咳喘六味合剂质量标准提高研究

目的 完善龙华医院院内制剂咳喘六味合剂的质量控制标准。方法 应用TLC法对咳喘六味合剂中的黄芩、细辛进行定性鉴别;应用HPLC法对麻黄、黄芩进行含量测定。采用Welch-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（4∶96）及甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（47∶53）为流动相;检测波长分别为206、278 nm;流速为1.0 ml/min。结果 TLC法显示与黄芩、细辛药材特征荧光斑点相符合的斑点,且阴性对照溶液无干扰。盐酸麻黄碱在12.04~301.00 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为101.7%,RSD为1.5%;盐酸伪麻黄碱在7.98~199.40 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为101.6%,RSD为2.4%。黄芩苷在5.18~129.50 μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为101.0%,RSD为0.3%。结论 本实验建立的定性鉴别和含量测定方法简单可行,可以作为咳喘六味合剂的质量控制标准。     

康咳灵合剂质量标准研究

目的 建立康咳灵合剂的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对矮地茶、百部进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定岩白菜素的含量。色谱柱为Lichrospher C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（20：80）;检测波长：275 nm;柱温：30℃;流速：1 ml/min。结果 TLC法能准确鉴别矮地茶和百部,斑点清晰;岩白菜素在0.064 8~0.648 μg（r=0.9998）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率100.24%（RSD为1.9%,n=6）。结论 本实验建立的方法简便、专属性高、重复性好,结果准确可靠,可用于康咳灵合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的 建立麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,色谱柱：Wondasil C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（5：95）;流速：1 ml/min;检测波长：215 nm;柱温：30℃;进样量：10 μl。结果 盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱的质量浓度分别在4.231~42.31 μg/ml（r=0.999 7）、1.187~11.87 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）范围内与各自峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为分别为98.9%、98.1%;RSD分别为0.48%、0.64%。结论 该法准确度高、重复性好, 可用于麻杏抗感颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定。     

复方颠茄合剂质量标准研究

目的 提高复方颠茄合剂的质量控制标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对复方颠茄合剂中的吗啡进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定复方颠茄合剂中吗啡的含量。以WondaSil C₁₈（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱;A相：0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-0.002 5 mol/L庚烷磺酸钠溶液（含0.1%三乙胺,磷酸调pH至2.5）,B相：乙腈,A∶B=90∶10为流动相;流速：1.0 ml/min;检测波长：220 nm;柱温：30 ℃。结果 在TLC图谱中可检出吗啡的特征斑点。吗啡在0.525~10.5 μg/ml范围内与其峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为99.44%,RSD= 0.23%（n=9）。结论 本方法简便准确,专属性强,能够用于复方颠茄合剂的含量测定和质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸赛庚啶的有关物质

目的 建立测定盐酸赛庚啶有关物质的高效液相色谱法。方法 选用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-缓冲液[称取辛烷磺酸钠2.16 g,加水约500 ml,溶解,加入冰醋酸10.0 ml和三乙胺5.0 ml,加水至1 000 ml,摇匀,用三乙胺调节pH至7.0]（85：15,V/V）,过滤并脱气;流速：1.0 ml/min;检测波长：286 nm;进样量：10 μl;柱温：25℃。结果 盐酸赛庚啶和杂质A、B、C的线性范围分别为0.056 2~5.620 μg/ml（r=0.999 8）,0.052 4~5.240 μg/ml（r=1.000 0）,0.050 3~5.032 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）,0.053 2~5.316 μg/ml（r=0.999 7）;盐酸赛庚啶和杂质A、B、C的定量限在0.049~0.054 μg/m1之间,检测限在0.019~0.022 μg/ml之间;回收率在98%~100%之间;重复性RSD为5.5%（n=6）。结论 该方法简便灵敏,结果准确可靠,重复性好,可用于盐酸赛庚啶有关物质的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定扶正平消胶囊中芍药苷的含量

目的 建立扶正平消胶囊中芍药苷含量的测定标准。方法 采用HPLC法进行含量测定,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-5 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠水溶液（10：90）,流速：1.0 ml/min,柱温：25℃;检测波长：230 nm,进样量10 μl,运行时间25 min。结果 芍药苷在25.0~500.0 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,线性方程：Y=12.65X+43.54,平均加样回收率为92.69%,RSD为1.77%。结论 该方法操作易行、结果可靠、重复性好,可用于扶正平消胶囊中芍药苷的含量测定。     

林可霉素利多卡因凝胶含量测定方法的改进

目的 改进林可霉素利多卡因凝胶的含量测定方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Alltima C₁₈柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.05mol/L硼砂溶液(用85%磷酸调pH值至5.0)-甲醇-乙腈(60∶37∶3);检测波长为214nm;流速为1.0ml/min。结果 盐酸林可霉素和盐酸利多卡因分别在浓度为0.02～0.40mg/ml(r=0.9999,n=6)和0.01～0.32mg/ml(r=1.0000,n=6)范围内呈良好线性关系。盐酸林可霉素和盐酸利多卡因的平均回收率分别为100.3%(RSD为0.62%,n=6)、101.1%(RSD为0.46%,n=6)。结论 该方法操作简便,结果准确,重现性好。     

益视明目颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立益视明目颗粒的质量标准。方法 用薄层色谱法（TLC）鉴别制剂中的枸杞子、丹参;用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）定量测定丹参素钠的含量。色谱柱：Kromasil C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流速：0.4 ml/min;检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30 ℃;进样量：10 μl;流动相：甲醇-0.5%醋酸水溶液（10∶90）。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰可见、阴性干扰小,可用于鉴别益视明目颗粒中的枸杞、丹参;丹参素钠在2.00~60.00 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7（n=6）,平均加样回收率105.6%,RSD=1.60%。结论 建立的方法简便、准确、可靠性高、重现性好,可作为控制益视明目颗粒质量的有效方法。     

HPLC法测定复方苯海拉明乳膏中盐酸苯海拉明的含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定复方苯海拉明乳膏中盐酸苯海拉明的含量。方法 色谱柱为ACE5C₁₈S/N-A66766柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相为甲醇-水-三乙胺（70:30:0.67,用磷酸调pH为6.5）;检测波长设定230 nm;流速设定1.0 ml/min;乳膏经过提取净化后进样20 μl在室温下分析。结果 盐酸苯海拉明在39.52～197.6 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为100.5%（RSD=1.25%,n=9）,重复性结果显示RSD为0.78%（n=6）,所测得盐酸苯海拉明乳膏含量结果为标示量的101.3%、99.83%、99.62%。结论 本方法准确、灵敏、专属性强、重现性好,对复方苯海拉明乳膏质量控制标准的提高具有参考意义。     

复方黑参颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立复方黑参颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用TLC法对复方黑参颗粒中玄参和射干进行定性鉴别,应用HPLC法同时测定肉桂酸、射干苷和次野鸢尾黄素的含量,色谱柱为Kromasil C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸（B）水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;柱温30℃,检测波长270 nm;流速1.0 ml/min。结果 采用TLC法对玄参和射干进行定性鉴别具有良好的专属性,阴性对照无干扰。肉桂酸、射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素分别在16.22~113.57 μg/ml（r=0.999 8）、48.19~337.34 μg/ml（r=0.999 8）、16.40~114.80 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.23%、98.82%、99.17%。结论 本实验建立的方法快速、简便、重复性好,可用于复方黑参颗粒的质量标准控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.