正常腕关节运动时腕中关节运动学在体研究

目的:确定腕关节在屈伸、桡尺偏运动时腕中关节的运动学.方法:选健康志愿者10名,腕关节CT扫描后,在自行开发的外科手术模拟系统内三维重建,计算出舟骨、月骨的质心、转动惯量轴,在头状骨上人为建立参照坐标系,用有限螺旋轴表达舟月骨相对于头状骨的旋转及平移运动.结果:腕关节尺偏40°时,舟骨绕头状骨背伸(19.2±10.3)°,桡偏(19.3±6.2)°,月骨背伸(27.8±11.6)°,桡偏(14.0±4.8)°;腕关节桡偏20°时,舟骨绕头状骨掌屈(12.2±5.4)°,尺偏(15.0±3.8)°,月骨掌屈(9.9±3.9)°,尺偏(15.3±3.9)°;腕关节掌屈60°时,舟骨绕头状骨背伸(32.6±5.2)°,月骨背伸(41.5±6.9)°;腕关节背伸600时,舟骨绕头状骨掌屈(7.9±3.9)°,月骨掌屈(20.7±5.0)°.结论:腕关节桡-尺偏,舟、月骨相对于头状骨除了尺-桡偏外,还有较大的非平面运动.当腕关节屈-伸运动,舟骨、月骨相对于头状骨的相对运动主要为伸-曲运动,非平面旋转运动较小.舟骨相对头状骨的运动小于月骨,即舟骨跟随远侧列腕骨一起运动,但又不同于远侧列腕骨之间的微动,舟骨起着远近侧列腕骨的桥梁作用.     

正常腕关节运动学的实验研究

目的:确定远近侧列主要腕骨在腕关节屈伸和桡、尺偏活动时的角度变化大小。方法:24侧新鲜青年男性上肢标本用于实验。将标本进行处理后,被动活动腕关节,使其作屈曲、背伸、桡偏和尺偏运动。12侧标本采用克氏针量角器直接测量,另12侧标本采用计算机立体视觉分析。结果:腕关节屈曲时,舟骨屈曲52.0°±11.0°,月骨屈曲34.5°±10.4°,三角骨屈曲41.8°±11.7°;腕关节背伸时,舟骨背伸43.4°±10.8°,月骨背伸27.0°±8.3°,三角骨背伸32.0°±6.7°;腕关节桡偏时,舟骨桡偏7.0°±5.2°,月骨桡偏7.1°±2.2°,三角骨桡偏16.1°±5.6°;腕关节尺偏时,舟骨尺偏20.4°±3.1°,月骨尺偏20.3°±2.5°,三角骨尺偏27.5°±6.0°。结论:腕关节屈伸运动时,近侧列腕骨的角度相差很大,其中舟骨屈伸角度最大,三角骨次之,月骨角度最小。远侧列腕骨的角度运动很相近,可以看作是一个运动单位,各腕骨屈伸运动时有轻度的旋转和尺桡偏运动。腕关节作桡尺偏运动时,舟骨和月骨运动相近,而三角骨的尺桡偏最大。在桡偏的同时,近侧列腕骨有轻度的背伸和旋转;在尺偏的同时,近侧列腕骨有轻度的屈曲旋转。     

头状骨形态和血供的解剖学基础

目的　观察头状骨的形态和血供模式,探讨头状骨缺血性坏死的发生机制,为临床上头状骨移位治疗晚期Kienb?ck病提供解剖学依据。 方法　选取12例新鲜腕关节标本,从尺动脉或桡动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅溶液,经Micro-CT扫描,通过Mimics软件三维重建图像,观察头状骨形态和主要血供来源,测量头状骨和月骨的长度、宽度、厚度及近端关节面的直径、弧长和弧高,记录头状骨滋养血管孔的数量和分布情况,并对相关数据进行统计学分析。 结果　（1）F型头状骨75%（9例）,S型头状骨25%（3例）;（2）头状骨血供来源于掌侧和背侧,以背侧为主;（3）比较头状骨和月骨的长度、宽度和厚度及近端关节面的直径、弧长和弧高,具有明显的相关性;（4）头状骨滋养血管分布于距基底部2.2 mm处,其远端滋养孔数多于近端,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　头状骨的近端是以远端逆行供血为主,这是导致头状骨缺血性坏死的主要原因;头状骨移位治疗晚期Kienb?ck病具有可行性。     

腕掌侧双通道改良手术入路治疗桡尺骨远端骨折的解剖学基础

目的　报道腕掌侧双通道入路治疗桡尺骨远端骨折的应用解剖学基础。 方法 10侧新鲜成人尸体上肢标本,于腕掌侧在桡侧腕屈肌腱与掌长肌腱之间做纵行切口,进入皮下后向桡侧、尺侧绕过腕管内结构,通过双通道入路来观测桡骨、尺骨远端的暴露情况。 结果 在腕横纹上方3.0 cm水平,桡侧通路牵拉最大横向暴露距离为(3.0±0.29) cm,尺侧通路牵拉最大横向暴露距离为(2.3±0.26) cm,桡侧通路暴露桡骨远端尺侧半效果欠佳,而尺侧通路可以有效暴露桡骨远端尺侧半及尺骨远端。 结论 腕掌侧双通道改良手术入路治疗桡尺骨远端骨折具有可行性,暴露效果良好,值得在临床上推广。     

腕关节盘的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的：观察研究腕关节盘的形态及其和周围组织关系。方法：采用２０只成人手标本,观察关节盘的形态,附着点的周围骨、软组织结构的关系,对关节盘的附着点作了深入的研究。结果：研究表明腕关节盘位于腕关节的特殊位置,其尺侧附着尺骨茎突和尺骨茎突陷窝两部分,并和桡尺远端侧副韧带存在密切关系。结论：腕关节盘对桡腕关节、桡尺远侧关节稳定性起重要作用,其在尺骨茎突的附着点对尺骨茎突骨折及功能有重要影响。     

腓骨近端移植替代桡骨远端重建桡腕关节的临床解剖

目的:比较腓骨近端与桡骨远端关节面形态,对腓骨近端替代桡骨远端重建桡腕关节移植手术提供理论依据.方法:40例成人完整干燥腓骨及桡骨标本,测量腓骨近端、桡骨远端关节面的倾角、弧长、周长以及腓骨近端关节面如何旋转角度,使它的后倾角与桡骨远端关节面掌倾角最接近.结果:腓骨近端与桡骨远端关节面相似,桡骨远端的舟、月骨关节窝在冠矢状面的弧长分别是(1.375±0.179)cm、(1.213±0.228)cm和(1.032±0.237)cm、(1.317±0.254)cm,腓骨近端关节面冠矢状面的弧长是(1.391±0.192)cm和(1.368±0.231)cm.从冠状、矢状面比较腓骨近端关节面与舟骨窝关节面,差异无统计学意义.其23.480°±2.476°的内倾角与桡骨远端关节面20°～25°的尺偏角相近.腓骨近端关节面旋转10°～15°时,在矢状面的后倾角与桡骨远端掌倾角相近.结论:用腓骨近端替代桡骨远端、重建桡腕关节是合适的.其最佳替代位置应是腓骨尖位于桡骨茎突处并且腓骨关节面沿腓骨长轴顺时针旋转角度10°～15°,其后倾角与桡骨远端掌倾角最为接近.     

骨间返血管为蒂前臂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为骨间返血管前臂皮瓣修复前臂近端、肘关节周围及臂下部的软组织缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在３６侧灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上，观测了骨间返动脉的起源、走行、分布和吻合。结果：骨间返动脉起始部距尺骨鹰咀最突出点为６．９±１．１ｃｍ，尺骨嵴外侧１．４±０．３ｃｍ，于尺骨鹰咀最突出点下方４．４±１．４ｃｍ，于肘肌与尺侧腕伸肌间发出皮支。骨间返动脉终末支至肘后部与桡侧返动脉、桡侧副动脉背侧支、中副动脉构成吻合。结论：以骨间返血管为蒂前臂背侧皮瓣顺行转位可修复前臂近端软组织缺损，如以吻合支为蒂逆行转位可修复肘关节周围及臂下部软组织缺损。     

应用Mimics软件构建钩骨3D可视化解剖学研究

目的　利用Mimics软件3D可视化分析钩骨形态及其骨内血管走行,为钩骨骨折治疗及其相关手术提供解剖学基础。 方法　选用成人新鲜上肢标本12例,灌注后行Micro-CT扫描,将所得数据导入Mimics软件重建钩骨及其血供。 结果　钩骨有3个非关节面。背侧和掌侧表面呈三角形,掌侧面尺侧向掌侧延伸形成钩骨钩。钩骨钩分为顶部,中部及基底部。钩骨远端关节面与第4、5掌骨基底部形成腕掌关节,桡侧与头状骨形成关节,尺侧与三角骨形成关节。在背侧非关节面由微小动脉网分支成数根滋养血管进入钩骨体内,并在各方向分支营养钩骨体。在掌侧非关节面钩骨体钩骨钩移行处,即钩骨钩基底部桡侧1-2根滋养血管直接或分支进入骨内,并分别向钩骨体及钩骨钩内走行。部分标本钩骨钩基底部尺侧出现滋养血管由此进入骨内并向钩骨钩内分支走行。钩骨钩顶端有单独的小血管进入并在骨内分支。钩骨钩基底部桡侧滋养血管骨内分支分别与由钩骨体背侧及钩骨钩顶端滋养血管骨内分支相互吻合。 结论　钩骨体和钩骨钩内血供丰富,较难发生缺血性坏死。钩骨钩骨折保守治疗不愈合可能是由骨折类型及移位程度较大导致。     

应用Mimics软件构建钩骨3D可视化解剖学研究

目的　利用Mimics软件3D可视化分析钩骨形态及其骨内血管走行,为钩骨骨折治疗及其相关手术提供解剖学基础。 方法　选用成人新鲜上肢标本12例,灌注后行Micro-CT扫描,将所得数据导入Mimics软件重建钩骨及其血供。 结果　钩骨有3个非关节面。背侧和掌侧表面呈三角形,掌侧面尺侧向掌侧延伸形成钩骨钩。钩骨钩分为顶部,中部及基底部。钩骨远端关节面与第4、5掌骨基底部形成腕掌关节,桡侧与头状骨形成关节,尺侧与三角骨形成关节。在背侧非关节面由微小动脉网分支成数根滋养血管进入钩骨体内,并在各方向分支营养钩骨体。在掌侧非关节面钩骨体钩骨钩移行处,即钩骨钩基底部桡侧1-2根滋养血管直接或分支进入骨内,并分别向钩骨体及钩骨钩内走行。部分标本钩骨钩基底部尺侧出现滋养血管由此进入骨内并向钩骨钩内分支走行。钩骨钩顶端有单独的小血管进入并在骨内分支。钩骨钩基底部桡侧滋养血管骨内分支分别与由钩骨体背侧及钩骨钩顶端滋养血管骨内分支相互吻合。 结论　钩骨体和钩骨钩内血供丰富,较难发生缺血性坏死。钩骨钩骨折保守治疗不愈合可能是由骨折类型及移位程度较大导致。     

带血管蒂头状骨移位替代月骨的应用解剖

目的：设计一种治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死的手术方法。方法：对５０侧上肢标本解剖观测腕部血管的构成、走行、分支和腕骨的血供；对１００侧腕头状骨和月骨的外径、关节面的弧高、弧长，进行对比观测，经统计学处理。结果：头状骨和月骨的外径和关节面的弧高、弧长极其相近；头状骨血供以背侧为主，骨间掌侧动脉背侧支通过腕背动脉网可供给其充足的血运。结论：可以骨间掌侧动脉背侧支为蒂设计头状骨移位替代月骨，术式符合腕关节的功能解剖和生物力学传导，是治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死的一种有效方法。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964