Resting energy expenditure can be assessed by fat-free mass in female athletes regardless of body size

Energy requirements can be estimated from resting energy expenditure (REE). However, little is known about factors influencing REE in Japanese female athletes. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between REE and body composition in Japanese female athletes with a wide range of body sizes. Ninety-three athletes (age 20.3±1.2 y, height 162.8±6.4 cm, body weight (BW) 57.0±9.2 kg, fat-free mass (FFM) 45.4±6.2 kg) were classified into three groups according to BW: small-size (S) (n=34), medium-size (M) (n=34), and large-size (L) (n=25). Systemic and regional body compositions (skeletal muscle (SM), fat mass (FM), bone mass (BM), and residual mass (RM)) were estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measured resting energy expenditure (REEm) was evaluated by indirect calorimetry. Marked differences were found in REEm (S: 1,111±150, M: 1,242±133, L: 1,478±138 kcal/d), and systemic and regional body compositions among the three groups. REEm was strongly correlated with FFM, and absolute values of RM and SM increased significantly according to body size. There was good agreement between REEm and estimated REE (REEe) from the specific metabolic rates of four major organ tissue level compartments. These data indicate that REE for female athletes can be attributed to changes in organ tissue mass, and not changes in organ tissue metabolic rate. That is, change in REE can be explained mainly by the change in FFM, and REE can be assessed by FFM in female athletes regardless of body size.     

Fat-free mass can be utilized to assess resting energy expenditure for male athletes of different body size

The fat-free mass (FFM) of athletes is typically large, and thus the FFM is often utilized to estimate their resting energy expenditure (REE). While the proportional contribution of organ-tissues to the total influence of FFM on REE is known for untrained individuals and female athletes, the extent to which this is valid for male athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the contribution of the components of FFM to REE in male athletes. Fifty-seven male athletes participated in this study. REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry. The athletes were equally divided into three groups based on FFM: Small (S), Medium (M), and Large (L). When measured REE (REEm) was compared with REE estimated (REEe) based on the four organ-tissue compartments with set metabolic rates, REEm and REEe had a strong association (r=0.76, p<0.001). In addition, the absolute value of total REE became larger in accordance with body size (S: 1,643±144, M: 1,865±140, and L: 2,060±156 kcal/d) accompanied by increases in mass of all four organ-tissue compartments as body size increased. The consistency of REE/FFM in male athletes in spite of the difference in body size can be explained by the steadiness among the three groups of the relative contribution of each organ-tissue compartment to the FFM. Based on these results, the FFM is the major determinant of REE regardless of body size in male athletes.     

Relationship between blood adipocytokines and resting energy expenditure in young and elderly women

It has been demonstrated in a previous study that resting energy expenditure (REE) is associated with adiponectin levels in the blood. However, body composition was not taken into consideration in that study. The purpose of the present study was to again investigate the relationship between blood adipocytokines and REE, adjusted by body composition, in both young and elderly women. REE and blood adipocytokines were measured in 115 young (age: 22.3+/-2.1 y, BMI: 21.3+/-1.9 kg/m(2)) and 71 elderly (63.4+/-6.5 y, 22.9+/- 2.3 kg/m(2)) women. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure percent body fat. Fat mass and fat free mass (FFM) were calculated. REE (kcal/d and kcal/kg BW/d) was lower in elderly women than in young women, but no significant difference was observed in REE, expressed as kcal/kg FFM/d, between the two groups. Although elderly women had a higher percent body fat and higher serum leptin concentrations than young women, plasma adiponectin concentrations did not differ between young and elderly women. In elderly women, REE (kcal/d) was significantly and inversely correlated with plasma adiponectin concentration (r=-0.386, p<0.001), but REE expressed per kilogram of BW or FFM was not significantly correlated. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between REE (kcal/d) and concentrations of plasma adiponectin or serum leptin, after adjusting for potential confounders such as body composition and hormones, in either age group. These results suggest that adipocytokines do not influence REE in adult women.     

孕前体重指数和孕期体重增加对大于胎龄儿和巨大儿发生风险的影响

目的:探讨孕前体重指数(BMI)和孕期体重增加对大于胎龄儿(LGA)和巨大儿发生风险的影响。方法:回顾性分析6562例次足月单胎分娩的孕妇孕前和孕期产检资料,按孕前BMI值分为偏瘦组(BMI18.5)、正常体重组(18.5≤BMI24.0)、超重组(24.0≤BMI27.0)和肥胖组(BMI≥27.0),分别计算4组孕妇在孕期体重不同程度增加的情况下发生LGA和巨大儿的相对风险值(OR)。结果:孕前BMI越高,孕期体重增加越多,分娩LGA和巨大儿的风险和比例越高。孕前偏瘦组的妇女,孕期体重增加超过18.0kg时,发生LGA的风险高于其他孕前BMI组;孕期体重增加超过25.0kg时,则发生LGA和巨大儿的风险均明显高于其他孕前BMI组。结论:孕前BMI和孕期体重增加过多均对LGA和巨大儿的发生有很大影响,应在保证营养的条件下,尽可能控制孕期体重的增加。     

Energy expenditure and estimated caloric intake in asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight

ObjectiveTo measure resting energy expenditure (REE) and to estimate caloric intake of asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight and compare results with those groups of eutrophic asthmatic adolescents and non-asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight.MethodsThis cross-sectional study categorized 69 adolescents aged 10 to 18 y into three matched groups. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric and body composition measurements. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure energy expenditure, and caloric intake was estimated from dietary recalls.ResultsIn each group, there were 23 adolescents (10 girls) aged 12.39 ± 2.40 y. Results for each group were as follows. For asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight, body mass index (BMI) was 24.83 ± 2.73 kg/m², REEs were 1550.24 ± 547.23 kcal/d and 27.69 ± 11.33 kcal · kg^?1 · d^?1, and estimated caloric intake was 2068.75 ± 516.66 kcal/d; for eutrophic asthmatic adolescents, BMI was 19.01 ± 2.10 kg/m², REEs were 1540.82 ± 544.22 kcal/d and 36.65 ± 15.04 kcal · kg^?1 · d^?1, and estimated caloric intake was 2174.05 ± 500.55 kcal/d; and for non-asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight, BMI was 25.35 ± 3.66 kg/m², REEs were 1697.24 ± 379.84 kcal/d and 28.18 ± 6.70 kcal · kg^?1 · d^?1, and estimated caloric intake was 1673.17 ± 530.68 kcal/d. Absolute REE values between groups were not statistically different, even after correction for lean mass and fat mass (F = 0.186, P = 0.831). REE (kilocalories per kilogram per day) was significantly higher in the group of eutrophic asthmatic adolescents (P = 0.016). Estimated caloric intake was greater than REE only in the group of adolescents with asthma.ConclusionThe REE was not significantly different among groups, and REE (kilocalories per kilogram per day) was higher in the group of eutrophic asthmatic adolescents. Estimated caloric intake was greater than REE in the group of adolescents with asthma.     

Effects of exercise training on resting energy expenditure during caloric restriction

Resting energy expenditure (REE), maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and body composition were measured in seven moderately obese women during 9 wk of dietary restriction (800 kcal/d). During weeks 4-6, subjects underwent exercise training (30 min cycling/d, 5 d/wk, at 70% VO2max). The first 3 wk of caloric restriction decreased REE by 13% (from 1437 +/- 76 to 1254 +/- 66 kcal/24 h, means +/- SEM, p less than 0.05). Exercise training increased VO2max (from 1717 +/- 108 to 1960 +/- 120 mL/min, means +/- SEM, p less than 0.05) but did not elevate the dietary-depressed REE (from 1254 +/- 66 to 1262 +/- 62 kcal/24 h). The greatest decrease in body fat (3.7 +/- 0.4 kg) occurred during exercise training, resulting in a small apparent increase in REE when expressed per kilogram total body weight. However, expressed per unit lean body mass, REE remained suppressed throughout the period of caloric restriction. We conclude that exercise training of sufficient intensity to substantially increase VO2max does not reverse the dietary-induced depression of REE.     

Body composition unaltered for African women classified as 'normal but vulnerable' by body mass index and mid-upper-arm-circumference criteria

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that 'normal but vulnerable' adults, as defined by body mass index (BMI) in combination with mid-upper-arm-circumference (MUAC), are closer to normal than to malnourished ones. For that purpose body composition measurements were compared between normal and low BMI categories and according to MUAC value in an African context and for different age groups. DESIGN: Reanalysis of data from a previous cross-sectional cluster sample nutrition survey. SETTING: A rural area of the Republic of Congo, Central Africa. SUBJECTS: A representative sample (n=544) of non-pregnant women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Arm muscle area was calculated from measurements of triceps skinfold thickness and MUAC. Peripheral body fat was assessed by the sum of four skinfold thicknesses. The ratio of resistance at high and low frequencies was derived from whole body measurement of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and used as the extracellular to total body water ratio index. RESULTS: The prevalence of thinness decreased from 18.7% as defined by BMI alone to 9.0% as defined by BMI and MUAC. This difference was due to the group of subjects classified as 'normal but vulnerable' (9.7%). Prevalence of thinness increased with age when assessed by BMI alone, but no longer when assessed by BMI and MUAC. Comparison with the BMI> or =18.5 kg/m(2) category showed that in 'normal but vulnerable' subjects lower BMI was accompanied by lower both fat and lean compartments, in absolute values, but the equilibrium of body water compartments was not altered. In BMI<18.5 women, low MUAC was associated with altered lean tissues, at peripheral and whole body level, whereas fat tissue did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: 'Normal but vulnerable' subjects appeared as 'thin but healthy' rather than malnourished, at all ages, even though their BMI was lower than 18.5 kg/m(2). The new classification of thinness based on BMI and MUAC provides a more specific index of nutritional status when restricting the thin category to more at-risk subjects.     

孕前体重指数及其孕期增加对妊娠结局的影响

目的:定量评价孕前体重指数及孕期体重指数增加情况对我国北方孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法:收集2007～2009年在沈阳3家医院分娩的3741名单胎妊娠初产妇,按照孕前体重指数(BMI)分为4组:低体重组(BMI18.5kg/m2)、正常体重组(18.5kg/m2≤BMI24kg/m2)、超重组(24kg/m2≤BMI28kg/m2)和肥胖组(BMI≥28kg/m2)。按照孕期BMI增加情况分为3组:A组(BMI增加4)、B组(BMI增加4～6)、C组(BMI增加6)。Logistic回归评估不良妊娠结局的危险度,结果用RR和95%CI表示。结果:①和正常体重组相比,孕前低体重、超重和肥胖组的孕妇患子痫前期的RR分别为0.53(95%CI0.29～0.97)、2.84(95%CI2.05～3.94)和5.35(95%CI3.47～8.49);患妊娠期糖尿病的RR分别为0.35(95%CI0.16～0.78)、3.40(95%CI2.44～4.75)和4.95(95%CI2.91～7.06);剖宫产和出生大于胎龄儿(LGA)的风险也随孕前体重的增加而增加。②和B组相比,C组增加了子痫前期(RR1.85,95%CI1.40～2.44)、妊娠期糖尿病(RR1.39,95%CI1.05～1.86)、剖宫产(RR1.37,95%CI1.15～1.63)及出生LGA(RR1.98,95%CI1.44～2.73)的相对危险性,但降低了出生SGA的风险。A组降低了子痫前期、剖宫产和出生LGA的风险,但增加了早产(34周)和出生SGA的风险。结论:孕前体重指数过高及孕期体重指数增加过度可以明显增加孕妇子痫前期、妊娠期糖尿病和剖宫产的风险。应加强健康教育,适度控制孕期体重,合理营养减少肥胖,对预防妊娠并发症,改善妊娠结局是有必要的。     

Impact of overweight and obesity on medical care costs, all-cause mortality, and the risk of cancer in Japan

We conducted three prospective cohort studies that examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and health outcomes in Japan. Our studies found statistically significant relationships between excess body weight and increased medical costs, all-cause mortality, and risk of cancer incidence. There was a U-shaped association between BMI and mean total costs. The estimated excess costs attributable to overweight and obesity was 3.2% of the total costs. This 3.2% is within the range reported in studies in Western countries (0.7%-6.8%). We observed statistically significant elevations in mortality risk in obese (BMI> or = 30.0 kg/m(2)) women and lean (BMI<18.5 kg/m(2)) men and women. Our prospective cohort study found statistically significant relationships between excess weight and increased risk in women of all cancers. The population attributable fraction (PAF) of all incident cancers in this population that were attributable to overweight and obesity were 4.5% in women, which were within the range reported from Western populations, from 3.2% for US women to 8.8% for Spanish women. Our data suggests that excess body weight is a problem not only in Western countries but also in Japan.     

天津地区双胎孕妇妊娠期增重趋势探讨

目的 初探天津地区不同孕前BMI双胎孕妇妊娠期增重趋势和各妊娠期推荐增重范围。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年11月在天津市分娩且有完整产检的1 346例健康双胎孕妇数据,按照孕前BMI分为体重不足组（BMI<18.5,n=117）、标准体重组（18.5≤BMI≤23.9,n=783）、超重组（24.0≤BMI≤27.9,n=320）、肥胖组（BMI≥28.0,n=126）。绘制各组孕妇的妊娠期体重增长曲线,按P²5～P75计算不同组别双胎孕妇妊娠早、中、晚期适宜增重范围,分析孕前BMI与新生儿体重的关系。结果 孕前BMI与年龄呈正相关（r=0.06,P<0.05）,与分娩孕周呈负相关（r=-0.12,P<0.001）,双胎之间出生体重呈正相关（r=0.69,P<0.001）。四组孕妇妊娠期适宜增重范围分别是:体重不足组20.27（17.00～24.24）kg,标准体重组20.95（16.64～25.66）kg,超重组16.94（13.39～20.62）kg,肥胖组16.44（11.29～21.79）kg,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。孕前BMI与双胎新生儿出生体重之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 本研究初步得出我国北方城市天津不同孕前BMI双胎孕妇在妊娠早、中、晚期的适宜增重范围及增重速度,为现有指南中缺少的孕前体重不足组双胎孕妇的妊娠期增重范围提供参考。     

The effect of a high protein-low calorie diet on the energy expenditure of obese adolescents.

Resting energy expenditure (REE), and body composition, as fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass, were determined in seven obese adolescents before and after weight loss of a mean 13.5 kg on an approximately 800 kcal/d (3349 kJ), high protein reducing diet regimen. Ideal body weight decreased from 166% to 142% in 8 weeks. There were no significant changes in total body potassium (TBK), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW) or total body water (TBW) with weight loss. The REE (kcal/d) fell from 2034 +/- 392 (8514 +/- 1641 kJ) to 1762 +/- 453 (7376 +/- 1896 kJ) with weight loss (P < 0.05). However, when the REE was expressed as kcal/body weight there was no difference between before and after weight loss, 21.4 +/- 2.8 (90 +/- 21 kJ) and 21.6 +/- 4.5 (90 +/- 19 kJ). Similarly, when REE was examined in relation to FFM (kcal/kg) before and after weight loss, there were also no significant differences: 34.6 +/- 5.1 (145 +/- 21 kJ) and 32.1 +/- 7.9 (134 +/- 33 kJ).     

DXA: potential for creating a metabolic map of organ-tissue resting energy expenditure components

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that tissue-organ components can be derived from DXA measurements, and in turn, resting energy expenditure (REE) can be calculated from the summed heat productions of DXA-estimated brain, skeletal muscle mass (SM), adipose tissue, bone, and residual mass (RM). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects were divided into five groups of adults <50 years of age. The specific metabolic rate of RM was developed in 13 Group I healthy subjects and a DXA-brain mass prediction formula in 52 Group II subjects. SM, adipose tissue, and bone models were developed based on earlier reports. The composite REE prediction model (REEp) was tested in 154 Group III subjects in whom REEp was compared with measured REE (REEm). Features of the developed model were determined in 94 normal-weight men and women (Group IV) and seven spinal cord injury patients and healthy matched controls (Group V). RESULTS: REEp and REEm in Group III were highly correlated (y = 0.85x + 233; r = 0.82, p < 0.001), and no bias was detected. Both REEm (mean +/- SD, 1,579 +/- 324 kcal/d) and REEp (1,585 +/- 316 kcal/d) were also highly correlated (r values = 0.85 to 0.98; p values < 0.001) and provided similar group values to REE estimated by the Harris-Benedict equations (1,597 +/- 279 kcal/d) and Wang's composite fat-free mass-based REE equation (1,547 +/- 248 kcal/d). New insights into the sources and distribution of REE were provided by analysis of the demonstration groups. DISCUSSION: This approach offers a new practical and educational opportunity to examine REE in subject groups using modeling strategies that reveal the magnitude and distribution of fundamental somatic heat-producing units.     

低体质量对体外受精-胚胎移植妊娠结局的影响

目的:旨在评估低体质量对中国女性体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)新鲜周期妊娠率及活产率的影响。方法:回顾性研究2013年1月-2018年10月于河北医科大学第二医院生殖中心首次接受IVF/胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)助孕的新鲜周期共8171个周期。其中,低体质量组[体质量指数(BMI)<18.5 kg/m^2]共774个周期,正常体质量组(BMI 18.5~23.9 kg/m^2)共7397个周期。结果:低体质量组患者的生化妊娠率和种植率低于正常体质量组(均P<0.05),但2组的临床妊娠率、流产率、活产率、早产率和足月产率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:低体质量可能对人类辅助生殖技术(ART)新鲜周期的妊娠结局存在负面影响。     

Energy requirements and energy expenditure of lean and overweight women, measured by indirect calorimetry

To estimate the energy requirement of lean and overweight women, 29 lean (body weight, 59 +/- 1 kg; means +/- SEM) and 18 overweight (94 +/- 5 kg) women consumed a weight-maintenance diet for 8 d. The final 80 h were spent in a whole-body indirect calorimeter. Actual metabolizable energy intake (ME) was measured by analyzing food, feces, and urine. Mean ME was 8.88 +/- 0.13 MJ/d (2123 +/- 30 kcal/d) (lean) and 10.12 +/- 0.29 MJ/d (2419 +/- 70 kcal/d) (overweight). Mean 24-h energy expenditure (24hEE) of the lean (8.58 +/- 0.13 MJ or 2052 +/- 32 kcal) was lower than that of the overweight (10.70 +/- 0.45 MJ or 2558 +/- 108 kcal; p less than 0.001) women. Energy balance was close to zero in both groups. Therefore, 24hEE was used as an estimation of energy requirement. Multiple-regression analysis showed body weight to be the best single predictor of 24hEE. Our data may be useful for prediction of energy requirements of women (aged 20-50 yr) in normal life.     

The age-related decline in resting energy expenditure in humans is due to the loss of fat-free mass and to alterations in its metabolically active components

There is conflicting evidence as to whether the age-related decline in resting energy expenditure (REE) can be attributed to i) absolute changes in fat-free mass (FFM), ii) alterations in the composition of FFM or iii) decreasing organ metabolic rates. This study directly addressed the first and second hypotheses by quantification of metabolically active components of FFM assuming constant tissue respiration rates to calculate REE (REEc). REE was measured (REEm) in 26 young (13 females, 13 males, age 22-31 y) and 26 elderly subjects (15 females, 11 males, age 60-82 y) by indirect calorimetry and detailed body composition analysis was obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and MRI. Specific organ metabolic rates were taken from the literature. REEm adjusted for differences in FFM was lower in older subjects than in younger control subjects (5.43 +/- 0.61 MJ/d compared with 6.37 +/- 0.48 MJ/d; P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle mass plus liver mass accounted for 86% and 48% of the variance in REE in young and elderly subjects, respectively. The difference between REEm and REEc was 0.03 +/- 0.40 MJ/d and -0.36 +/- 0.70 MJ/d in young and elderly subjects, respectively. In the elderly 58% of the difference in variance was attributed to heart mass. REEm - REEc was -1.40 +/- 0.44 MJ/d in subjects with hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy, i.e., heart mass > 500 g, suggesting a decrease in heart metabolic rate with increasing heart mass. Excluding five elderly subjects with cardiac hypertrophy resulted in agreement between REEm and REEc in the elderly (-0.10 +/- 0.48 MJ/d). We concluded that the age-related decline in REE is attributed to a reduction in FFM as well as in proportional changes in its metabolically active components. There is no evidence for a decreasing organ metabolic rate in healthy aging.     

健康老年人静息能量消耗

目的 :　探讨老年人 REE与性别、年龄 ,人体测量学指标的相关性。方法 :　用间接能量测定仪测试 82名 (男 3 0、女 5 2 )平均年龄 80岁的中国健康汉族老年人的静息能量消耗 (rest-ing energy expenditure,REE)的水平 ,并将 REE测试值与根据 Harris- Benedict公式算出的基础能量消耗值 (basal energy expenditure,BEE)进行比较。同时应用生物电阻抗分析法 (bioelectricalimpedance analysis,BIA)测定去脂体重 (fatfree mass,FFM)和体脂重量 (fat mass,FM)等人体测量学数据。结果 :　 82名健康老人的 REE平均值为 (4.44± 0 .5 2 ) MJ/2 4 h,与公式计算的 BEE比无统计学差异 ,但比 FAO/WHO/UNU(1 985 )公式值低 9% ,比 Owen公式值低 1 9%。本研究观察到我国健康老年人的 REE与去脂体重、体重、体表面积 (body surface area,BSA)、年龄、身高、性别和体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)之间有相关性。老年男女的每公斤体重、每公斤去脂体重和单位体表面积所产生的 REE间无统计学差异。结论 :　 Harris- Benedict公式、FAO/WHO/UNU(1 985 )公式与 Owen公式都过高估计了我国健康老年人的基础能量消耗。由于老年人的REE存在较大的个体差异 ,其 REE值宜实测而不宜用公式预测。我国健康老年人的 REE与去脂体重、体?     

Influence of methods used in body composition analysis on the prediction of resting energy expenditure

OBJECTIVE: There are considerable differences in published prediction algorithms for resting energy expenditure (REE) based on fat-free mass (FFM). The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the methodology of body composition analysis on the prediction of REE from FFM. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional design measurements of REE and body composition were performed. SUBJECTS: The study population consisted of 50 men (age 37.1+/-15.1 years, body mass index (BMI) 25.9+/-4.1 kg/m2) and 54 women (age 35.3+/-15.4 years, BMI 25.5+/-4.4 kg/m2). INTERVENTIONS: REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and predicted by either FFM or body weight. Measurement of FFM was performed by methods based on a 2-compartment (2C)-model: skinfold (SF)-measurement, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and deuterium oxide dilution (D2O). A 4-compartment (4C)-model was used as a reference. RESULTS: When compared with the 4C-model, REE prediction from FFM obtained from the 2C methods were not significantly different. Intercepts of the regression equations of REE prediction by FFM differed from 1231 (FFM(ADP)) to 1645 kJ/24 h (FFM(SF)) and the slopes ranged between 100.3 kJ (FFM(SF)) and 108.1 kJ/FFM (kg) (FFM(ADP)). In a normal range of FFM, REE predicted from FFM by different methods showed only small differences. The variance in REE explained by FFM varied from 69% (FFM(BIA)) to 75% (FFM(DXA)) and was only 46% for body weight. CONCLUSION: Differences in slopes and intercepts of the regression lines between REE and FFM depended on the methods used for body composition analysis. However, the differences in prediction of REE are small and do not explain the large differences in the results obtained from published FFM-based REE prediction equations and therefore imply a population- and/or investigator specificity of algorithms for REE prediction.     

A practical approach to estimate resting energy expenditure in frail elderly people

Objectives: Some prediction equations of resting energy expenditure (REE) are available and can be used in clinical wards to determine energy requirements of patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of those equations in sick elderly patients, using the Bland & Altman methods with our database of 187 REE measurements.Design: The 3 equations tested were Harris & Benedict equation of 1919, WHO/FAO/UNU equation of 1985 and Fredrix et al. equation of 1990. In addition, three models developed from the present data were tested.Results: The present study shows that the Fredrix et al equation gave an accurate prediction of REE without significant bias along the whole range of REE. It also shows that under-weight sick elderly patients (BMI ≤ 21 kg/m²) had a greater weight-adjusted REE than their normal weight counterparts.Conclusion: A simple formula using a factor multiplying body weight, i.e. 22 kcal/kg/d in under-weight and 19 kcal/kg/d in normal weight sick elderly was accurate to predicting REE and bias was not influenced by the level of REE. This model included half of the group in the range of ±10% of the difference between predicted REE and measured REE, but the confidence interval of the bias was ±400 kcal/d. Conversely, the Harris & Benedict and WHO formulae did accurately predict REE.     

An underfeeding study in healthy men and women provides further evidence of impaired regulation of energy expenditure in old age

The effect of aging on energy regulation remains controversial. We compared the effects of underfeeding on changes in energy expenditure and respiratory quotient in young normal weight men and women [YNW, age 25.7 +/- 3.2 y(SD), body mass index (BMI) 23.1 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2)], young overweight men and women (YOW, age 26.1 +/- 3.5 y, BMI 27.7 +/- 2.1 kg/m(2)) and older (OLD) men and women (age 68.4 +/- 3.3 y, BMI 27.4 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2)). The thermic effect of feeding (TEF) during weight maintenance, and changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient were determined in response to undereating by an average 3.75 MJ/d for 6 wk. In addition, body composition was measured. No significant differences among the groups were observed in TEF, fasting and postprandial respiratory quotient, or the change in fasting respiratory quotient with underfeeding. However, REE adjusted for fat-free mass and fat mass was significantly lower in OLD subjects compared with YNW and YOW subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, the REE response to weight change was significantly attenuated in the OLD subjects (P = 0.023). These data suggest that the responsiveness of energy expenditure to negative energy balance is attenuated in old age, and provide further support for the hypothesis that mechanisms of energy regulation are broadly disregulated in old age.     

Total daily energy expenditure in wasted chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

OBJECTIVES: To investigate total daily energy expenditure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients during a rehabilitation programme. DESIGN: Observational study involving a case and a control group. SUBJECTS: Ten COPD patients (six with body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m(2) and four with BMI >18.5 kg/m(2)) were evaluated for their energy expenditure profile. Four additional healthy age-matched volunteers were also included for methodology evaluation. INTERVENTIONS: Measurements of total daily energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and energy intake were undertaken by indirect calorimetry and bicarbonate-urea methods and dietary records. RESULTS: REE in COPD patients was not significantly different from that predicted by the Harris-Benedict equation. Before the exercise day the mean TEE was 1508 kcal/day and physical activity level (PAL as calculated by TEE/REE) was 1.52. On the exercise day the TEE increased to 1568 kcal/day and PAL was 1.60, but neither of these changes were significant. The energy cost of increased physical activity during rehabilitation exercise was estimated to be 191 kcal/day. No significant change was found in DIT between the two patient groups. However, overall energy balances were found to be negative (-363 kcal/day). CONCLUSION: The rehabilitation programme did not cause a significant energy demand in COPD patients. TEE in COPD patients was not greater than in free-living healthy subjects. Patients, who were underweight, did not have a higher TEE than patients with normal weight. This suggested that malnutrition in COPD patients was not due to an increased energy expenditure. On the other hand, a significant negative energy balance due to insufficient energy intake was found in seven out of 10 patients.