腹膜间皮细胞在小鼠子宫内膜细胞刺激腹腔微环境中作用

目的：探讨腹腔微环境受子宫内膜细胞刺激改变中腹膜间皮细胞的作用及其对子宫内膜异位症发病机制的意义。方法： 注射小鼠子宫内膜上皮和间质细胞入小鼠腹腔，酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测注射后4、24和72 h时点腹腔冲洗液细胞因子MCP-1/JE、IL-1α和IL-6蛋白表达，同步逆转录-聚合酶链式反应技术 (Real-Time RT-PCR) 检测腹膜组织 (主要含腹膜间皮细胞) 和腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞因子MCP-1/JE、IL-1 α和IL-6 mRNA表达。结果: 子宫内膜细胞刺激腹腔细胞因子蛋白含量迅速一过性升高，4 h时点为表达高峰，腹膜细胞因子基因表达与腹腔液蛋白表达同步，腹腔巨噬细胞基因表达高峰滞后于腹腔液蛋白表达。子宫内膜上皮细胞刺激腹腔炎症反应作用强于间质细胞。结论: 子宫内膜细胞刺激腹腔发生非特异性炎症反应，腹膜间皮细胞可能是其细胞因子效应的主要来源，提示腹膜在子宫内膜异位症中除作为病灶依附体外，还可能在腹腔微环境无菌性炎症反应中起重要作用。     

A类清道夫受体介导的巨噬细胞功能改变在炎症性心肌病中的作用的研究

<正>目的:研究A类清道夫受体(SR-A1)介导的巨噬细胞活性改变在炎症性心肌病发展中的作用,揭示该心肌炎症中巨噬细胞调控的关键,探寻不同巨噬细胞在心肌炎症中发挥的不同作用。方法:取6~8周SR-A1+/+与SR-A1-/-雄性小鼠,经腹腔注射盐酸阿霉素构建扩张型心肌病模型。采用超声监测小鼠心功能,4周后收取小鼠心脏组织进行HE、Masson及猩红染色,测定心脏纤维化程度。由RT-PCR和ELISA检测小鼠组织和血清内炎症因子表达水平,流式细胞术和免疫组化检测小鼠心肌组     

17β-雌二醇对子宫内膜间质细胞体外分泌趋化因子IL-8、MIP-1α、RANTES和I-309的影响

目的：探讨17β-雌二醇对子宫内膜间质细胞分泌IL-8、MIP-1α、RANTES和I-309的调控，以解析雌激素在子宫内膜异位症发生发展中的作用机制。方法：用不同浓度17β-雌二醇处理子宫内膜间质细胞48小时；此后选用10^-9mol／L 17β-雌二醇处理子宫内膜间质细胞12、24、36和48小时，ELISA法分析刺激前后培养上清中IL-8、MIP-1α、RANTES和I-309分泌水平。结果：子宫内膜间质细胞体外高水平自然分泌IL-8，17β-雌二醇能抑制IL-8的分泌，呈剂量依赖性。RNATES和MIP-1α分泌水平较IL-8低，经雌激素刺激子宫内膜间质细胞后MIP-1α表现出与IL-8相同的分泌方式，但对RANTES分泌无明显影响。子宫内膜间质细胞经雌激素刺激前后均未检测到I-309。结论：雌二醇可能参与子宫内膜白细胞和单核巨噬细胞的募集，但不是异位灶中上述趋化因子高表达的原因。     

17β-雌二醇和二噁英对子宫内膜间质细胞表达趋化因子IL-8及其受体CXCR1的调控作用

解析内外环境因素对子宫内膜间质细胞表达IL-8及其自分泌作用的调控。采用免疫组化法比较子宫内膜异位症患者异位灶和在位内膜CXCR1翻译水平表达;流式细胞术分析17β-雌二醇和二噁英单独或联合作用对子宫内膜间质细胞表面CXCR1表达的调控作用;ELISA法分析17β-雌二醇和二噁英单独或联合作用对子宫内膜间质细胞分泌IL-8的影响。结果显示CXCR1在子宫内膜异位症患者异位灶组织高表达。17β-雌二醇和二噁英单独作用均抑制子宫内膜间质细胞表面CX-CR1的表达以及IL-8的分泌。二者联合作用能够上调CXCR1的表达,上调幅度与雌二醇浓度呈正相关;但进一步抑制了IL-8的分泌。雌激素与二噁英对子宫内膜间质细胞复合作用抑制其IL-8的分泌及其自分泌作用;子宫内膜异位症患者腹腔液高水平IL-8并非由内外雌激素样物质直接作用于异位灶子宫内膜间质细胞所致。     

17β-雌二醇和二噁英对子宫内膜间质细胞表达趋化因子IL-8及其受体CXCR1 的调控作用

解析内外环境因素对子宫内膜间质细胞表达IL-8及其自分泌作用的调控。采用免疫组化法比较子宫内膜异位症患者异位灶和在位内膜CXCRI翻译水平表达；流式细胞术分析17β-雌二醇和二嗯英单独或联合作用对子宫内膜间质细胞表面CXCRI表达的调控作用；ELISA法分析17β-雌二醇和二嗯英单独或联合作用对子宫内膜间质细胞分泌IL-8的影响。结果显示CXCRI在子宫内膜异位症患者异位灶组织高表达。17β-雌二醇和二嗯英单独作用均抑制子宫内膜间质细胞表面CX—CR1的表达以及IL-8的分泌。二者联合作用能够上调CXCR1的表达，上调幅度与雌二醇浓度呈正相关；但进一步抑制了IL-8的分泌。雌激素与二嗯英对子宫内膜间质细胞复合作用抑制其IL-8的分泌及其自分泌作用；子宫内膜异位症患者腹腔液高水平IL-8并非由内外雌激素样物质直接作用于异位灶子宫内膜间质细胞所致。     

Treg与促炎因子协同作用活化子宫内膜间质细胞Smad2信号通路

本研究探讨了异位病灶调节性T细胞(Treg)与促炎细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α协同作用对子宫内膜间质细胞Smad2信号通路的活化作用及其分子机制。采用原代分离培养子宫内膜异位症(简称内异症)患者在位及异位子宫内膜间质细胞(endometrial stromal cell,ESC);流式细胞术和ELISA法分别检测腹腔液中Treg的比例和TGF-β1的水平;免疫组织化学法分析正常、在位及异位内膜间质细胞中P-Smad2和Smad2的表达水平;细胞内Western法分析ESC Smad2信号通路的活化状况。结果显示:(1)与非内异症者相比,内异症患者盆腹腔内具有更多数量的Treg和更高水平的TGF-β1,且与疾病的进展呈正相关。(2)内异症患者在位及异位内膜具有更高的P-Smad2和Smad2水平。(3)异位病灶微环境中的Treg能够通过分泌TGF-β1与IL-1β或TNF-α发挥协同作用,可能通过激活ERK和p38信号通路活化ESC Smad2信号通路。ESC Smad2信号通路的活化可能通过多种分子机制影响ESC的生物学活性,从而导致疾病的发生和发展。     

小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Fc受体的观察

本文对不同免疫水平的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞作了 EA-花环试验。发现Fc受体功能在昆明杂交系小鼠比近交系C_(57)BL 的同年龄小鼠活跃,而在C_(57)BL系小鼠中,年青动物的Fc受体功能又较老年鼠强,从而证明小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的Fc受体功能状态可随机体的免疫水平变化而发生改变,因此,对巨噬细胞 Fc受体的观察可作为衡量机体免疫水平的实验指标之一。 当小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞被厌氧棒状杆菌菌苗激活后,发现其 EA-花环形成百分率明显上升,而且吞噬活性也明显增强,尤其是在抗体调理吞噬反应中,还表现出单位细胞吞噬能力的显著提高,这说明菌苗激活的巨噬细胞可促进其表面 Fc 受体的功能,进而使巨噬细胞在调理吞噬反应中变得更为活跃。由此可见,提高巨噬细胞 Fc 受体的功能,对其功能的发挥具有积极意义。     

雌孕激素对子宫内膜间质细胞分泌MCP-1的调控

目的单核细胞趋化因子-1(Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1,MCP-1)在胚胎种植中发挥重要作用,其表达水平可能受雌孕激素调控,本研究探讨雌孕激素对子宫内膜间质细胞MCP-1表达水平的调控。方法体外分离培养子宫内膜间质细胞并向培养液中添加雌孕激素,不同时间检测细胞培养液上清MCP-1蛋白及细胞MCP-1 m RNA的表达。结果与对照组相比,分别添加雌二醇(50nmol/L)、孕酮(100 nmol/L)及同时添加雌孕激素12h后子宫内膜间质细胞MCP-1的表达均显著降低(P0.05)。结论雌孕激素均能抑制子宫内膜间质细胞MCP-1的表达,其可能通过调控MCP-1的表达进而影响胚胎种植。     

红色奴卡放线菌细胞壁骨架制剂对小鼠腹腔渗出细胞及细胞内环核苷酸含量影响

本实验表明，红色奴卡放线菌细胞壁骨架（Nr-CWS)制剂小鼠腹腔内注射，使腹腔渗出细胞（PEC）明显增加。第1天以多形核粒细胞增加为主很快恢复，4天以后巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞增加显著，吞噬细胞吞噬功能也明显增强，在巨噬细胞吞噬功能增强的同时，PEC中cGMP含量亦显著增加，两者呈平行关系，PEC中cAMP含量在注射Nr-CWS制剂后第2天即显著增加，第6天达高峰，然后逐渐下降至正常水平。     

人子宫内膜异位症裸鼠模型的血管生成

背景:有研究表明子宫内膜异位症的发生发展与新生血管关系密切,抗血管生成有可能成为治疗子宫内膜异位症的有效手段。目的:建立人子宫内膜异位症裸鼠模型,观察异位病灶血管生成情况。方法:采用腹腔注射人子宫内膜碎屑的方法建立子宫内膜异位症裸鼠模型,光镜下观察异位病灶的形态学特点,用免疫组织化学染色法检测裸鼠在位内膜及异位内膜血管内皮生长因子表达水平及微血管密度。结果与结论:实验裸鼠异位病灶在光镜下呈现增生期子宫内膜形态特点;异位内膜较在位内膜血管内皮生长因子的表达有增多趋势,并有大量微血管形成。结果提示,实验成功建立了人子宫内膜异位症裸鼠模型,异位病灶中存在活跃的新生血管。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008