优19例(59.4%),良10例(31.2%),中2例(6.3%),无疗效表现为差的患者,所有患者在随访期内均未发现有置入假体松动或下沉的情况,总优良率为90.6%。结论人工关节置换治疗股骨粗隆间骨折短期疗效肯定,长期疗效有待进一步观察,但目前仍值得在老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者当中推广应用。     

人工关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折

目的：探讨人工关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的方法及疗效。方法：2001年4月～2010年1月,采用骨水泥型双动人工股骨头置换治疗70岁以上股骨粗隆间骨折35例,按照Evans分类ⅢA9例、ⅢB15例、Ⅳ11例;平均手术时间为（80.71±9.64）min,出血（392.86±78.72）ml。结果：术后随访6～72个月,其中3例失访,根据Harris髋关节功能判定标准,优14例,良12例,中5例,差1例,优良率为81.25%。结论：人工关节置换治疗高龄骨质疏松不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折,是一种安全有效的方法。     

股骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗老年股骨粗隆间Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨使用股骨近端锁定加压钢板（LCP）治疗老年股骨粗隆间Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折的临床效果。方法对36例老年股骨粗隆间Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折采用股骨近端LCP治疗,观察疗效。结果36例均获得随访,时间6～14个月,平均8.4个月,骨折愈合时间3～6个月,平均3.4个月。按髋关节Hamis评分优（≥90%）30例,良（80～89分）6例,髋关节功能恢复优良率100%。结论股骨近端LCP内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折有固定方法简单、创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、固定可靠、骨折愈合率高等优点,是治疗老年股骨粗隆间Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折的良好内固定器材。     

人工假体置换术治疗高龄股骨粗隆间不稳定型骨折

目的 :探讨水泥型人工假体置换术治疗高龄老人不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折的新方法。方法 :应用水泥型人工假体置换治疗高龄老年人不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折 2 2例。结果 :术后均在 14 d内下床活动 ,无肺炎、褥疮等并发症发生。经 0 .5 a～ 2 a随访 ,未发生假体下沉、松动现象 ,髋关节功能优良率达 90 %。结论 :人工假体置换是一种治疗高龄老年人不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的有效方法 ,利于早期康复。     

微创手术治疗老年性不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床观察

目的观察抗旋转股骨近端髓内钉(Proximal femoral nail antirotation,PNFA)微创手术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法自2010年5月至2011年6月回顾性研究老年性不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折35例,男9例,女26例,年龄65～92岁,平均74.3岁。按改良Jensen-Evans分型:ⅢA型14例,ⅢB型9例,Ⅳ型2例。均合并不同程度的骨质疏松。在C型臂透视下闭合复位经皮小切口PFNA内固定治疗。结果手术时间45～85min,平均63.9min;术中出血50～150ml,平均80ml,手术切口3～6cm,平均5cm。随访时间6～12个月,平均8.7个月。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间9-18周,平均12.5周。按Harris髋关节功能评分标准:优25例,良8例,可2例,优良率为94.3%。结论经皮微创PFNA治疗老年性不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折疗效良好,具有骨折固定牢固,创伤小,术后并发症少等优点。     

人工关节置换治疗老年髋部骨折

目的探讨人工关节置换治疗老年髋部骨折的疗效及其适应证。方法2009年4月至2012年3月,作者应用人工关节置换治疗股骨颈骨折和股骨粗隆间不稳定骨折34例,股骨颈骨折5例,均为头下型,股骨粗隆间骨折根据改良Evans-Jesen分型,Ⅲ型12例Ⅳ型17例,应用人工股骨头置换或全髋人工关节置换手术治疗,男21例,女13例;年龄65岁－88岁,平均（65．3±5．7）岁。结果34例手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间（68．2±3．8）min,平均出血量（182．4±6．7）ml。34例患者均获随访,时间6个月至36个月,平均（20．7±4．8）个月,期间X线显示关节假体位置满意,患者髋关节功能得到不同程度恢复,无深静脉血栓发生,1例术后并发泌尿系感染,1例术后11个月因脑出血死亡。髋关节功能参照harris评分在术前术后进行评价,术前均为差,术后优9例良19可6例差1例优良率占82．4％,评分由术前平均42．3分增加至术后平均89．6分。结论人工关节置换是治疗老年人髋部骨折的有效方法,减少长期卧床并发症,关节功能恢复好,临床效果满意,远期疗效有待于进一步研究。     

老年股骨粗隆间骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者术前合并症、术后并发症的预防处理,手术方式及临床疗效。方法手术采用有限切开、复位固定、假体置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折43例。结果术中输血12例,平均输血400ml。术后14～35d可扶拐负重行走。43例获随访4～48个月,骨折临床愈合时间平均为4．6个月。按Harris评分标准：优14例,良23例,可6例,优良率达86．0％。无并发症发生。结论手术采用有限切开复位内固定,假体置换治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折是一种较好的治疗方法,具有早期下地活动训练,功能恢复好,提高生活质量,疗效满意。     

老年股骨粗隆间骨折的手术治疗

目的观察手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性总结分析我院应用手术治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。结果全部患者均获得随访,随访时间8～24个月,平均16个月。全部患者均无一例死亡,术后不同手术方法的疗效不同。结论老年股骨粗隆间骨折的手术治疗应严格掌握适应证,选择DHS、GAMMA钉、外固定支架、解剖型钢板内固定均能取得较为满意的疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.