杭州产大米中重金属污染状况调查及暴露风险评估

目的了解杭州地区本地产大米中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍污染状况,对杭州农村居民大米重金属暴露进行风险评估。方法随机采集杭州地区主要产粮区的大米样品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测;用人均月(周)摄入大米量和平均体质量估算米中重金属摄入量占暂定每月(周)允许摄入量的比重。结果 113份大米中镉含量为0.010 mg/kg～2.46 mg/kg,超标率为42.6%;铅含量为0.000 14 mg/kg～0.262 mg/kg,超标率为0.88%;总汞含量为0.001 4 mg/kg～0.019 6 mg/kg;铬含量为0.005 8 mg/kg～0.377 mg/kg;总砷含量为0.051 mg/kg～0.204 mg/kg;镍含量为0.041 mg/kg～1.003 mg/kg;总汞、铬均未有超标。估算农村居民每月通过大米摄入镉为22.30μg/kg·BW;每周分别摄入铅的平均量为0.46μg/kg·BW;摄入汞的平均量为0.21μg/kg·BW;摄入铬的平均量为1.87μg/kg·BW;摄入砷的平均量为2.44μg/kg·BW;摄入镍的平均量为5.68μg/kg·BW。结论本地产大米中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍均有检出,其中镉含量偏高,暴露风险较高,应加强监测,采取措施,控制污染。     

杭州市售调味品中6种有毒元素污染状况调查与膳食暴露评估

目的了解杭州市售调味品中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)和镍(Ni)6种有毒元素的污染状况,并对通过调味品摄入情况进行评估。方法随机采集杭州市售调味品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测;用人均每周摄入调味品量和平均体重估算6种有毒元素每周摄入量。结果 92份调味品中均检出镉和镍,浓度分别为0.002 0 mg/kg~0.21 mg/kg和0.084 mg/kg~5.8 mg/kg。37份香辛料及香辛料加工品除总汞的检出率为81.1%外,其他5种有毒元素的检出率均为100.0%。调味品膳食铅、镉、砷、铬、汞和镍的每周平均暴露量分别为3.1μg/kg BW、0.26μg/kg BW、0.58μg/kg BW、3.7μg/kg BW、0.045μg/kg BW和12.1μg/kg BW,均未超过PTWI值。结论杭州市售调味品中普遍检出铅、铬、汞、砷、镉和镍,但风险评估结果显示目前居民通过调味品摄入的这6种有毒元素对健康造成的风险处于低水平。     

广东省常见PVC-U给水管材15种金属溶出含量的测定与分析

目的：了解广东省常见PVC-U给水管材中15种金属溶出含量的现状。方法：在佛山、中山、东莞、深圳、广州5个生产PVC-U给水管材的主要城市随机抽取31个采样点，共采集17个品牌31种样品，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）方法测定铝、铬、铁、锰、镍、铜、锌、砷、银、镉、汞、铅、锡、锑、钡15种元素，依照《生活饮用水输配水设备及防护材料卫生安全评价规范》进行样品前处理、检验和评价。结果：铝检出范围0.5-43.2μg/L，检出率96.8%，超标率12.9%；锡检出范围0.05-194.0μg/L，检出率45.2%，超标率25.8%；钡检出范围0.05-85.5μg/L，检出率45.2%，超标率3.2%；铅检出范围0.05-169.5μg/L，检出率41.9%，超标率29%；铜检出范围0.05-3.6μg/L，检出率38.7%；锌检出范围0.05-84.0μg/L，检出率25.8%；砷检出范围0.05-1.0μg/L，检出率19.4%；镍检出范围0.05-1.9μg/L，检出率12.9%；铬、镉、锰、锑、铁、银、汞检出率均小于10%。结论：常见PVC-U给水管材浸泡溶出的金属有铝、铅、锡、钡、锌、铜、砷等，常见超标元素有铅、锡、铝、钡等，而铬、镉、锰、锑、铁、银、汞检出率很低。需要加强PVC-U给水管材的监管。     

北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中重金属污染状况及分析

目的了解北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞、铬及镍6种元素的含量水平,并评价其食用安全性。方法从8个市场采集了9种新鲜食用菌和5种干制食用菌,共计94份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样品中的铅、镉等6种元素的含量进行测定。结果鲜食用菌中6种元素的平均含量依次为铅>镉>砷>镍>铬>汞,干食用菌中为铬>镍>镉>铅>砷>汞,鲜食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞含量均低于GB 2762—2012的要求,干食用菌中仅个别食用菌中铅、镉、砷、汞含量超标,占干食用菌总量的4.4%,铬、镍的平均含量在鲜食用菌中处于较低水平,在干食用菌中存在较大差异。不同食用菌中元素含量存在较大差异,其变异系数最大值为204.3%。结论北京市朝阳区市售食用菌中铅等元素的含量总体处于较低水平,食用相对安全。     

阿胶类保健食品中4种有害元素的检测与分析

目的检测与分析阿胶类保健食品中铬、铅、汞、砷的含量,评价4种有害元素的含量情况,为保健食品的质量安全评价提供参考。方法采用微波消解系统消化样品,用原子吸收光谱仪测定铬与铅的含量,原子荧光光谱仪测定汞与砷的含量。结果铬、铅、汞、砷的检出限分别为0.035μg/L、0.025μg/L、0.003 5μg/L、0.005 7μg/L,回收率分别为97.5%、97.3%、96.5%、97.1%,相对标准偏差均1.0%,精密度较好。阿胶类保健食品中铬的含量为0.00 mg/kg~0.65 mg/kg,铅的含量为0.00 mg/kg~0.49 mg/kg,汞的含量为0.00 mg/kg~0.25 mg/kg,砷的含量为0.00 mg/kg~0.30 mg/kg。结论 4种有害元素含量测定结果显示,100批阿胶类保健食品质量总体良好,但阿胶口服液类及阿胶膏类保健食品中砷与铅的含量较高,应引起重视。     

野生及栽培蔓荆子生药材中重金属元素分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法分别测定野生及栽培蔓荆子生药材中铅、砷、汞、镉、铜。结果蔓荆子野生品各一批次砷、汞含量超标,蔓荆子栽培品中重金属平均含量铅0.15μg/g、砷0.05μg/g、汞<0.01μg/g、镉0.18μg/g、铜3.95μg/g,符合绿色中药材重金属元素限量要求。     

ICP-MS法同时测定生物样品中5种元素

目的建立同时测定血液、尿液中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析方法,为开展金属污染对人体健康的影响研究提供检测手段。方法样品经硝酸消化后,以铋、铟、钪、钇作为内标元素,用ICP-MS测定铅、镉、砷、铬、汞5种元素,采用全血、全尿标准物质实施质量控制。结果各元素线性相关系数均0.999;铅的检出限为0.003 8μg/L,镉的检出限为0.005 6μg/L,铬的检出限为0.025μg/L,砷的检出限为0.047μg/L,汞的检出限为0.006 2μg/L;对标准物质测定结果均在标准值范围内;测定过程中对同一样品重复测定,其相对标准偏差均10%;加标回收率为82%~115%。结论电感耦合等离子体质谱法操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性好,适用于大批量样品中多种元素的同时测定。     

凉皮类制品中有害金属元素快速检测及分析

了解徐州市区范围内凉皮类制品中金属成分和含量测定,为食用凉皮类食品提供指导以及食品安全风险评估提供科学依据。样品经微波消解后,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定,使用外标法定量。食品中常见金属污染物铝、铬、镍、砷、硒、铅、镉的元素检测结果中,铝含量在0.197～276.144 mg/kg,铬含量在0.002～0.505 mg/kg,镍含量0.0435～0.460 mg/kg,砷元素含量为0.0055～0.043 kg/kg,硒含量为0.0065～0.016 mg/kg,镉元素含量为0.0005～0.009 mg/kg,铅含量为0.008～0.377 mg/kg。铝、铬、镍、砷、硒、铅、镉7种金属元素中,含量相对较高的为铝元素,依据食品安全评价标准中淀粉类制品金属污染物限量,铬、砷、铅、镉含量均未超标。     

不同来源白及药材中重金属及有害元素含量测定及其评价

目的考察野生与人工栽培白及中重金属及有害元素含量情况,并对污染情况进行评价。方法收集不同来源的野生与人工栽培白及药材,用原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅、镉、铜含量,原子荧光分光光度法测定样品中汞、砷的含量。以《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》和污染指数方法对野生和栽培白及药材中重金属及有害元素进行评价。结果被测定的5种重金属及有害元素分别在选定的范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),铅、镉、铜、汞、砷的检出限分别为8μg/kg、0.03μg/kg、10μg/kg、4μg/kg和6μg/kg,回收率为95%~105%,RSD8.8%,精密度RSD5.1%,重复性RSD9.6%,表明该方法可行。采用所建立的方法对52批不同来源的白及药材中重金属及有害元素的含量进行了测定,结果人工栽培白及药材综合污染指数明显小于野生白及药材。结论人工栽培白及因其生长环境因素较野生白及药材可控,故其重金属及有害元素较野生白及更易控制。     

微波消解-ICP-MS法同时测定烤鱼中6种元素含量

目的建立微波消解-ICP-MS法同时测定烤鱼片中铅、镉、砷、汞、镍、铬6种元素的方法,了解烤鱼中重金属污染状况。方法针对烤鱼片样品基质复杂和汞元素在仪器管路中易残留等问题,本研究系统优化了消解方式、赶酸温度、稀释倍数、内标物和金溶液浓度等主要影响因素,采用硝酸作为消解体系,微波消解后170℃赶酸,加入Au溶液后25倍稀释样品测试铅、镉、镍、铬、汞,100倍稀释测试砷,采用ICP-MS法检测烤鱼中6种元素含量。结果经优化的前处理方案有效降低了基质效应和汞残留,各元素的方法检出限为0.000 5 mg/kg~0.008 0 mg/kg,加标回收率为81.2%~115.0%,精密度(RSD)为0.7%~6.2%。结论该方法安全快速,汞残留少,精密度高,准确度好,适用于烤鱼片等烤制食品中铅、镉、砷、汞、镍、铬等多元素同时检测。     

Levels, Spatial Distribution and Possible Sources of Heavy Metals Contamination of Suburban Soils in Tianjin, China

Representative soil samples (n = 86) of suburban areas in Tianjin (Xiqing, Dongli, Jinnan, Beichen) were evaluated for heavy metals. The results showed that the average concentration of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg in soil of Tianjin suburban was 101.0, 67.0, 100.6, 9.5, 0.49, 52.5 and 0.97 mg/kg, respectively. Pollution of Cr and Zn were minimal compared to the other elements while concentrations of Cd and Hg were higher than their natural background values. Spatial variations of Cd, Hg, Pb and Cu in soil were illustrated; Pollution status and comparison in the four districts were also investigated. Higher concentrations of Hg and Cd were found in soils of Beichen than others indicating that Beichen was suffering from metal contamination. Principal Component Analysis in combination with local specific environment suggested that heavy metal contamination had different origination. Wastewater and sludge irrigation, air deposition might be the most important sources. These results, especially the spatial distribution of pollutants, would be helpful to develop proper management strategies and decrease source pollution by various remediation practices in Tianjin, China.     

三七生长初期不同部位重金属元素含量测定

以国家中药材生产质量管理规范 (GAP)种植及农户常规种植的二年、三年生的三七为原料 ,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 (ICP -AES)测定了两种不同种植方式 ,不同生长期三七不同部位的重金属元素As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb的含量。结果表明 :As、Hg含量较高 ,Cu、Pb次之 ,Cd、Cr含量在植株中未检出。为三七GAP栽培标准和特征制订、三七道地药材的化学特征———化学指纹图谱的建立研究提供理论依据。     

Effects of Soil Properties and Land Use Types on the Bioaccessibility of Cd,Pb, Cr,and Cu in Dongguan City,China

In order to determine the potential heavy metal contamination in soil across Dongguan City, 124 soil samples from seven land use types were collected, four heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu) were analyzed. Total Cd, Cr, and Cu contents were significantly higher than the background values for Guangdong Province. Lead bioaccessibility in urban green land was lower than that in industrial and abandoned districts. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals was affected by total metal concentrations, soil properties, and land use types. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between the bioaccessibility of heavy metals (except for Cu) and their total concentrations. Soil pH and organic matter were the main factors affecting the bioaccessibility of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu in most land use types. Furthermore, sand, P, and clay also affected Pb, Cr, and Cu bioaccessibility. With the exception of the industrial zone periphery and urban green land, the bioaccessibility of heavy metals was mainly affected by clay.

     

Toxicity of heavy metals using sperm cell and embryo toxicity bioassays with Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): comparisons with exposure concentrations in the Lagoon of Venice,Italy

Sperm cell and embryo toxicity tests using the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lmk were performed to assess the toxicity of As3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+. The aim of this study was to improve information about the comparative sensitivity of sea urchin bioassays to the heavy metals, which are an important cause of contamination in the ecosystem of the Lagoon of Venice. Considering the data in mM/L, the order of toxicity is Hg2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > As3+ > or = Cr3+ > or = Cd2+ > or = Pb2+ > or = Ni2+ for the sperm cell test and Hg2+ > or = Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > As3+ > or = Cr3+ for the embryo test. New toxicity data for metals expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) are reported for the Mediterranean species. Accurate observations of embryotoxic effects at increasing metal concentrations were done, detecting some different behaviors in metal toxicity. Toxicity data compared with water column and pore-water concentrations recorded in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) demonstrate the potential ability of bioassays using sea urchin to detect important contaminants in this ecosystem.     

Heavy-Metal Concentrations in Female Laying Great Tits (Parus major)and Their Clutches

Egg laying may be an additional excretory pathway for heavy metals available to laying female birds. In this study, we examined the relationships between tissue concentrations (both internal organs and feathers) of 10 breeding female great tits (Parus major) and the concentrations in their eggs. We also investigated differences in metal concentrations (Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) among eggs as a result of the laying order of the eggs. Heavy-metal concentrations in internal tissues were highest in bone (Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn), kidney (Cd), liver (Cu), blood (Al, As, Co, Hg), and intestine (Ag, Mn). In the egg contents, relatively high concentrations of the essential elements Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn were found. In eggshells, concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Co, Cr, and Ni were high compared with internal tissue concentrations. Metal concentrations in the egg contents and eggshells were poorly correlated with metal concentrations in internal tissues and feathers; significant positive correlations were found only for cadmium and lead. We found few significant differences in metal concentrations among eggs, and none were according to the laying order of the eggs. The egg volume tended to decrease significantly as egg laying progressed. Our results seem to suggest that no special sampling strategies (e.g., sampling the first egg or pooling eggs from one clutch) are required for most metals.     

Heavy metals in three lakes in West Poland.

Concentrations of heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, Fe) as well as macronutrients (P, Ca, Mg) were measured in water, bottom sediments, and plants of three lakes in West Poland (southwest of Poznan). The plants collected were Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Phragmites communis, Typha latifolia, and Schoenoplectus lacustris. These plants contained elevated levels of Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg. Analyses of water and bottom sediments indicated that the lakes were polluted with Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb and partly with Ni and Hg. Strong positive correlations were found between concentrations of Cd in water and in plants, between concentrations of Cd in bottom sediments and in plants, between concentrations of Cr in water and in plants, between concentrations of Cr in bottom sediments and in plants, and between concentrations of Fe in water and in plants, indicating the potential of plants for pollution monitoring for these metals. A negative correlation was found between biomass production and Pb and Mn content in water and Pb and Mn content in bottom sediments. Cr and Cd accumulated in plants at a higher rate from bottom sediments than from water. The accumulation rate of Fe in plant tissues was higher with an increase in Fe in water than with an increase in Fe in bottom sediments.     

Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics in the Modern Sedimentary Environment of Northern Jiaozhou Bay,China

The particle size distribution characteristics of sediments and the concentrations of heavy metals in Jiaozhou Bay were investigated in this study. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg and As were 36.88, 29.60, 82.08, 77.48, 0.083, 0.048 and 11.00 mg/kg, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were highest in the eastern sediments, followed by those at the top of the bay, and the lowest concentrations were observed in the central region. Overall, a decreasing trend from the center of the bay to the periphery was observed. Additionally, the distribution of heavy metals in sediments was not completely controlled by sediment particle size. The degree of heavy metal contamination was evaluated using the geoaccumulation index and Hakanson’s method. The results revealed that the level of heavy metal pollution in the sediments was relatively low and that the main pollution elements were Cu and Hg. In addition, the sediments are associated with various levels of potential ecological risk due to the high pollution levels of Hg and Cd.     

Heavy Metals in Livers of Waterbirds from Spain

Wetlands tend to accumulate heavy metals from local sources, such as Pb shot used for waterfowl hunting, and from regional sources, such as atmospheric deposition and riverine or marine inputs. We determined concentrations of six heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in livers of waterbirds shot by hunters in five Spanish wetlands to study the different factors that can contribute to the accumulation of these metals (sex, age, diet, grit, and Pb shot ingestion). Differences among wetlands were observed only for Cr, Cu, and Cd. Differences among species were observed for all the metals, and Cu was notably higher in pochards (Aythya and Netta genus) than in other waterfowl. Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations increased with age, and only Pb showed differences related to sex, with males having higher concentrations than females. Most metals other than Pb were correlated with each other. Lead was dependent on Pb shot ingestion. Grit ingestion positively correlated with concentrations of Cr and to a lesser extent with Mn, Zn, and Cd. Ingestion of grit or shot may obscure relationships between metals and diet. Herbivorous species, which had more grit in the gizzard, had higher Cr, Zn, and Cd concentrations. Granivorous birds, which have the highest rates of Pb shot ingestion, had the highest concentrations of Pb. Grit and Pb shot ingestion are both important sources of heavy metals for waterbirds. Lead was the single metal studied whose concentrations exceeded toxicity thresholds. Received: 5 March 2002/Accepted: 12 June 2002     

Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals in the Indian Ocean Coast of Kenya

Water and surface sediment samples from Rivers Sabaki, Ramisi and Vevesi that flow into the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya were analysed for heavy metals. The sediment concentrations of exchangeable cations (in μg/g) for Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn ranged from 0.10 to 506.75 (for Mn at Sabaki), constituting between 2% and 20% of the total metal concentrations obtained by digestion with strong acid. Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were more leachable with 0.1 N HCl. The total dissolved metal in water and the total sediment concentrations for Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn are given in the text. For dissolved metals, the metal/Mn ratios indicated higher concentrations of Ag in Sabaki River, Cd in Ramisi, Ni in Sabaki and Pb in Ramisi, respectively. In sediments, the metal/Mn ratios showed higher enrichment of Ag in Ramisi, Cd in Sabaki and Vevesi, and Zn in Sabaki, respectively. Enrichment factors showed elevated levels of Cd, Pb and Zn in sediment in River Sabaki and River Vevesi that were due to anthropogenic inputs through Athi River. The total dissolved metal concentration ranges for the three rivers were comparable with those ranges reported in rivers in South Africa but the sediment concentrations were below those of rivers in Europe and Asia where anthropogenic addition of some of the toxic elements such as Cu, Pb and Cd is evidently higher.     

The distribution of heavy metals in the red abalone,Haliotis rufescens,on the California coast

The gills, mantle, digestive gland and foot muscle of 74 specimens of the red abalone,Haliotis rufescens, from five localities on the California coast were analyzed for eight heavy metals: Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn. The distribution of these elements in the abalones appeared to be non-normal and the non-parametric Wilcoxon U statistic was used to compare sample concentrations. No correlation of metal concentration with size was found. High concentrations of Cd (up to 1400 ppm) were found in the digestive glands of all samples and are assumed to represent natural levels. Cu and Ag concentrations appear to be inversely correlated, with Cu decreasing and silver increasing from north to south. High Hg concentrations in the La Jolla-Long Beach area appear to reflect pollutant inputs; elsewhere Hg levels appeared to derive from natural sources.