Comparison of accuracy and cost effectiveness of clinical criteria and BUA for referral for BMD assessment by DXA in osteoporotic and osteopenic perimenopausal subjects.

A pilot study of 107 women aged 60-69 years recently suggested that the measurement of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) provides a superior cost effective pre-screen referral method for bone mineral density (BMD) measurement by DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) than can be achieved by clinical criteria (CC). The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and cost effectiveness of BUA and clinical criteria in a younger cohort. 599 women aged 50-54 years (52.18 +/- 1.35) had previously been measured by DXA at lumbar spine and right femoral neck, along with BUA measurement of the right calcaneus. Each subject had also completed an extensive clinical and social questionnaire to ascertain those who would have met one or more of the six general clinical criteria adopted by our Centre. Each subject was classified by DXA using the WHO criteria as normal, osteopenic or osteoporotic, defined at lumbar spine or femoral neck. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for BUA and the clinical criteria, noting that analysis was undertaken with and without the oestrogen deficiency clinical criterion (CC1): "Any oestrogen deficient woman who would want to be treated or would want to continue treatment if found to be osteopenic or osteoporotic". The accuracy for identifying osteoporotic subjects was 72.8% for BUA (at the point of matched sensitivity and specificity, 75 dB MHz(-1)), 30.7% for CC(1-6) and 64.3% for CC(2-6). When osteopenic subjects were incorporated, the accuracies were 63.8% for BUA (at the point of matched sensitivity and specificity, 82 dB MHz(-1)), 60.3% for CC(1-6) and 55.7% for CC(2-6). The minimum cost per osteoporotic subject correctly identified was pound sterling 573.50 by DXA alone, pound sterling 325 by BUA, pound sterling 458 by CC(1-6) and pound sterling 416 by CC(2-6). When osteopenic subjects were incorporated, the costs were pound sterling 87, pound sterling 83.50, pound sterling 78 and pound sterling 74, respectively. The overall cost, dependent upon the prevalence of osteoporosis (or osteopenia) within the population, more accurately indicates the feasibility of a population-based screening programme. For the identification of either osteoporotic or osteopenic subjects from the general population by DXA, the prevalence-compensated cost (cost per subject correctly identified multiplied by prevalence) is pound sterling 45, irrespective of age cohort. If CC(2-6) were adopted for the identification of osteoporotic subjects alone, the prevalence-compensated cost would be pound sterling 32 and pound sterling 42 for the 50-54 and 60-69 aged cohorts, respectively. For BUA, the prevalence-compensated cost falls to pound sterling 25 and pound sterling 43 for the 50-54 and 60-69 aged cohorts, respectively. If osteoporotic or osteopenic subjects were to be identified in the 50-54 aged cohort, both CC(2-6) (pound sterling 38) and BUA (pound sterling 43) perform similarly to DXA alone. BUA appears to provide a valuable population pre-screen for the identification of osteoporotic subjects, less so for osteopenic. It is suggested that if both osteopenic and osteoporotic women are to be identified for clinical management incorporating DXA, then neither BUA nor clinical criteria are satisfactory referral methods. An unanswered question from this study, however, is whether ultrasound has an independent role in the assessment of fracture risk for perimenopausal women who do not have the benefit of referral for DXA.     

An educational intervention for front-line health professionals in the assessment and management of suicidal patients (The STORM Project)

BACKGROUND: Suicide prevention is a health priority in many countries. Improved management of suicide risk may improve suicide prevention. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of health district-wide training in the assessment and management of people at risk of suicide; and to assess the impact of training on assessment and management skills. METHODS: Staff in three health care settings, namely primary care, accident and emergency departments and mental health services (N = 359), were offered suicide risk management training in a district-wide programme, using a flexible 'facilitator' approach. The main outcomes were the rate of attendance at training, and changes in suicide risk assessment and management skills following training. RESULTS: It was possible to deliver training to 167 health professionals (47 % of those eligible) during a 6 month training period. This included 95 primary care staff (39%), 21 accident and emergency staff(42%) and 51 mental health staff (78%). Of these, 103 (69%) attended all training. A volunteer sample of 28 staff who underwent training showed improvements in skills in the assessment and management of suicide risk. Satisfaction with training was high. The expected costs of district-wide training, if it were able to produce a 2.5% reduction in the suicide rate, would be 99,747 pound sterling per suicide prevented and 3,391 pound sterling per life year gained. CONCLUSIONS: Training in the assessment and management of suicide risk can be delivered to approximately half the targeted staff in primary care, accident and emergency departments and mental health services. The current training package can improve skills and is well accepted. If it were to produce a modest fall in the suicide rate, such training would be cost-effective. However, a future training programme should develop a broader training package to reach those who will not attend.     

Stroke services in general practice--are they satisfactory?

BACKGROUND: The contribution of general practice and primary care teams to stroke care has received surprisingly little attention despite research evidence on the importance of coordinated care. AIM: To determine general practitioners' (GPs') and their patients' satisfaction with hospital and community services for stroke patients in Grampian Region, Scotland. METHOD: A questionnaire survey of 138 stroke patients and their GPs was carried out six weeks after each patient was discharged home between June 1995 and January 1996. Outcomes measured were GP and patient satisfaction with services, Barthel Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scores, London Handicap Score, and Homsat and Hospsat scores (satisfaction with stroke services). RESULTS: Response rates of 95% (131) for GPs and 91% (125) for patients were obtained. GPs and patients were generally satisfied with services. Stroke patients were more likely to have had contact with their GP than with any other service. Adverse comments from GPs focused on problems with hospital discharge letters. At six weeks, patients received an average of 2.5 community services and 1.5 hospital services, but there was wide variation across disability groups. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of satisfaction were high, but the wide range and variation in services used by patients emphasized the complexity of the primary care of stroke patients; the need for coordination, review and effective links with hospital; and the key role of the GP.     

Does diagnosis determine delivery? The Islington study of older people's needs and health care costs

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the factors associated with the receipt of care by older people. This study investigates the use. costs and factors associated with service usage among people aged 65 or older living in inner London. METHOD: A community-based survey, using questionnaires, examined psychiatric and physical morbidity, formal and informal care. The relationships between demographic, pathological features and the costs of health and social care were explored using multivariate regression. RESULTS: A total of 1085 people were interviewed at home of these 18% did not receive any service at all. The total cost of services per week for people with dementia was pound 109, with activity limitation pound 14 and with depression pound 12. The greatest effect of physical limitation was on the receipt of social care. Dementia had the strongest effect on receipt of social care services. Depression increased health care costs to a much greater degree than social care costs. Despite presenting to services, black elders received significantly less health care than other people with the same needs. Older people living alone were more likely to receive social care support and appeared less likely to use health services. CONCLUSIONS: Physical dependency significantly affects both health and social care costs. Increasing cognitive impairment mainly leads to increasing social care costs. Overall costs are increased by physical dependency, dementia, depression, subjective health problems, living alone and are negatively affected by being black.     

Impact of GP direct-access computerised tomography for the investigation of chronic daily headache

Background

Chronic daily headache is a major healthcare problem, with significant resource implications for specialist services. Since 1999, GPs in Greater Glasgow have had direct access to computerised tomography (CT) for investigation of chronic daily headache.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to assess the significance of pathology, impact of the service, and GP satisfaction.

Method

The direct-access CT findings in patients between 1999 and 2007 were reviewed. Radiological reports were reviewed for abnormal findings by a radiologist. A neurologist reviewed those cases with abnormalities to assess their potential causation in presenting symptoms. A questionnaire was sent to the referring GP for every patient referred for direct-access CT. Data from the Information Services Division of NHS National Services Scotland was used to estimate potential cost benefits.

Results

A total of 4404 CT scans were performed. Abnormal findings were reported in 461 (10.5%), and the reported abnormalities were considered a potential causative factor for the presenting symptoms in 60 patients (1.4%). Other abnormalities mostly resulted from established cerebrovascular disease and atrophy; 986 GP questionnaires were analysed. The major body of GP opinion (n = 460, 47%) indicated that direct-access CT was their preferred choice for referral of chronic daily headache. If direct-access CT was not available, neurology (n = 448, 45%) and general medicine (n = 379, 38%) would be the commonest referral choices. This study also reveals that 86% did not require further specialist referral. Projecting the GP questionnaire data to the study group gave an approximate cost saving of at least £86 681.81.

Conclusion

Direct-access CT is now the preferred choice of management for patients with chronic daily headache in primary care. Patients and GPs are reassured by a normal scan in the majority of cases. There may be cost savings, although confirmation of cost-effectiveness would require further study.     

Out-of-hours service in Denmark: the effect of a structural change.

BACKGROUND: In Denmark, the provision of out-of-hours care by general practitioners (GPs) was reformed at the start of 1992. Rota systems were replaced locally by county-based services. The new out-of-hours service resulted in a considerable reduction in the total number of GPs on call. AIM: To describe how the patients experienced the change from a satisfaction point of view, and how the pattern of patient contact and the fee for GPs changed with the new system. METHOD: The county of Funen was chosen as the geographical area where data were collected. A questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction was posted before the change, immediately after the change, and three years later to a random selection of patients who had been in contact with the out-of-hours service within two weeks before the mailing date. All primary care services for the Danish population are stored in a database (National Health Service Registry). From this continuously updated database, the contact pattern and the fee for GPs were extracted for 1991, 1992, and 1995. RESULTS: The total number of patient contacts was reduced by 16% in the first year, but by only 6% three years later. Three years after the change, there were more than twice as many telephone consultations as before the change, and there were only a third as many home visits. After three years, the GPs' fees were reduced by 20%. There was a significant decrease in patient satisfaction, although the overall level remained high. This decrease was lower three years after the change than immediately after the new system was introduced. CONCLUSION: The new service had a major cost-effectiveness benefit, but there was a price to pay in patient satisfaction.     

Determining priorities for change in primary care: the value of practice-based needs assessment.

BACKGROUND: Primary care is being expected to expand the range of services it provides, and to take on many of the tasks traditionally provided in secondary care. At the same time, general practitioners (GPs) will become increasingly responsible for assessing their patients' health care needs and commissioning care from other providers. This article describes an approach taken in one general practice to meet these difficult challenges. AIM: To examine whether information on health and health care needs, when used as the basis for a priority setting exercise, can provide a useful first step in planning primary care provision within a practice. METHOD: A three-stage process of information-gathering from a number of sources, including continuous data recording of patient contacts and a postal survey of all adults registered with the practice, identification of key findings and discussion of associated issues, and priority setting of proposals for practice development using the nominal group technique. RESULTS: Continuous data recording of patient contacts with GPs and the practice nurse provided data on 4489 GP contacts with 2027 patients, 1000 district nurse contacts with 101 patients, and 361 health visitor contacts with 172 clients. More than 70% of patient records had been computerized, with 600 diagnostic READ codes identified and 11,500 separate entries made. The socioeconomic and health survey questionnaire achieved an 84% response rate. Following the priority-setting exercise, 28 proposed practice developments were identified. These were reduced to a final list of eight. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive method of practice-based needs assessment, when used as the basis for some form of priority setting, has great potential in helping to plan primary care services within a practice. The success of such initiatives will require a substantial investment of resources in primary care and fundamental changes to the way in which primary care is funded.     

A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention for GPs in the assessment and management of depression

BACKGROUND: General practitioners (GPs) can be provided with effective training in the skills to manage depression. However, it remains uncertain whether such training achieves health gain for their patients. METHOD: The study aimed to measure the health gain from training GPs in skills for the assessment and management of depression. The study design was a cluster randomized controlled trial. GP participants were assessed for recognition of psychological disorders, attitudes to depression, prescribing patterns and experience of psychiatry and communication skills training. They were then randomized to receive training at baseline or the end of the study. Patients selected by GPs were assessed at baseline, 3 and 12 months. The primary outcome was depression status, measured by HAM-D. Secondary outcomes were psychiatric symptoms (GHQ-12) quality of life (SF-36), satisfaction with consultations, and health service use and costs. RESULTS: Thirty-eight GPs were recruited and 36 (95%) completed the study. They selected 318 patients, of whom 189 (59%) were successfully recruited. At 3 months there were no significant differences between intervention and control patients on HAM-D, GHQ-12 or SF-36. At 12 months there was a positive training effect in two domains of the SF-36, but no differences in HAM-D, GHQ-12 or health care costs. Patients reported trained GPs as somewhat better at listening and understanding but not in the other aspects of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Although training programmes may improve GPs' skills in managing depression, this does not appear to translate into health gain for depressed patients or the health service.     

An evaluation of a nurse-led ear care service in primary care: benefits and costs.

BACKGROUND: Nurses trained in ear care provide a new model for the provision of services in general practice, with the aim of cost-effective treatment of minor ear and hearing problems that affect well-being and quality of life. AIM: To compare a prospective observational cohort study measuring health outcomes and resource use for patients with ear or hearing problems treated by nurses trained in ear care with similar patients treated by standard practice. METHOD: A total of 438 Rotherham and 196 Barnsley patients aged 16 years or over received two self-completion questionnaires: questionnaire 1 (Q1) on the day of consultation and questionnaire 2 (Q2) after three weeks. Primary measured outcomes were changes in discomfort and pain; secondary outcomes included the effect on normal life, health status, patient satisfaction, and resources used. RESULTS: After adjusting for differences at Q1, by Q2 there was no statistical evidence of a difference in discomfort and pain reduction, or differential change in health status between areas. Satisfaction with treatment was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in Rotherham (91%) than in Barnsley (82%). Average total general practitioner (GP) consultations were lower in Rotherham at 0.4 per patient with an average cost of 6.28 Pounds compared with Barnsley at 1.4 per patient and an average cost of 22.53 Pounds (P = 0.04). Barnsley GPs prescribed more drugs per case (6% of total costs compared with 1.5%) and used more systemic antibiotics (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Nurses trained in ear care reduce costs, GP workload, and the use of systemic antibiotics, while increasing patient satisfaction with care. With understanding and support from GPs, such nurses are an example of how expanded nursing roles bring benefits to general practice. Nurses trained in ear care reduce treatment costs, reduce the use of antibiotics, educate patients in ear care, increase patient satisfaction, and raise ear awareness.     

Diagnostic ultrasound: a primary care-led service?

BACKGROUND: A training programme has been proposed for general practitioners (GPs) to perform ultrasound in primary care. This has generated considerable concern among radiologists as to the adequacy and appropriateness of such training. AIM: To assess the current provision of ultrasound services to primary care in the former Northern health region of England, the level of interest among GPs in undertaking recommended training, and the willingness or ability of radiology departments to provide it. METHOD: Postal questionnaires were sent to GPs (n = 334), their practice managers (n = 281) and all clinical directors/heads of radiology departments (n = 19) in the region. RESULTS: Altogether, 67% of GPs, 59% of practice managers, and 68% of radiologists returned questionnaires. Overall, 48% of GPs have open access to obstetric/gynaecological ultrasound compared with 77% for general diagnostic requests. A total of 73% of GPs would prefer an open access service and 15% a practice-based service. Some 48% of GPs were not interested, 36% moderately interested, and 16% very interested in participating in the training programme. Only two out of 13 radiology, departments were willing to provide such training. CONCLUSION: Despite recommendations from the Royal College of General Practitioners, around half the respondents in this survey do not have direct access to ultrasound for obstetric referrals, and a quarter for non-obstetric referrals. Interest shown by GPs in a primary care-led service is not mirrored by their radiology colleagues. Open access to ultrasound was considered the optimum service, suggesting that resources be targeted at improving hospital services rather than transferring facilities to primary care.     

Primary care access to computed tomography for chronic headache

Background

The diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in chronic headache is low, but can reduce the use of health services.

Aim

To determine whether primary care access to brain computed tomography (CT) referral for chronic headache reduces referral to secondary care.

Design of study

Prospective observational analysis of GP referrals to an open access CT brain scanning service.

Setting

Primary care, and outpatient radiology and neurology departments.

Method

GPs in Tayside and North East Fife, Scotland were given access to brain CT for patients with chronic headache. All referrals were analysed prospectively over 1 year, and questionnaires were sent to referrers to establish whether imaging had resulted in or stopped a referral to secondary care. The Tayside outpatient clinic database identified scanned patients referred to the neurology clinic for headache from the start of the study period to at least 1 year after their scan.

Results

There were 232 referrals (55.1/100 000/year, 95% confidence interval = 50.4 to 59.9) from GPs in 59 (82%) of 72 primary care practices. CT was performed on 215 patients. Significant abnormalities were noted in 3 (1.4%) patients; there were 22 (10.2%) non-significant findings, and 190 (88.4%) normal scans. Questionnaires of the referring GPs reported that 167 (88%) scans stopped a referral to secondary care. GPs referred 30 (14%) scanned patients to a neurologist because of headache. It is estimated that imaging reduced referrals to secondary care by 86% in the follow-up period.

Conclusion

An open access brain CT service for patients with chronic headache was used by most GP practices in Tayside, and reduced the number of referrals to secondary care.     

A national evaluation of specialists' clinics in primary care settings.

BACKGROUND: Encouraged by the increased purchasing power of general practitioners (GPs), specialist-run clinics in general practice and community health care settings (known as specialist outreach clinics) have increased rapidly across England. The activities of local commissioning schemes within primary care groups are likely to accelerate this trend. AIM: To evaluate the costs, processes, and benefits of specialists' outreach clinics held in GPs' surgeries, compared with hospital outpatient clinics. DESIGN OF STUDY: A case-referent (comparative) study comparing the characteristics of outreach clinics (cases) with matched outpatient control clinics. SETTING: Thirty-eight outreach clinics, compared with 38 matched outpatient clinics as controls, covering 14 hospital trust areas across England. METHOD: Self-administered questionnaires were given to patients in both clinic settings. These covered processes, satisfaction, personal costs, and health status, with postal follow-up at six months to assess health outcomes. Self-administered questionnaires were also given to the specialists and GPs whose clinics were included in the study (individual patient clinical sheet and an attitude questionnaire), practice managers, and trust accountants (process and costs questionnaire). Evaluation of the costs, processes, and benefits of specialist outreach clinics versus hospital outpatient clinics was carried out by comparing questionnaire responses. RESULTS: In comparison with outpatients, outreach clinic patients spent less time on the waiting lists for appointments to see the specialist, they had shorter waiting times in clinics, fewer follow-up appointments, and were more likely to be completely discharged after the sampled attendance. Outreach patients were more satisfied than outpatients with the range of clinic process items asked about. Most doctors felt that the outreach clinic was 'worthwhile'. While patients' personal costs were lower in outreach than in outpatients clinics, NHS costs were more expensive per patient in outreach. The benefits of outreach clinics on patients' health status at six months' follow-up were relatively small. CONCLUSIONS: Outreach clinics are a means of improving access to specialist services for patients, in addition to improving the efficiency and quality of health care. Most results were similar across specialties and areas. The benefits of the outreach service need to be weighed against their substantially higher NHS costs, in comparison with outpatients clinics. Outreach clinics are unlikely to be financially justifiable for NHS funding given that the impact on patients' health status was small.     

Primary care group commissioning of services: the differing priorities of general practitioners and district nurses for palliative care services.

BACKGROUND: General practitioners (GPs) have become more responsible for budget allocation over the years. The 1997 White Paper has signalled major changes in GPs' roles in commissioning. In general, palliative care is ranked as a high priority, and such services are therefore likely to be early candidates for commissioning. AIM: To examine the different commissioning priorities within the primary health care team (PHCT) by ascertaining the views of GPs and district nurses (DNs) concerning their priorities for the future planning of local palliative care services and the adequacy of services as currently provided. METHOD: A postal questionnaire survey was sent to 167 GP principals and 96 registered DNs in the Cambridge area to ascertain ratings of service development priority and service adequacy, for which written comments were received. RESULTS: Replies were received from 141 (84.4%) GPs and 86 (90%) DNs. Both professional groups agreed that the most important service developments were urgent hospice admission for symptom control or terminal care, and Marie Curie nurses. GPs gave greater priority than DNs to specialist doctor home visits and Macmillan nurses. DNs gave greater priority than GPs to Marie Curie nurses, hospital-at-home, non-cancer patients' urgent hospice admission, day care, and hospice outpatients. For each of the eight services where significant differences were found in perceptions of service adequacy, DNs rated the service to be less adequate than GPs. CONCLUSION: The 1997 White Paper, The New NHS, has indicated that the various forms of GP purchasing are to be replaced by primary care groups (PCGs), in which both GPs and DNs are to be involved in commissioning decisions. For many palliative care services, DNs' views of service adequacy and priorities for future development differ significantly from their GP colleagues; resolution of these differences will need to be attained within PCGs. Both professional groups give high priority to the further development of quick-response clinical services, especially urgent hospice admission and Marie Curie nurses.     

Exploratory cluster randomised controlled trial of shared care development for long-term mental illness.

BACKGROUND: Primary care clinicians have a considerable amount of contact with patients suffering from long-term mental illness. The United Kingdom's National Health Service now requires general practices to contribute more systematically to care for this group of patients. AIMS: To determine the effects of Mental Health Link, a facilitation-based quality improvement programme designed to improve communication between the teams and systems of care within general practice. Design of study: Exploratory cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty-three urban general practices and associated community mental health teams. METHOD: Practices were randomised to service development as usual or to the Mental Health Link programme. Questionnaires and an audit of notes assessed 335 patients' satisfaction, unmet need, mental health status, processes of mental and physical care, and general practitioners' satisfaction with services and beliefs about service development. Service use and intervention costs were also measured. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in patients' perception of their unmet need, satisfaction or general health. Intervention patients had fewer psychiatric relapses than control patients (mean = 0.39 versus 0.71, respectively, P = 0.02) but there were no differences in documented processes of care. Intervention practitioners were more satisfied and services improved significantly for intervention practices. There was an additional mean direct cost of pound 63 per patient with long-term mental illness for the intervention compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were seen in relapse rates and practitioner satisfaction. Improvements in service development did not translate into documented improvements in care. This could be explained by the intervention working via the improvements in informal shared care developed through better link working. This type of facilitated intervention tailored to context has the potential to improve care and interface working.     

Effect of the new contract on GPs' working lives and perceptions of quality of care: a longitudinal survey.

BACKGROUND: An ambitious pay-for-performance system was implemented in UK general practice in 2004 amid doubts that it could improve both the working lives of doctors and quality of care. AIM: To evaluate doctors' perceptions of their working lives and quality of care before and after the new contract. DESIGN OF STUDY: Longitudinal questionnaire survey. SETTING: England, UK. METHOD: A longitudinal postal survey of English GPs in February 2004 and September 2005. Measures included reported job satisfaction (7-point scale), hours worked, income, and impact of the contract. RESULTS: Responses were available from 2105 doctors in 2004 and 1349 in 2005. Mean overall job satisfaction increased from 4.58 out of 7 in 2004 to 5.17 in 2005. The greatest improvements in satisfaction were with remuneration and hours of work. Mean reported hours worked fell from 44.5 to 40.8. Mean income increased from an estimated 73,400 pounds in 2004 to 92,600 pounds in 2005. Most GPs reported that the new contract had increased their income (88%), but decreased their professional autonomy (71%), and increased their administrative (94%) and clinical (86%) workloads. After the introduction of the contract doctors were more positive than they had anticipated about its impact on quality of care. CONCLUSION: GPs' job satisfaction increased after the introduction of the new contract, despite perceptions of negative consequences for workload and autonomy. GPs reported working fewer hours with a higher income, and their expectations regarding the impact of the contract on quality of care had been exceeded.     

Terminal care in the home--the general practice perspective

A postal survey of 200 General Practitioners in south Dublin was undertaken. The aim was to elicit information about the problems experienced by GPs when caring for terminally ill cancer patients at home, and about their perceived needs for both further training and support services. All respondents experienced problems at least occasionally with control of pain and other symptoms. 25% of GPs surveyed frequently experienced difficulty with access to hospice in-patient beds, and with inadequate home support services. Overall, satisfaction with specialist Palliative Care Services was high. The majority of GPs felt that they would benefit from further education in Palliative Medicine. They also nominated ways to help them improve care of terminally ill patients at home including further training in pain control and symptom relief, more general and specialist nursing support, and more specialist medical support in the community.     

Primary care units in A&E departments in North Thames in the 1990s: initial experience and future implications.

BACKGROUND: In 1992, the Tomlinson Report recommended a shift from secondary to primary care, including specific primary care provision in accident and emergency (A&E) departments. Availability of short-term so-called Tomlinson moneys allowed a number of experimental services. A study of the experience of A&E-based staff is reported to assist general practitioners (GPs) and purchasers and identify areas for further research. AIMS: To find the number and scope of primary care facilities in A&E services in North Thames; to find factors encouraging or inhibiting the setting-up of a successful service; to examine the views of a range of A&E staff including GPs, consultants, and nurses; and to suggest directions for more specific research. METHOD: A postal questionnaire was sent to all North Thames A&E departments, and an interview study of staff in one unit was arranged, leading to a questionnaire study of all GPs employed in North Thames primary care services in A&E. This was followed by interviews of staff members in five contrasting primary care units in A&E. RESULTS: By mid-1995, at least 16 of the 33 North Thames A&E departments ran a primary care service. Seven mainly employed GPs, the others employed nurse practitioners (NPs). Problems for GPs included unclear role definition and their non-availability at times of highest patient demand. GPs' reasons for working in A&E sometimes differed from the aims of primary care in an A&E service. Staff interviews revealed differing views about their role and about use of triage protocols. Ethnicity data were being collected, but not yet being used, to improve service to patients. CONCLUSIONS: A number of benefits follow the introduction of primary care practitioners into A&E. Different models have evolved, with a variety of GP and NP staffing arrangements according to local ideas and priorities. There is some confusion over whether these services aim to improve A&E-based care or to divert it to general practice. Cost information is inadequate so far, though the use of GPs has shown the possibility of economy. Appropriate location of services requires clearer identification of costs. This may be possible for the proposed primary care groups.     

A survey of job satisfaction, sources of stress and psychological symptoms among general practitioners in Leeds.

BACKGROUND: The past seven years have seen rapid changes in general practice in the United Kingdom (UK), commencing with the 1990 contract. During the same period, concern about the health and morale of general practitioners (GPs) has increased and a recruitment crisis has developed. AIM: To determine levels of psychological symptoms, job satisfaction, and subjective ill health in GPs and their relationship to practice characteristics, and to compare levels of job satisfaction since the introduction of the 1990 GP contract with those found before 1990. METHOD: Postal questionnaire survey of all GP principals on the Leeds Health Authority list. The main outcome measures included quantitative measures of practice characteristics, job satisfaction, mental health (General Health Questionnaire), and general physical health. Qualitative statements about work conditions, job satisfaction, and mental health were collected. RESULTS: A total of 285/406 GPs (70%) returned the questionnaires. One hundred and forty-eight (52%) scored 3 or more on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), which indicates a high level of psychological symptoms. One hundred and sixty GPs (56%) felt that work had affected their recent physical health. Significant associations were found between GHQ-12 scores, total job satisfaction scores, and GPs' perceptions that work had affected their physical health. Problems with physical and mental health were associated with several aspects of workload, including list size, number of sessions worked per week, amount of time spent on call, and use of deputizing services. In the qualitative part of the survey, GPs reported overwork and excessive hours, paperwork and administration, recent National Health Service (NHS) changes, and the 1990 GP contract as the most stressful aspects of their work. CONCLUSIONS: Fifty-two per cent of GPs in Leeds who responded showed high levels of psychological symptoms. Job satisfaction was lower than in a national survey conducted in 1987, and GPs expressed the least satisfaction with their hours, recognition for their work, and rates of pay. Nearly 60% felt that their physical health had been affected by their work. These results point to a need to improve working conditions in primary care and for further research to determine the effect of any such changes.