Analysis of Antenatal Care and its Related Factors among Married Chinese Women

Objective To explore the related factors of antenatal care Methods The data derived from National Demography and Reproductive Health Survey in 1997 conducted by National Population and Family Planning Commission. 11 892 women who had given birth to at least one survival child were involved in this study. SAS software was used in multivariate analysis. Results The average rate of general antenatal care is 57.3% and has increased dramatically in the recent 30 years. The major reason why most subjects didn‘t have antenatal care was lacking the recognition of the importance of antenatal care. The antenatal care was associated with residence in rural area or urban area, age, educational level, parity of the last birth, local average income, distance between home and township in rural area and so on. Conclusion Women of childbearing age need to improve their health knowledge; the government should increase the availability of antenatal care.     

Spatiotemporal Property Analysis of Birth Defects in Wuxi, China

Objective To describe the temporal trends and spatial patterns of birth defects occurring in Wuxi, a developed region of China. Methods Wavelet analysis was used to decompose the temporal trends of birth defect prevalence based on the birth defect rates over the past 16 years. Birth defect cases with detailed personal and family information were geo-coded and the relative risk in each village was calculated. General G statistic was used to test the spatial property with different scales. Results Wavelet analysis showed an increasing temporal trend of birth defects in this region. Clustering analysis revealed that changes continued in the spatial patterns with different scales. Conclusion Wuxi is confronted with severe challenges to reduce birth defect prevalence. The risk factors are stable and show no change with spatial scale but an increasing temporal trend. Interventions should be focused on villages with a higher prevalence of birth defects.     

The Relationship between Drug-and Chemical-exposure and Birth Defects during Pregnancy

A case-control study was conductedin 36 hospitals of the urban and suburban areas of Shanghai about the relationships between birth defects and drug use and chemieal exposures during pregnancy in the period of July 1987-December 1990. The case group was composed of 1.609 subjects, and the control group 3,218 cases. On statistical analysis, it was found that a correlation existed between birth defects and the intake of APC and diazepam, and the exposure to pesticides, organic soh, ents, benzene, synthetic resin and physical factors (noises) on the part of the mother, and the exposure to harmful chemicals and physical factors and the smoking of 20 or more cigarettes a day on the part of the father. It is also found that the familial hereditary history of the parents and muhigravidio,, malnutrition, common colds, hepatitis and diarrhea during pregnancy may also be related to the birth defects.     

Birth Defects in Assisted Reproductive Technology and Spontaneously Conceived Children： A Meta-analysis

Objective To evaluate the risk of birth defects in children born following assisted reproductive technology （ART） and spontaneous conceptions. Methods This study carried out an updated systematic review to identify papers published by August 2013 with data relating to birth defects of children conceived using ART （IVF and for ICSI） compared with those spontaneously conceived and also compared birth defects between subgroups of lVF and ICSI. Results Totally 76 studies were identified for review. The individual relative risk （RR） estimated for these studies ranged from 0.44 to 5.51, a signifieantly increased risk of birth defects was observed （RR=l.36, 95%CI=1.25-1.47） in ART compared with the spontaneously conceived group, which was also evident in the subgroup analysis. Among these studies, 16 studies simultaneously gave data of birth defects comparing IVF and ICSI children, which showed no difference in risk of combined effects （RR=0.90, 95%CI=0.80 1.02）, but ICSI had a higher risk in subgroups of clinical research （RR=O. 76, 95%CI=0.65-0.89） and crude RR value （RR=O. 78, 95%CI=0.67 0.91）. Conclusion Pooled results from all suitable published studies suggested that children born following ART were at increased risk of birth defects compared with spontaneous conceptions. There is no difference in birth defect risk between children conceived by IVF or 1CS1 using a summative analysis, however, 1CS1 had a significant higher risk in birth defect risk comparing with 1VF when using subgroup analyses of sample size and RR value.     

Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in elderly Chinese population in Shenyang of China

Objective The paper aims to evaluate the risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) in elderly Chinese population in Shenyang,a northeast city of China.Methods A case‐control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for the prevalence of AMD.Ninety three AMD patients diagnosed by a complete ophthalmic examination were recruited as cases from the outpatient departments of two eye hospitals in Shenyang,while 108 normal subjects of similar age and sex were recruited as controls.A questi...     

A Case—Contrl Study of Dietary Factors in Patients with Lung Cancer

A case-control study was designed to investigate association of dietary factors with the risk of lung cancer in Sichuan,China.The cases consisted of 135 patients with preinvasive lung cancer which had been confirmed with histopathology,fiber bronchoscope,CT and X-ray film in three provincial hospitals in the recent one year.Controls were healthy subjects who went to one of these hospitals for health check-up;patients with pulmonary diseases was exluded.Controls were matched to cases for sex and age with a ratio of 1:1.Nutrient intakes, the eating habit and other relevant factors were investigated.The data analyzed with the conditional logistic regression model indicated,that dietary beta-carotene intakes had a significantly inverse association with the risk of lung cancer.Vitamin Chad a less significantly inverse association with the risk.Association of protein,fat,energy,retinol intakes of dietbalance index with the risk was not significant.Association of tea,alcohol,garlic or mushroom,respectively,with the risk was also not observed.Consumption of more processed foods and deep-fried foods were found to be risk factors.Smoking and air pollution from coal burning stoves were also observed as independent risk factors of lung cancer in the present study.The mental stress incidence in the case was significantly higher than that in the control.     

Does Periconceptional Fish Consumption by Parents Affect the Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intelligence Deficiency? A Case-control Study in Tianjin,China

Objective This study aimed to explore the association between periconceptional fish consumption by parents and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intelligence deficiency (ID). Methods A case-control study was conducted through a questionnaire with 108 ASD cases, 79 ID cases, and 108 controls. The ASD and ID cases were students from special educational schools in Tianjin from 2012 to 2014. The age- and sex-matched controls were from a high school, three primary schools, and a kindergarten in Tianjin. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results Paternal habit of eating hairtail before fertilization, maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy, and maternal habit of eating grass carp during pregnancy were preventive factors for ASD. Paternal habit of drinking alcohol before fertilization was a risk factor for ID, whereas maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy and maternal habit of eating crucian carp during pregnancy were protective factors for ID. Conclusion Parental fish consumption is beneficial for the prevention of ASD and ID. Meanwhile, the protective effects of fish consumption on ASD and ID differ. More attention should be paid to the combined effect of other food when eating fish.     

Evaluation of utilization of antenatal services by mothers of babies with severe birth asphyxia

Objective:To evaluate the utilization of antenatal services by mothers of babies delivered with severe birth asphyxia at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital(UPTH) Port Harcourt,Nigeria.Methods: A case control study of the utilization of antenatal services by 97 mothers of newborns with severe birth asphyxia delivered at UPTH from 1st February to 31st October 2009 compared with mothers of newborns with normal Apgar scores was done.Relevant pregnancy,birth,family and social history was obtained by personal interviews and referral to case notes.Results: Significantly more of the mothers of babies with normal Apgar score booked early(4 months or less) and had up to 8 or more antenatal visits prior to delivery than mothers of asphyxiated babies 86(88.6%) vs 68(70.2%),P=0.002;93(95.7%) vs 68(70.2%),P=0.001 respectively.Significantly more subjects 56(57.7%) than the controls 45(46.4%) were primiparous,P= 0.04.Also,significantly more subjects 19(19.5%) suffered delay prior to intervention in labour than the controls 5(5.1%),P=0.004.Conclusion: Primiparity,delayed booking,inadequate antenatal visits and late intervention in labour have been identified as significant contributors to severe birth asphyxia.     

A Case-control Study on High-risk Factors for Newborn Hearing Loss in Seven Cities of Shandong Province

To investigate the high-risk factors for newborn hearing loss and to provide information for preventing the development of hearing loss and delaying its progression, from May 2003 to June 2006, neonates who failed to pass the universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) were referred to Jinan Newborn Hearing Screening and Rehabilitation Center from 7 newborn hearing screening cen- ters in seven cities of Shandong province. One-to-one pair-matched case-control method was em- ployed for statistical analysis of the basic features of definitely identified cases. High-risk factors re- lating to the bilateral hearing loss were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Our results revealed that 721 transferred newborns who didn't pass the hearing screening received audiological and medical evaluation and 367 were confirmed to have hearing loss. Of them, 177 neonates with hearing loss who met the matching requirements were included in the study as subjects. Univariate analysis showed that high-risk factors related to hearing loss incuded age of fa- ther, education backgrounds of parents, parity, birth weight, gestational weeks, craniofacial deformity, history of receiving treatment in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), neonatal disease, family history of otopathy and family history of congenital hearing loss. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that 4 independent risk factors were related to bilateral hearing loss, including parity (OR=16.285, 95% CI 3.379-78.481), neonatal disease (OR=34.968,95% CI 2.720-449.534), family history of congenital hearing loss (OR=69.488,95% CI 4.417-1093.300) and birth weight (OR=0.241, 95% CI 0.090-0.648). It is concluded that parity, neonatal disease and family history of hearing loss are the promoting factors of bilateral hearing loss in neonates and appropriate interven- tion measures should be taken to deal with the risk factors.     

Application Research of ＂3＋1＂ Mode for Birth Defects Monitoring

Objective To explore the ＂3＋1＂ monitoring mode for birth defects and quality control measures based on the population, and to obtain the related information data for birth defects.
Methods With the community population as the basis, adopting the unified monitoring scheme dominant by the leadership and administration of government, with districts （counties） as the monitoring sites, the ＂3＋1 ＂ monitoring mode for birth defects was based on a complete monitoring team with the combination of villages/residents＇ committees, townships （towns）, counties （districts） and the municipality. Demonstration research was carried out in the pilot districts/counties in Chongqing City.
Results Birth defects population monitoring system based on population and family planning management and service network was established, and during 2005 and 2006.application research was carried out for the monitoring methods among birth defects population in the pilot districts （counties）, obtaining the relevant information in regional birth defects, with a monitoring coverage of over 99%.
Conclusion Fully utilizing the birth management functions of Population and Famlty Planning System and the advantages of service networks, long term, dynamic birth defects monitoring system based on community population was established, with the integration of birth defects monitoring and regular reproductive health services, obtaining overall birth defects occurrence information in details, providing scientific basis for the government to formulate scientific, practical, economic and effective birth defects intervention policy, so as to improve the quality of the population.     

围孕期保健对出生缺陷的影响分析

目的：分析围孕期保健对围产儿出生缺陷的影响。方法：选取西安市第四医院2013年10月1日∽2013年12月25日收治1716例产妇为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾分析。结果：围孕期叶酸的补充可以显著降低神经管畸形的发生风险,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;围孕期营养状况及孕妇的家庭收入等因素为减少出生缺陷发生的保护性因素,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;出生缺陷的危险因素分别为孕妇接触职业危险因素、孕期患慢性病、孕期感冒、孕早期出血流产症状、孕期接触宠物、孕前或孕期房屋新装修、被动吸烟、孕期服药及孕期精神紧张或过度焦虑,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：通过加强围孕期保健,减少和控制孕期危险因素,可以预防和减少出生缺陷,提高人口出生质量。     

198例早中期早产临床资料分析

目的对198例早中期早产临床资料分析,探讨早期早产危险因素及早产儿结局。方法回顾性分析该院2004年1月～2006年9月收治的198例分娩孕龄28～33 6周的早中期早产活产孕妇和早产儿的临床资料,分为孕龄28～3l 6周的早期早产活产组90例,早产儿99例;孕龄32～33 6周的中型早产活产组108例,早产儿122例(出生致死性缺陷除外),进行早产原因及新生儿结局对比分析。结果早产的发生受多因素影响,早期早产组规律产检率、妊娠期体质量增加均明显低于中型早产组(P<0.05);早期早产组剖宫产率、住院天数较中型早产组明显增加(P<0.05)。早期早产组新生儿1 min和5 min Apgar低评分、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征和新生儿低钙血症发生率、NICU住院日、新生儿死亡率均明显高于或长于中型早产组(P<0.05)。结论早期早产的发生受多种因素的影响,早期早产新生儿发病率和死亡率均高;孕妇规律产检及孕期均衡营养、控制孕期体质量增长过多或过少对减少早期早产的发生具有重要的意义。     

STUDY OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES

Low birth weight neonates with 2000g or less birth weight constitute about 10% of live births with perinatal mortality as high as 32.4%. Perinatal morbidity is 19.3% with asphyxia neonatorum and neonatal jaundice heading the list. Epidemiological maternal factors include extremes of age and parity, lack of antenatal care, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy and underweight short women. Etiologic factors are obstetric complications, hypertensive disorders, systemic diseases or idiopathic. The scope of preventive measures include improvement of economic status and education about health and safe pregnancy. Proper antenatal care for early detection of high risk cases, adequate and timely management of complications and adequate facilities for neonatal care can reduce the perinatal morbidity and mortality.KEY WORDS: Low birth weight neonates, Perinatal mortality     

早产相关因素323例临床分析

目的 分析与人工早产和自然早产有关的危险因素。方法 我院1993年1月～1999年12月间分娩的自然早产274例和人工早产49例,分别与同期分娩的足月对照组323例相比,进行早产的因素分析。结果 孕期母亲未作产前检查、胎膜早破、多胎、产前出血、中重度妊高征、内科合并症等均与早产有关;人工早产者产前检查率最低,剖宫产率最高,并主要与产前出血、中重度妊高征、多胎有关;自然早产者产前检查率低于足月对照组,其主要与胎膜早破、不明原因早产有关。结论 孕期多种因素与早产有关,且自然早产和人工早产具有不同的危险因素。     

240例产科病例的早产危险因素分析

目的：探讨早产的危险因素,为制定早产的预防策略和干预治疗措施提供理论依据。方法方便选择2014年9月—2015年9月在南京市妇幼保健院住院分娩的早产产妇及足月产产妇各120例为调查对象,进行1：1配对病例-对照研究。结果①胎膜早破、较高的孕前体重指数和罹患子痫前期均为早产的危险因素,OR值分别为5.56（95%CI 3.51~9.66)、1.76（95% CI 1.35~2.84)、3.88（95% CI 3.37~8.49)（P<0.05）;②产前保健、常住地址为城镇是早产的保护性因素,OR值分别为0.75（95%CI 0.44~0.98)、1.63（95%CI 1.28~3.54)（P<0.05）。结论早产为多因素共同作用的结果,需规范产前检查,增加孕期保健,并积极处理妊娠并发症和合并症,从而有效降低早产发病率。     

早产危险因素325例分析

目的：分析早产有关的危险因素。方法：选取我院1997年1月至2001年12月分娩的早产325将，将早产分为自然早产269例和人工早产56例，分别与同期足月分娩的330例相比，进行早产的临床因素分析。结果：早产与孕妇无产前检查、胎膜早破、多胎、产前出血、中重度妊高征、内科合并症、胎儿畸形等均有关；人工早产者产前检查率最低，剖宫产率最高，其主要与产前出血、中重度妊高征、多胎有关；自然早产者产前检查率低于足月对照组，其主要与胎膜早破、不明原因早产有关。结论：早产与孕期多种因素有关，自然早产和人工早产具有不同的危险因素，做好产前检查保健工作是预防早产发生的根本。     

Some perinatal risk factors in a developing country

Mothers attending the antenatal clinic and the under-5 clinic at Katangi Dispensary in rural Kenya were carefully interviewed about their obstetrical history to elucidate the importance of certain obstetrical risk factors. Women with suspected twins and women with previous perinatal deaths were found to constitute high risk groups. Perinatal mortality was found to be higher for all children born after a short birth interval than for children born after an interval of more than 3 years. The parity and age of the mother did not have any influence on the perinatal mortality. As the perinatal mortality was found to be high as in many other developing to hospitals for delivery and to follow up all women at risk carefully. The majority of women still give birth at home, a reason for which local clinics should be giving instructions at the antenatal in safer performance of deliveries and in proper umbilical cord care.     

先天出生缺陷相关因素研究结果分析

目的对影响围产儿出生缺陷相关因素进行研究。方法按照1：2配对进行病例对照研究,调查研究地区研究期间1岁以内的出生缺陷儿童母亲110例,同期同年龄段正常儿童母亲236例,了解出生缺陷发生的主要相关危险因素。结果在孕妇职业、异常生育史、营养状况、体力劳动、情绪情况、被动吸烟、避孕药服用史、家族遗传史、家族中近亲婚配史、妊娠合并症、妊娠并发症、接触有害因素、孕期服药情况、患感染疾病情况、接受优生优育宣教、接受孕产期保健等15项因素,出生缺陷组与对照组比较,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论应广泛开展优生优育咨询及孕产期保健,有效减少先天出生缺陷的发生。     

长沙市5年围生儿出生缺陷监测结果分析

目的:调查长沙市2000～2004年64 101名围生儿出生缺陷的发生情况并进行对比分析,了解本地区近5年来各种出生缺陷检出率、围生儿死亡率的变化趋势,探讨切实可行的有效干预措施.方法:对2000年1月至2004年12月长沙市内13所医院产科分娩的64 101名围生儿进行出生缺陷监测,统计分析出生缺陷儿的检出率、围生儿死亡率、各种出生缺陷的发生率、类别、构成比并逐年进行比较.结果:共发现出生缺陷儿1 050例,出生缺陷检出率为16.38‰.2000年出生缺陷检出率与2002年、2003年、2004年比较逐年增高,有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).2001年出生缺陷检出率与2002年、2003年、2004年比较亦逐年增高,有统计学意义(均P＜0.005).共死亡围生儿879例,围生儿死亡率为13.71‰,2001年围生儿死亡率与2002年、2003年比较亦逐年增高(P＜0.05).5年中总发生率最高的前5种出生缺陷排序依次是肢体畸形、唇颌裂、耳畸形、先天性心脏病、消化道畸形.先天性心脏病发病率明显增高,排名逐年前移.2003年开始实施治疗性引产共177例.结论:本市5年来出生缺陷检出率、围生儿死亡率的上升趋势及严重的心、脑出生缺陷疾患发病率的增加应引起高度重视,加强环境保护及孕期保健有利于减少出生缺陷,定期常规行产前检查及新生儿筛查可及早发现出生缺陷,一旦发现严重出生缺陷病例,应及时行治疗性引产.