Apak对p53R175H的调控研究

目的 探讨Kruppel相关盒(KRAB)型锌指蛋白Apak对p53R175H的调节功能及机制.方法 报告基因检测Apak对p53R175H的活性调控,实时定量PCR检测Apak对p53R175H下游靶基因的转录水平的调控能力,Western印迹实验检测蛋白的表达.结果 Apak抑制p53175H的转录活性功能与抑制野生型p53(wtp53)的转录活性功能相比被大大减弱,Apak能够下调wtp53相关凋亡基因的水平,而在转染了p53R175H的细胞中,Apak的这种下调功能几乎丧失.结论 Apak对突变型p53R175H失去调控能力.     

低氧状态下Apak对rRNA转录的调控

目的 探讨低氧状态下Kruppel相关盒(KRAB)型锌指蛋白Apak对核糖体RNA(rRNA)转录影响变化及机制.方法 利用实时定量PCR检测低氧状态下rRNA转录水平的变化及Apak对rRNA转录水平的影响,Western印迹检测蛋白的表达,间接免疫荧光观察低氧状态下Apak的定位变化.结果 在低氧(0.3%O2)处理24 h内,野生型HCT116细胞rRNA表达水平呈现先高后低的变化,而在Apak敲除的HCT116细胞系中,低氧处理后rRNA转录水平持续下降;低氧处理3 h后,Apak对rRNA转录的抑制能力消失,Apak的蛋白水平和磷酸化水平降低,在细胞核仁中的定位消失.结论 低氧处理后Apak对rRNA转录抑制能力的消失促使rRNA转录水平的暂时升高.     

利用CRISPR／Cas9系统构建H22细胞GP73基因敲除稳定株及功能鉴定

目的：利用CRISPR／Cas9基因编辑系统敲除小鼠源肝癌细胞H22中的GP73基因,构建H22细胞GP73基因敲除的稳定细胞株。方法根据CRISPR／Cas9靶点设计原则,设计2条特异性识别GP73基因启动子的上下游sgRNA,利用载体pX459质粒,构建2对重组真核表达质粒。经酶切和测序鉴定后,将重组质粒转染至H22细胞内,使用嘌罗霉素加压筛选稳定敲除GP73的H22细胞株,利用免疫印迹检测重组质粒对内源GP73的敲除效果。MTT实验检测GP73被敲除后对细胞增殖能力的影响,再利用划痕实验检测细胞的迁移能力。结果免疫印迹结果说明敲除GP73基因的小鼠源H22细胞株内无GP73蛋白的表达;并且GP73被敲除后,H22细胞的增殖能力和迁移能力减慢。结论通过CRISPR／Cas9系统获得了靶向GP73基因的重组质粒,并且筛选出了稳定干扰GP73表达的细胞株,从而为探讨GP73在肝癌发生中的作用奠定基础。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Nedd4基因敲除BMDM巨噬细胞系

目的 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Nedd4基因敲除骨髓衍生巨噬细胞系(BMDM),为研究Nedd4在巨噬细胞中的作用和机制奠定基础.方法 利用在线软件筛选了评分较高的3个针对Nedd4基因的单向导RNA(sgRNA),然后将合成的sgRNA序列插入到PX330质粒中;将重组质粒转入BMDM细胞,通过有限稀释法获取单克隆,采用Western印迹检测单克隆细胞中NEDD4蛋白水平;通过序列测定确认单克隆细胞的DNA序列.结果 通过Western印迹检测获取1株NEDD4蛋白缺失的BMDM细胞;测序结果表明该细胞系中Nedd4基因发生了16 bp的缺失突变.结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建的Nedd4敲除BMDM细胞系将成为研究Nedd4在巨噬细胞中的功能和机制的有力工具.     

人CDK7基因真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的：构建带Myc标签的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶7（cyclin－dependent kinase 7, CDK7）的真核表达载体,获得其表达产物,并验证该激酶与已知相互作用蛋白P53之间的相互作用。方法应用PCR技术从人乳腺文库中扩增出CDK7全长编码区基因,将其克隆到pXJ－40载体中;继而重组质粒转染人胚肾293 T细胞,以SDS－PAGE和Western印迹鉴定表达情况;免疫共沉淀检测Myc－CDK7与FLAG－p53的相互作用。结果双酶切和基因测序鉴定显示,Myc－CDK7真核表达质粒克隆构建成功;SDS－PAGE和Western印迹结果表明,Myc－CDK7转染人胚肾293T细胞后成功表达;免疫共沉淀显示,重组Myc－CDK7与已知相互作用蛋白P53在蛋白质水平上具有相互作用,证实其具有生物学活性。结论成功构建Myc－CDK7的真核表达载体,为进一步探讨Myc－CDK7对细胞周期的调控奠定了实验基础。     

应用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建MAVS基因敲除的ZR-751乳腺癌细胞株

目的 运用成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)/Cas9基因编辑技术,构建线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白(MAVS)基因敲除的ZR-751乳腺癌细胞株,研究MAVS对细胞生长的影响.方法 针对MAVS基因第一外显子设计小向导RNA(sgRNA),构建pX459-sgRNA重组质粒.然后利用嘌呤霉素筛选ZR-751 MAVS基因敲除的阳性克隆,Western印迹检测MAVS基因敲除情况,提取克隆基因组进行测序鉴定.平板克隆实验检测MAVS被敲除后对细胞增殖的影响,再利用MTS实验检测在DFX培养基刺激下,MAVS对细胞死亡的影响.结果 Western印迹结果说明ZR-751细胞株内MAVS已完全敲除;且在凋亡诱导剂DFX刺激下,MAVS被敲除后促进细胞增殖.结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9系统成功构建了MAVS基因敲除的ZR-751乳腺癌细胞株,初步实验提示MAVS抑制乳腺癌细胞生长,为后续研究MAVS在肿瘤中的功能奠定了基础.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建Slc35c1敲除细胞株及其抗蓖麻毒素效应研究

目的 构建稳定敲除小鼠Slc35c1基因的单克隆细胞株,为研究Slc35c1基因抗蓖麻毒素毒性效应奠定实验基础.方法 根据Slc35c1基因序列设计2对sgRNA插入载体lentiCRISPRv2中,构建lentiCRISPRv2-sgRNA质粒;慢病毒包装并感染NIH/3T3细胞,加入嘌呤霉素筛选阳性细胞;T7E1酶切鉴定sgRNA切割效率;利用有限稀释法筛选单克隆细胞并进行RT-qPCR检测及基因组PCR产物测序,确认Slc35c1敲除成功的细胞株;最后通过CCK-8试剂检测蓖麻毒素对野生型和Slc35c1敲除细胞对的抗毒效应差异.结果 测序结果显示sgRNA成功插入载体质粒中,T7E1酶切结果表明两对sgRNA均可高效切割基因组DNA.RT-qPCR及基因组PCR产物测序鉴定出Slc35c1敲除的纯合子细胞株.CCK-8实验结果显示,与野生型细胞相比,敲除Slc35c1使毒素作用NIH/3T3细胞24 h的IC50值由0.45×10-10 mol/L升至2.1×10-10 mol/L.结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向敲除了NIH/3T3细胞中的Slc35c1基因并筛选获得纯合子细胞株,该细胞株可用于抗蓖麻毒素效应的研究.     

1504-siRNA对EphA3表达肿瘤细胞HCT116的抑制作用研究

目的研究原癌基因EphA3的小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA)1504-siRNA对高表达结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖抑制作用。方法将1504-siRNA质粒用Vigofect转染试剂瞬时转染HCT116细胞,36～48 h后,收集蛋白,用Western印迹检测EphA3及AKT信号通路中的蛋白分子表达,收集细胞,进行噻唑蓝(MTT)实验、平板克隆形成实验和软琼脂克隆形成实验。结果 1504-siRNA能抑制HCT116细胞的EphA3蛋白水平,抑制其增殖、平板克隆和软琼脂克隆的形成,抑制pmTOR、p-c-Raf、pAKT、p-4ebp1等信号分子的表达。结论 1504-siRNA抑制HCT116细胞的增殖、存活能力和恶性程度,这可能是通过抑制AKT信号通路来实现,它有望作为肿瘤治疗的候选药物。     

1504-siRNA对EphA3表达肿瘤细胞HCT116的抑制作用研究

目的研究原癌基因EphA3的小干扰RNA（small interfering RNA）1504-siRNA对高表达结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖抑制作用。方法将1504-siRNA质粒用Vigofect转染试剂瞬时转染HCT116细胞,36～48 h后,收集蛋白,用Western印迹检测EphA3及AKT信号通路中的蛋白分子表达,收集细胞,进行噻唑蓝（MTT）实验、平板克隆形成实验和软琼脂克隆形成实验。结果 1504-siRNA能抑制HCT116细胞的EphA3蛋白水平,抑制其增殖、平板克隆和软琼脂克隆的形成,抑制pmTOR、p-c-Raf、pAKT、p-4ebp1等信号分子的表达。结论 1504-siRNA抑制HCT116细胞的增殖、存活能力和恶性程度,这可能是通过抑制AKT信号通路来实现,它有望作为肿瘤治疗的候选药物。     

登革2型病毒43株NS1基因的克隆及在真核细胞中的表达

目的：研究含登革2型病毒43株（D2－43）NS1基因的重组质粒DNA在幼地鼠肾细胞BHK－21的表达。方法：将含信号肽的NS1基因片段插入到pcDNA3．1的KpnⅠ位点和EcolRⅠ位点之间,获得重组表达载体pcDNA-NS1。用电穿孔法将其导入BHK－21细胞,G418选择培养。挑取单细胞克隆,RT－PCR及蛋白质印迹法鉴定NS1基因的稳定表达,结果：在随机挑取的5个单细胞克隆中,有4个克隆的RT－PCR鉴定为阳性,蛋白质印迹结果表明NS1基因获表达。结论：构建的pcDNA-NS1质粒在BHK－21细胞中有稳定表达,因此含NS1基因的该重质粒DNA可作作核酸免疫。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统构建HeLa细胞Cdc25C基因敲除稳定细胞株

目的 使用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统敲除人类宫颈癌细胞HeLa中的细胞分裂周期蛋白25同源蛋白C(cell division cycle 25 homolog C,Cdc25C)基因,构建Cdc25C基因稳定敲除细胞株.方法 根据CRISPR/Cas9靶点设计规则,设计特异性识别Cdc25C基因第一外显子相关序列的上下游小向导RNA(small guide RNA,sgRNA),构建真核重组表达质粒.测序鉴定后,将重组质粒转染至HeLa细胞中,用嘌呤霉素(puromycin)抗性筛选稳定敲除Cdc25C基因细胞株,再用免疫印迹方法鉴定细胞Cdc25C敲除效果.最后用流式细胞仪检测基因敲除对细胞周期的影响.结果 筛选出稳定敲除Cdc25C基因细胞株,且Cdc25C敲除显著影响G2/M期进程.结论 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功获得了内源Cdc25C基因敲除细胞株,为研究Cdc25C在细胞周期进程的功能以及相关癌症的发生奠定了基础.     

Musashi1基因表达对人结肠癌HCT116细胞的放射增敏作用及其机制

目的 研究沉默Musashi1对人结肠癌HCT116细胞放射敏感性的影响,为放射治疗提供新的增敏靶点。方法 用慢病毒载体建立Musashil（Msi1）低表达的稳转细胞株及阴性对照细胞株,将细胞分为沉默组、空白对照组和阴性对照组,通过克隆实验、流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期,证实其放射敏感性。结果 成功构建了沉默Musashi1的HCT116细胞。沉默组的D₀、D_q、N、SF₂分别为1.55、0.88、1.76 Gy和0.43,空白对照组分别为2.17、1.51、2.01 Gy和0.64,阴性对照组分别为1.99、1.45、2.07 Gy和0.62。沉默组相对于空白对照组的放射增敏比为1.40,相对于阴性对照组的放射增敏比为1.28。8 Gy照射后24、48、72 h,沉默组凋亡比例始终高于阴性对照组和空白对照组（F=65.16,P<0.05）,而阴性对照组和空白对照组之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。12 Gy照射后48 h,沉默组细胞周期中G₂/M期比例较空白对照组和阴性对照组显著下降（F=65.398,P<0.05）。结论 降低Musashi1的表达对人结肠癌HCT116细胞有放射增敏作用,可能通过促进其凋亡,解除G₂/M期阻滞而发挥放射增敏作用,有望成为新的增敏靶点。     

褪黑素对人结肠癌细胞辐射敏感性的影响

目的 分析褪黑素联合γ射线照射对体外和体内人结肠癌HCT 116细胞生长的影响,探讨褪黑素在人结肠癌HCT 116细胞辐射敏感性中的作用。 方法 将人结肠癌HCT 116细胞分为4组,即:空白对照组（不给予任何处理）、褪黑素组（给予褪黑素,给药浓度为1 mmol/L,给药时间为2 h）、照射组（接受6 Gy γ射线照射）及褪黑素+照射组（在照射前2 h给予褪黑素,给药浓度为1 mmol/L,然后接受6 Gy γ射线照射）。体外实验:人结肠癌HCT 116细胞分别进行2、4、6、8 Gy照射,采用克隆形成实验检测细胞的增殖能力;人结肠癌HCT 116细胞进行6 Gy照射,采用流式细胞术检测24 h后细胞周期以及24 h和48 h后细胞的凋亡;采用彗星实验检测2 h后细胞DNA的损伤。体内实验:将人结肠癌HCT 116细胞接种于裸鼠体内建立肿瘤模型,检测结肠癌瘤体体积和瘤体质量的变化并计算抑瘤率。两组间比较采用t检验。 结果 ①体外实验:照射前给予褪黑素处理的人结肠癌HCT 116 细胞的克隆形成数目明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=3.83,P=0.005）;褪黑素+照射组停留在G₂期的人结肠癌HCT 116细胞比例显著增加（53.04%±4.67%）,与照射组（42.83%±7.10%）和褪黑素组（12.95%±0.96%）相比,差异均有统计学意义（t=2.94、20.66,P=0.017、P<0.01）;褪黑素+照射组在处理后24 h和 48 h大量人结肠癌HCT 116细胞发生细胞凋亡,凋亡率分别达到（12.15±0.41）%和（30.57±1.91）%,与照射组（9.00%±0.70%、8.69%±0.71%）和褪黑素组（3.03%±0.42%、12.56%±0.89%）相比,差异均有统计学意义（t=7.46、17.75、29.12、14.80,均P<0.01）;褪黑素+照射组HCT 116细胞的尾部DNA含量、尾长、尾矩和Olive尾矩均明显高于照射组（t=4.72、4.16、4.74、4.50,均P<0.01）和褪黑素组（t=20.27、22.80、13.81、18.85,均P<0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。②体内实验:褪黑素+照射组结肠癌生长速度减慢,到处理后的第15天肿瘤体积明显小于照射组和褪黑素组,差异有统计学意义（t=3.51、2.72, P=0.006、P=0.021）;褪黑素+照射组抑瘤率最高（54.7%±8.0%）,远远高于照射组和褪黑素组（t=7.50、4.12,均P<0.01）。 结论 褪黑素联合辐射对人结肠癌细胞生长有显著的抑制效应,提高了细胞对γ射线辐射的敏感性。     

Effects of Serum Starvation on Radiosensitivity,Proliferation and Apoptosis in Four Human Tumor Cell Lines with Different p53 Status

PURPOSE: The effects of serum starvation on radiation sensitivity, cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated with particular consideration of the p53 status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four human tumor cell lines, Be11 (melanoma, p53 wild-type), MeWo (melanoma, p53 mutant), 4197 (squamous cell carcinoma, p53 wild-type) and 4451 (squamous cell carcinoma, p53 mutant), were used. After the cells had been incubated in starvation medium (0.5% FCS) for 1-6 days, changes in cell cycle distribution, induction of apoptosis and necrosis, and changes in radiation sensitivity were assessed by two-parameter flow cytometric measurements of DNA-dye-exclusion/Annexin V binding, and a conventional colony assay, respectively. RESULTS: p53 wild-type cell lines showed a decrease in the BrdU labeling index and an increase in the apoptotic cell frequency in starvation medium. p53 mutant cell lines showed a decrease in the BrdU labeling index but no evidence of apoptosis. These cells went into necrosis instead. The radiation sensitivity was increased in 4451 and slightly decreased in Be11 and 4197 in starvation medium. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a functional involvement of p53 in starvation-induced G1-block and apoptosis in tumor cells. Altered radiosensitivity after culture in starvation medium seemed to be explained at least in part by the starvation-induced G1-block. The frequency of starvation-induced apoptosis or necrosis was not correlated with radiation sensitivity.     

53BP1 loss suppresses the radiosensitizing effect of icotinib hydrochloride in colorectal cancer cells

Background: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the expression of P53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), a key component in DNA damage repair pathways, on the radiosensitizing effect of icotinib hydrochloride in colorectal cancer and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this influence.

Materials and methods: Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to verify the gene-knockout effect of 53BP1 small hairpin RNA (ShRNA), and colony formation assay was employed to investigate the influence of 53BP1 downregulation on the radiosensitizing effect of icotinib hydrochloride in HCT116 cells. Cell apoptosis, cell cycle distributions, and histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) fluorescence foci after 53BP1 knockdown were evaluated. Relative protein expression in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM)-checkpoint kinase-2 (CHK2)-P53 pathway was measured by Western blot analysis to unravel the molecular mechanisms linking the pathway to the above phenomena.

Results: Icotinib hydrochloride increased the radiosensitivity of HCT116 cells; however, this effect was suppressed by the downregulation of 53BP1 expression, a change that inhibited cell apoptosis, increased the percentage of HCT116 cells arrested in S-phase and inhibited the protein expression of key molecules in the ATM-CHK2-P53 apoptotic pathway.

Conclusion: Our studies confirmed that the loss of 53BP1 serves as a negative regulator of the radiosensitizing effect of icotinib in part by suppressing the ATM-CHK2-P53 apoptotic pathway.     

A role for p53 in the response of bystander cells to receipt of medium borne signals from irradiated cells

Abstract

Purpose: A number of contradictory studies have reported a role or not for p53 (protein 53) in the production of radiation-induced bystander effects. Most of these studies looked at a range of cell lines with normal or compromised p53 function.

Methods: In this study, Human Colon Tumour line 116 (HCT 116) cells with confirmed wild type p53 function and a corresponding p53 null HCT 116 line were used to test for bystander signal production and response to bystander signals in a mix/match protocol using the medium transfer technique.

Results: The results showed that both the null cells and the wild type cells produced bystander signals. However, only the p53 wild type cells responded to signals from either cell line. The Human Papilloma Virus transfected keratinocyte line G (HPV-G) reporter cell line used routinely in our laboratory was used to confirm that the null cells were producing signals.

Conclusions: We conclude that in this system the p53 pathway is involved in response of cells to bystander signals but that signals can be produced by cells which do not have functional p53. If these results apply in vivo, they could be important in radiotherapy where tumours may have compromised p53 function but surrounding (and distant) normal tissue may have wild type functional p53.     

Apoptosis and p53 are not involved in the anti-tumor efficacy of 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies targeting the cell membrane

Introduction¹²⁵I-labeled monoclonal antibodies (¹²⁵I-mAbs) can efficiently treat small solid tumors. Here, we investigated the role of apoptosis, autophagy and mitotic catastrophe in ¹²⁵I-mAb toxicity in p53^?/? and p53^+/+ cancer cells.MethodsWe exposed p53^?/? and p53^+/+ HCT116 cells to increasing activities of internalizing (cytoplasmic location) anti-HER1 ¹²⁵I-mAbs, or non-internalizing (cell surface location) anti-CEA ¹²⁵I-mAbs. For each targeting model we established the relationship between survival and mean nucleus absorbed dose using the MIRD formalism.ResultsIn both p53^?/? and p53^+/+ HCT116 cells, anti-CEA ¹²⁵I-mAbs were more cytotoxic per Gy than anti-HER1 ¹²⁵I-mAbs. Sensitivity to anti-CEA ¹²⁵I-mAbs was p53-independent, while sensitivity to anti-HER1 ¹²⁵I-mAbs was higher in p53^?/? HCT 116 cells, suggesting that they act through different signaling pathways. Apoptosis was only induced in p53^+/+ HCT116 cells and could not explain cell membrane radiation sensitivity. Inhibition of autophagy did not modify the cell response to ¹²⁵I-mAbs. By contrast, mitotic death was similarly induced in both p53^?/? and p53^+/+ HCT116 cells by the two types of ¹²⁵I-mAbs. We also showed using medium transfer experiments that γ-H2AX foci were produced in bystander cells.ConclusionCell membrane sensitivity to ¹²⁵I-mAbs is not mediated by apoptosis and is p53-independent. Bystander effects-mediated mitotic death could be involved in the efficacy of ¹²⁵I-mAbs binding cell surface receptors.