In vivo activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin and pipemidic acid against Escherichia coli infections in mice

The therapeutic efficacy of four quinolones, i.e. ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin and pipemidic acid, was investigated in experimental infections in mice caused by pipemidic acid-susceptible and -resistant E. coli. For intraperitoneal infections caused by E. coli strain 444 and 23, the efficacy of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin was superior to that of pipemidic acid. Furthermore, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin had higher activity than norfloxacin and pipemidic acid in urinary tract and uterine infections. Serum and uterus levels of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in normal mice were higher and more durable than those of norfloxacin.     

国产盐酸洛美沙星体内外抗菌作用实验研究

盐酸洛美沙星对革兰阴性菌具有强的抗菌活性，其ＭＩＣ５０多数为０．２５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１；对金葡球菌ＭＩＣ５０为０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１；对绿脓假单胞菌ＭＩＣ５０为１ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。盐酸洛美沙星体外抗菌活性与诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星相近而略逊于环丙沙星。盐酸洛美沙星对金葡球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓假单胞菌感染小鼠ｉｖ的ＥＤ５０分别是４．４７、１．６２和１７．１３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，体内抗菌作用较环丙沙星弱但强于诺氟沙星和／或氧氟沙星。     

甲磺酸加替沙星与其他4种氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性比较

目的 :比较甲磺酸加替沙星与氧氟沙星、左氧沙星、环丙沙星、司帕沙星对 182株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性。方法 :采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定加替沙星等 5种氟喹诺酮类药物对 182株临床试验分离菌株的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。结果 :加替沙星对葡萄球菌属的MIC90 比其他 4种氟喹诺酮类药物低。葡萄球菌属对加替沙星的敏感率显著高于其他4种氟喹诺酮类药物 ;对其他G 球菌的MICR 也较其他氟喹诺酮类药物低。G-杆菌中埃希菌属、肠杆菌属对加替沙星的敏感率明显高于其他 4种氟喹诺酮类药物 ,加替沙星对埃希菌属、肠杆菌属的MIC90比左氧沙星低 2倍 ,比其他 3种抗菌药物低 8倍 ;假单胞菌属、克雷伯菌属和其他G-杆菌对加替沙星的敏感率与左氧沙星的差异无统计学意义 ,与其他 3种氟喹诺酮类药物的差异有统计学意义。结论 :甲磺酸加替沙星具有广谱而强大的体外抗菌活性。     

国产氧氟沙星的药理评价

本文报道了氧氟沙星的体外抗菌活性,小鼠感染细菌保护作用,急性毒性和致畸试验。氧氟沙星对革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌抗菌活性与诺氟沙星相似,而强于依诺沙星、洛美沙星和吡哌酸。小鼠分别感染金葡球菌和大肠杆菌,本品保护效果与环丙沙星相似,优于诺氟沙星和依诺沙星;小鼠感染绿脓杆菌,本品逊于环丙沙星和依诺沙星,而优于诺氟沙星。小鼠口服、静脉、肌肉和皮下给药LD50分别为3467mg/kg、329mg/kg、>600mg/kg和>3000mg/kg。小鼠胚胎器官分化期给药未见致畸胎作用。     

In vitro activity of levofloxacin against coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci.

The in vitro activity of levofloxacin compared with that of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin were examined by conventional in vitro tests against 150 clinical isolates of staphylococci, subdivided according to species and susceptibility to methicillin. Although the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all quinolones were highest in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, the activity of levofloxacin was almost complete in methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus when compared with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, which showed more than 30% resistance. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains were susceptible to all quinolones with few differences between the antibiotics tested. The minimal bactericidal activity of levofloxacin was within the double dilution range of MIC values for all strains tested, demonstrating its potent role against staphylococci. In time-kill studies, levofloxacin exerted bactericidal activity within 3 h against all staphylococci. These in vitro results suggest that levofloxacin is a potent fluoroquinolone against coagulase-negative staphylococci and that it is both methicillin-susceptible and resistant. Further studies are necessary to determine the role of this drug in the treatment of infections sustained by these microorganisms.     

妥舒沙星的体内外抗菌作用研究

测定妥舒沙星的体内外抗菌活性。以同类氟喹诺酮类及其他抗菌药物为对照,测定了６８９株临床分离菌对药物的敏感性,结果显示,妥舒沙星对需氧革兰氏阳性球菌（除ＭＲＳＡ外）均有良好的抗菌作用,对金葡球菌、肺炎球菌和溶血性链球菌的抗菌活性高;妥舒沙星对需氧革兰氏阴性菌具强大的抗菌作用,对肠杆菌科细菌、流感杆菌和淋球菌的抗菌作用尤强;妥舒沙星对脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌亦具良好抗菌作用。妥舒沙星对需氧革兰氏阳性球菌及厌氧菌的作用明显优于环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星,对需氧革兰氏阴性杆菌的作用与其他受试氟喹诺酮类相仿。妥舒沙星对小鼠实验性细菌感染具有明显保护作用,口服或静注妥舒沙星对金葡球菌的体内抗菌作用明显优于环丙沙星;对大肠埃希氏菌的抗菌作用优于或与环丙沙星相似;对铜绿假单胞菌的作用与环丙沙星相似。     

司帕沙星与其他5种抗菌药体外抗菌活性比较研究

测定了司帕沙星对临床分离的１９９ 株致病菌的体外抗菌活性并与氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、阿米卡星的抗菌活性进行比较。司帕沙星对革兰阳性菌的ＭＩＣ９０为０．１２５～０．５ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,对金葡球菌、化脓链球菌的抑菌率均为１００％ ,强于氧氟沙星、环丙沙星;对革兰阴性菌也具有良好的体外抗菌活性,与氧氟沙星、环丙沙星相似。不同细菌接种量和不同浓度血清对其抗菌活性无明显影响,仅在ｐＨ５．０ 时抗菌活性略有下降     

Penetrability of ofloxacin into cultured epithelial cells and macrophages

It is well known that the penetration of drugs into host cells is the minimal requirement to exhibit their efficacy against infections with intracellular bacteria. Thus the penetrability of new quinolones including ofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin was evaluated by comparing their intracellular and extracellular activities by the use of cell infection systems in vitro. It was evidenced that the new quinolones tested were penetrable into both epithelial cells and macrophages, however, ofloxacin was more penetrable than norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin into both types of cells which serve the nest for proliferation of intracellular bacteria.     

喹诺酮类药物对厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性研究

用６种喹诺酮类药物（氟罗沙星、诺氟沙星、依诺沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、氧氟沙星）对９３株不同厌氧菌作体外抗菌活性研究，并与常用的抗厌氧菌药物克林霉素、甲硝唑比较，结果显示环丙沙星对厌氧菌的抗菌活性最强，与甲硝唑类似，优于克林霉素；其次为氧氟沙星和氟罗沙星；洛美沙星、依诺沙星、诺氟沙星效果较差。其中，革兰氏阳性厌氧菌对环丙沙星最敏感，其次为氟罗沙星和氧氟沙星；革兰氏阴性厌氧菌对环丙沙星最敏感，其次为     

氟喹诺酮类药对人肝药酶活性的影响

目的 :观察氟喹诺酮类 (FQs)药物对人肝微粒体药物代谢酶 (细胞色素P 4 5 0 )活性影响的差异。方法 :反应体系中微粒体蛋白终浓度为 0 .33～2 .0 g·L- 1,药物终浓度为 4 0 0mg·L- 1,测定药物代谢酶的活性。对照不加药。并测定不同底物浓度和不同环丙沙星浓度时乙基吗啡N 脱甲基酶的Vm和Km 值 ,求抑制常数Ki。结果 :FQs对酶活性的抑制强度为 :培氟沙星 (PFLX) >环丙沙星 (CPLX)>氧氟沙星 (OFLX) >左氧氟沙星 (LVLX)。FQs对戊巴比妥侧链羟化酶 (PSCH )、苯并芘羟化酶(BPH)、氨基比林N 脱甲基酶 (ADM )、乙基吗啡N 脱甲基酶 (EDM )和NADPH 细胞色素C还原酶的平均被抑制率分别为 :2 9% ,2 6 % ,19% ,17%和2 .3%。CPLX对EDM的抑制为竞争性抑制为主的混合性抑制 ,抑制常数Ki=2 5 0mg·L- 1。结论 :4种FQs对多种肝药酶活性均有不同程度的抑制 ,LVLX的抑制作用相对较弱。 5种肝药酶对药物的敏感性也各不相同。CPLX对EDM的抑制是竞争性抑制为主的混合性抑制。     

Place of quinolones in the therapeutic armoury

On the basis of antimicrobial activity, resistance development, pharmacokinetics, side effects and pre-clinical results, the applicability of the quinolones ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin is assessed. These quinolones seem especially useful in infections in hospitalized patients, in gonococcal infections and in urinary tract infections. Also salmonellosis and shigellosis might be indications for quinolones.     

Ofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use

Ofloxacin is one of a new generation of fluorinated quinolones structurally related to nalidixic acid. It is an orally administered broad spectrum antibacterial drug active against most Gram-negative bacteria, many Gram-positive bacteria and some anaerobes. Ciprofloxacin is the only other quinolone with superior in vitro antibacterial activity. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of ofloxacin is superior to that of ciprofloxacin, with more rapid absorption and a peak serum concentration several times higher. Moreover, ofloxacin achieves high concentrations in most tissues and body fluids. The results of clinical trials with ofloxacin have confirmed the potential for use in a wide range of infections, which was indicated by its in vitro antibacterial and pharmacokinetic profiles. It has proven effective against a high percentage of infections caused by Gram-negative organisms, slightly less effective against Gram-positive infections, and effective against some anaerobic infections. Clinical efficacy has also been confirmed in a variety of systemic infections as well as in acute and chronic urinary tract infections, and ofloxacin has generally appeared to be at least as effective as alternative orally administered antibacterial drugs. Ofloxacin is well tolerated and, although experience with the drug in clinical practice to date is limited, bacterial resistance does not appear to develop readily. Thus, ofloxacin is an orally active drug which offers a valuable alternative to other broad spectrum antibacterial drugs.     

Antianaerobic activity of moxifloxacin compared with that of ofloxacin,ciprofloxacin, clindamycin,metronidazole and beta-lactams

Minimal inhibitory concentrations of moxifloxacin were compared with those of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole and six beta-lactams for 159 anaerobes isolated from human clinical samples. Unlike other fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin demonstrated high activity against the 76 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group as the minimal inhibitory concentration(50) was 0.5 mg/l. Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium and Gram-positive anaerobic cocci were inhibited by 1 mg/l or less of moxifloxacin. It inhibited 93.7, 94.9 and 98% of the 159 strains investigated at concentrations of 1, 2 and 4 mg/l, respectively. Moxifloxacin was more potent than ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Gram-positive rods and anaerobic cocci. Its broad anaerobic spectrum in vitro is promising for the treatment of intra-abdominal and respiratory infections.     

司帕沙星和妥舒沙星的体内外抗菌作用研究

目的观察国产司帕沙星、妥舒沙星及其它四种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药对成都地区780株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性，并比较司帕沙星、妥舒沙星和环丙沙星对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性。方法用琼脂稀释法测定国产司帕沙星和妥舒沙星的MIC50和MIC90，并与其它四种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药进行了比较。本文还测定了抗菌药对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠治疗的ED50结果体外试验表明司帕沙星和妥舒沙星能有效抑制或杀灭革兰阳性、革兰阴性菌及厌氧菌，显示了广谱抗菌活性。司帕沙星和妥舒沙星对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性是环丙沙星的2～8倍，氧氟沙星和氟罗沙星的4～16倍，是诺氟沙星的16～32倍。司帕沙星对MRSA的抗菌活性与妥舒沙星相似，但优于环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、氟罗沙星和诺氟沙星。司帕沙星对大多数革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性与环丙沙星和妥舒沙星相似，是氧氟沙星、氟罗沙星和诺氟沙星的2～8倍。两药对厌氧菌的抗菌活性也较环丙沙星强。口服或皮下注射司帕沙星对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用优于环丙沙星和妥舒沙星。同一给药途径下司帕沙星对铜绿假单胞菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用与妥舒沙星和环丙沙星相似。三种受试药对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用优于铜绿假单胞菌所致感染。结论司帕沙星和妥舒沙星对革兰阳性菌和厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性优于环丙沙星和其它药物，对大多数革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性与环丙沙星相似，但优于其它受试药。司帕沙星对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌所致小鼠全身性感染的体内保护作用优于环丙沙星和妥舒沙星。同一给药途径下司帕沙星对铜绿假单胞菌所致小鼠全身性感染的保护作用与妥舒沙星和环丙沙星相似。     

Muscle distribution of antimicrobial agents after a single intravenous administration to rats

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of three fluoroquinolones (pazufloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) and a beta-lactam, ceftazidime in the tissue interstitial and intracellular spaces after a single intravenous administration to rats based on muscle microdialysis. The unbound concentration in the tissue interstitial fluid (C(isf,u)) after administration was estimated from the concentration in the dialysate by muscle microdialysis, the in vitro permeability rate constant, and the previously reported effective dialysis coefficient. The C(isf,u)s of pazufloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and ceftazidime in the muscle were close to their unbound concentrations in the venous plasma. These results were consistent with ones previously obtained at steady state. Based on these results, the total concentration in the tissue interstitial fluid (C(isf)) was calculated from the ratio of plasma protein binding, the plasma concentration, and previously reported interstitial-to-plasma albumin ratio in muscle of rats. The calculated C(isf) was compared with the muscle concentration (C(m)) obtained using the homogenized tissue. The C(isf) of ceftazidime was higher than the C(m). The C(isf) of pazufloxacin was found to be almost equal to its C(m). The C(isf)s of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were lower than their C(m)s with the exception of the values at 5 min after administration. These results indicate that ceftazidime is mainly distributed in the interstitial space of the muscle, that pazufloxacin is distributed equally in both the interstitial space and the tissue cells, and that ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin are mainly distributed in the tissue cells rather than the interstitial space.     

The bactericidal activity of levofloxacin against ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae in comparison with ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin

The bactericidal activity of levofloxacin against four Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates (two ampicillin-resistant and two susceptible) was compared with that of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin at concentrations simulating the peak serum concentrations obtained with the recommended oral doses. Bactericidal activity was assessed using time-kill curves and minimum kill-time values. Both concentrations of levofloxacin rapidly killed all the study strains, with mean kill times of 4 h and no viable bacteria remaining after 18-h exposure. The bactericidal activities of levofloxacin, ofloxacin and sparfloxacin were similar. The minimum kill-times for both concentrations of ciprofloxacin were 28-35% longer than those of levofloxacin. These results support the use of levofloxacin for H. influenzae infections, including ampicillin-resistant strains.     

Therapeutic efficacy of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and NY-198 in experimentally infected normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice

The therapeutic efficacy of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and NY-198 was compared in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with experimental respiratory and urinary tract infections. Respiratory infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae DT-S was well controlled by treatment with all compounds tested both in normal and diabetic mice. Similar observations were made in a model of urinary tract infection due to Serratia marcescens T-55. There was no difference between normal and diabetic mice in therapeutic efficacy of these compounds. They appear to be highly active antibacterial drugs in vitro under conditions which stimulate normal and diabetic states. There was no difference between normal and diabetic mice in the serum, lung and kidney concentrations. These observations suggest that ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and NY-198 may be effective drugs in the treatment of bacterial respiratory and urinary tract infections which may occur in diabetic conditions.     

国产甲磺酸左氧氟沙星体外抗菌活性研究

测定国产甲磺酸左氧氟沙星体外抗菌活性,并与进口左氧氟沙星作比较,以临床常用的氧氟沙星和环丙沙星为对照。结果表明,国产甲磺酸左氧氟沙星与进口左氧氟沙星体外抗菌活性无差异。甲磺酸左氧氟沙星抗菌谱广抗菌活性强,对革兰氏阴性肠道杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌属细菌、变形杆菌及嗜血杆菌和不动杆菌ＭＩＣ５０值是氧氟沙星的１／２,与环丙沙星一致,分别为＜０．０３、＜０．０３、＜０．０３、０．１２５和０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ;它对大肠埃希氏菌、金葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、肠球菌、厌氧菌的ＭＩＣ５０值是氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的１／２～１／４;对铜绿假单胞菌ＭＩＣ５０为１ｍｇ／Ｌ,是氧氟沙星的１／２,但稍高于环丙沙星。该产品体外抗菌活性受细菌接种量、血清含量和ｐＨ值影响不明显。研究还表明该产品为一杀菌剂,对临床常见致病菌如大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、厌氧菌均有良好的杀菌作用。     

甲磺酸左氧氟沙星注射液与氧氟沙星和环丙沙星治疗细菌性感染213例临床疗效和体外抗菌活性的比较

为比较甲磺酸左氧氟沙星（ＭＳＡＬＶＬＸ）注射液与对照药氧氟沙星和环丙沙星治疗细菌性感染疾病的临床疗效和体外抗菌活性,１９９８ 年５ 月至８ 月,由三个医疗中心采用随机对照,共同完成了２１３ 例,其中ＭＳＡＬＶＬＸ注射液组１１０ 例,氧氟沙星组８３例,环丙沙星组２０例。给药方法：ＭＳＡＬＶＬＸ组２００ｍ ｇ／１００ｍ ｌ静脉滴注,每日１次;氧氟沙星和环丙沙星组均为２００ｍ ｇ／１００ｍ ｌ静脉滴注,每日２次。疗程５～１４ｄ。结果显示,ＭＳＡＬＶＬＸ、氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的总有效率分别为９５．５％ 、８７．９％ 和８０％ ;它们的细菌清除率分别为９４．８％ 、８７．１％ 和８８．８％ ;致病菌对ＭＳＡＬＶＬＸ的敏感率（８８．１％ ）显著高于氧氟沙星（６９．７％ ,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）和环丙沙星（７０．８％ ,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,ＭＳＡＬＶＬＸ的抗菌活性高于氧氟沙星和环丙沙星。     

Pharmacological evaluation of garenoxacin,a novel des-F(6)-quinolone antimicrobial agent: effects on the central nervous system

The effects of garenoxacin (formerly T-3811 or BMS-284756) on the central nervous system (CNS) were compared with various quinolones. Garenoxacin injected intracerebroventricularly into mice caused clonic convulsion at a higher dose (50 micrograms/body) than norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sitafloxacin and trovafloxacin. Additionally the convulsant activity of garenoxacin was not potentiated by biphenylacetic acid (BPAA). Garenoxacin did not induce any convulsions at intravenous doses up to 60 mg/kg in combination with 200 mg/kg oral administration of fenbufen in mice, and its convulsant activity was weaker than those of enoxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, alatrofloxacin and ofloxacin. In addition, convulsions were not induced by combination administration of garenoxacin (60 mg/kg, i.v.) and any of 9 kinds of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or BPAA. In a rotarod test, which was performed in order to evaluate the drug-induced dizziness, coordinated locomotor activity of mice was suppressed by alatrofloxacin at an intravenous dose of 60 mg/kg, but not by garenoxacin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin at up to 60 mg/kg. In an in vitro study using rat brain synaptic membrane, garenoxacin had no inhibitory effect on GABA binding in the presence or absence of NSAIDs. In conclusion, the effects of garenoxacin on CNS were weaker than those of other quinolones in experimental animals, so it might possess a low potential for CNS adverse reactions such as convulsion and dizziness in clinical use.