逆行小腿皮神经营养血管蒂筋膜岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨应用远端蒂的小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法：采用逆行小腿皮神经营养血管蒂筋膜岛状皮瓣，修复小腿中下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损35例，其中腓肠神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣18例、隐神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣11例、腓浅神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣6例。结果：皮瓣完全成活33例，大部分成活2例。随访6～24个月，皮瓣质地优良，外形与功能恢复满意。结论：小腿部皮神经营养血管蒂逆行筋膜皮瓣具有设计灵活，切取快捷方便、血供可靠、不损伤主干血管等优点，是修复小腿中下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损创面的良好选择。     

小腿逆行筋膜皮瓣在足踝部软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的：报道足踝部软组织缺损修复的方法和体会。方法：应用小腿逆行筋膜皮瓣修复足踝部缺损62例，其中腓肠神经营养血管蒂小腿后侧逆行筋膜皮瓣34例，腓动脉穿支小腿外侧逆行筋膜皮瓣20例（21块皮瓣），胫后动脉穿支小腿内侧筋膜皮瓣8例。结果：58块皮瓣完全成活，4块部分坏死、1块完全坏死者经补充植皮治愈。随访1～6a，外形及功能恢复良好。结论：该组筋膜皮瓣血供良好、操作简单，不损伤小腿主要血管，尤其适合修复足跟及踝部缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣顺行转位修复小腿上段软组织缺损。逆行转住修复小腿中下段及足部软组织缺损的临床应用效果、探讨皮瓣转位面积及血管蒂部的处理方案。方法 在小腿后侧以腓肠神经体表投影为轴心线，设计及切取腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣，顺行转位修复小腿上段软组织缺损6例，逆行转位修复小腿中下段及足部软组织缺损51例。结果 54例皮瓣完全成活,3例皮瓣远端部分坏死，皮下组织成活，经植皮愈合，经随访皮瓣外观、质地、功能良好。结论 腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠，操作简单，可以修复胫前区、踝部及足部跖骨中段近侧软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经腓肠浅动脉筋膜蒂逆行皮瓣的应用

在应用解剖学研究基础上，根据腓肠神经及其伴行血管的特点，设计腓肠神经腓肠浅动脉筋膜蒂小腿后侧皮瓣，用于修复足跟部骨外露，临床应用3例全部成活。该皮瓣具有厚薄适宜、手术操作简单及含有感觉神经等优点，是修复足跟部缺损的较好办法。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经伴行血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用。方法　以腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣治疗小腿远端、踝部、足跟及足背部外伤性软组织缺损、瘢痕、溃疡共2 6例。皮瓣切取面积(8cm×5cm)～(14cm×9cm )。结果　经1～2年随访,2 6例皮瓣成活及外形良好。结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,切取简单安全,不损伤主要血管,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部软组织缺损较好的方法。     

逆行小隐静脉-腓肠神经血管筋膜皮瓣的解剖及临床研究

目的观察逆行腓肠神经血管筋膜皮瓣的血供特点,分析比较吻合小隐静脉和不吻合小隐静脉的两种逆行腓肠神经血管筋膜皮瓣在修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损中的临床应用效果。方法采用逆行腓肠神经血管筋膜皮瓣修复21例小腿及足踝部软组织缺损病人,其中15例不吻合小隐静脉,6例吻合小隐静脉。结果 21例皮瓣中19例完全成活,2例远端皮缘小部分坏死。皮瓣质地优良,外观与功能均改善满意。结论逆行腓肠神经血管筋膜皮瓣是修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法。切取皮瓣出现静脉回流障碍时,宜采用吻合小隐静脉的皮瓣修复。     

小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的：报道小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：自1997年1月～2007年3月应用小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复组织缺损108例。其中腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣共70例，腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣共20例，隐神经营养血管皮瓣18例。结果：移位皮瓣成活95．4％（103例），完全坏死1．9％（2例），部分坏死2．7％（3例）。结论：小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣是一种新型、简便、实用的软组织缺损修复方法，利于临床推广应用。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复不腿下段及足部组织缺损的手术方法及疗效。方法：对5侧截肢不腿标本的腓肠神经，腓肠浅动脉进行解剖学观察；临床应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复不腿及足部软组织缺损15例。结果：腓肠神经血管营养皮瓣血供来自腓肠线动脉穿支；临床应用逆行岛状皮瓣15例，皮瓣完全成活。结论：腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血运丰富，足修复不腿下段及足部软组织缺损一种简便易行的方法。     

远端蒂腓肠神经小隐静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的：报道腓肠神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的手术方法及临床应用效果。方法：应用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损29例。结果：29例中24例全部成活，4例边缘坏死合并有水泡，经换药治愈，1例部分坏死经植皮治愈。所有涉及足跟、足底负重区患者均恢复行走功能。结论：(1)该皮瓣解剖恒定，质地好，有感觉，成活率高，不损伤主干血管，操作简单，是修复足踝部软组织缺损理想方法；(2)结扎小隐静脉后皮瓣肿胀明显减轻，对皮瓣成活有帮助。     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用体会

目的探究远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用要点。方法对20例因小腿下段、踝周及足部皮肤缺损而采用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果20例中有3例出现远端边缘坏死，其余全部成活，皮瓣质地优良，外观及功能满意。结论本皮瓣成活率高，操作简便，不牺牲主干血管，是修复小腿胫前、踝周及足部软组织缺损的理想方法。应用时不切断蒂部皮肤并采用明道转移。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.