野菊花水提液抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的：观察野菊花水提液的体内外抗氧化的作用。方法：分别用ＴＢＡ法、ＤＴＮＢ法及紫外分光光度测定脂质过氧化（ＬＰＯ）产物ＭＤＡ的含量、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐx）及过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活力。结果：野菊花水提液体外可抑制大鼠心、脑、肝、肾组织自动ＬＰＯ及由Ｈ２Ｏ２引发的红细胞脂质过氧及溶血;小鼠ｉｇ给药２ｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）７ｄ,可显著升高全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐx、ＣＡＴ活力（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：野菊     

地奥心血康对犬心肌缺血再灌注的血液过氧化脂质、氧自由基及红细胞超氧化物歧化酶活力的影响

目的：观察地奥心血康（ＤＡＸＸＫ）对犬心肌缺血再灌注的血液ＬＰＯ，氧自由基及红细胞ＳＯＤ的影响。方法：１８只成年杂种犬复制心肌缺血再灌注模型，分为ＤＡＸＸＫ治疗组和０．９％氯化钠注射液对照组。以荧光法测定血液ＬＰＯ；电子自旋共振（ＥＳＲ）行全血氧自由基捕捉；ＮＢＴ比色法测定红细胞及心肌中ＳＯＤ活力。结果：ＤＡＸＸＫ组血中ＬＰＯ含量低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；红细胞及心肌ＳＯＤ活力高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；对照组冠脉血中有强的氧自由基信号出现，而ＤＡＸＸＫ组的ＥＳＲ谱中氧自由基信号消失。结论：ＤＡＸＸＫ有降低心肌缺血再灌犬血中ＬＰＯ、氧自由基、提高红细胞及心肌ＳＯＤ活力的作用。     

绞股蓝总苷对老龄大鼠的抗氧化作用观察

目的：观察口服绞股蓝总苷对老龄大鼠的抗氧化作用。方法：测定药后大鼠红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）等抗氧化酶含量及肾上腺内维生素Ｃ（ＶｉｔＣ）含量。结果：绞股蓝总苷４０和２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ连续用药２０ｄ能升高大鼠红细胞ＳＯＤ和全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ酶活力,且能降低大鼠肾上腺皮质中ＶｉｔＣ含量。结论：绞股蓝总苷能增强老龄大鼠机体抗氧化能力及提高肾上腺皮质的功能。     

五倍子水煎剂对老龄小鼠抗衰老作用的实验研究

中药五倍子水煎剂给予老龄小鼠灌胃,每日１次,连用４周,采用邻苯三酚自氧化法,ＤＴＮＢ和ＴＢＡ比色法测定红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性,全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活力和红细胞中及血浆中ＭＤＡ含量。结果表明,五倍子水煎剂能显著增强老龄小鼠红细胞ＳＯＤ活性,全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ的活力,而且可显著降低红细胞和血浆中ＭＤＡ含量,故具有延缓衰老作用。     

多糖抗氧化药理研究进展

近年来对中药多糖的研究日益引人注目,现已从天然产物中分离出３００多种多糖类比合物。药理和临床研究证明多糖有增强免疫功能、抗肿瘤、抗辐射、抗氧化、抗衰老等广泛的生物活性、本义就近年来中药多糖抗氧化活性的药理研究综述如下。１．云芝多糖（ＣＶＰ）对正常、荷瘤和６０Ｃｏ－ｒ线辐射损伤小鼠超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活力影响的研究表明,云芝多糖既能不同程度地增强正常小鼠和正常迟发型超敏感性（ＤＨ）小鼠淋巴细胞、牌及胸腺中ＳＯＤ的活力,义能明显恢复或防止肿瘤或辐射对小鼠ＤＨ和淋巴细胞、脾及胸腺中ＳＯＤ的抑制效应…     

地奥心血对犬心肌缺血再灌注的血液过氧化脂质,氧自由基及红细胞超…

目的：观察地奥心血康（ＤＡＸＸＫ）对犬心在再灌注的血液ＬＰＯ，氧自由基及红细胞ＳＯＤ的影响。方法，１８只成年杂种犬复制心肌缺血再灌注模型，分为ＤＡＸＸＫ治疗组和０．９％氯化钠注射液对照组，以荧光法测定血液ＬＰＯ；电子自共振（ＥＳＲ）行全血氧自由基捕捉；ＮＢＴ比色法红细胞及心肌中ＳＯＤ活力。结果，ＤＡＸＸＫ组血中ＬＰＯ含量低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）；红细胞及心肌ＳＯＤ活力高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），     

“天麻灵芝酒”保健功能的实验研究

利用多种免疫学方法研究了“天麻灵芝酒”对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果显示，适当剂量“天麻灵芝酒”对正常小鼠的细胞免疫功能和体液免疫功能确有明显促进作用。采用果蝇生存实验、老龄小鼠肝脏和血清ＳＯＤ、ＬＰＯ等生化指标研究延缓衰老功能，结果显示，适当剂量的“天麻灵芝酒”能延长果蝇的生存寿命，降低老龄小鼠肝脏和血清中ＬＰＯ的含量，提高老龄小鼠血清中ＳＯＤ的含量。     

螺旋藻多糖对糖尿病小鼠抗氧化能力的影响

腹腔注射四氧嘧啶（ＡＬＸ）２００mg/kg建立糖尿病模型小鼠,并随机分为４组,分别用螺旋藻多糖（ＰＳＰ）１００mg/kg、２００mg/kg及阳性对照药优降糖２mg/kg灌胃给药,糖尿病模型对照组则给等容积生理盐水,连续１４d后,分别测定各组小鼠血糖、血清ＳＯＤ活性、ＭＤＡ含量及全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐx活性与ＧＳＨ含量。结果与糖尿病模型对照组相比,ＰＳＰ能使ＡＬＸ所致糖尿病小鼠血糖降低（Ｐ＜０.０１）;血清ＳＯＤ活性、全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐx活性及ＧＳＨ一显著回升（Ｐ＜０.０１）;血清ＭＤＡ含量明显下降（Ｐ＜０.０１）。结果表明ＰＳＰ能降低ＡＬＸ性糖尿病小鼠高血糖并显著增强其抗氧化能力。提示ＰＳＰ降血糖作用的机制可能与其增强糖尿病鼠抗氧化能力有关。     

QK—全科广谱治疗仪对冠心病病人血液对氧化反应及红细胞变形？…

本实验测了３５例冠心病病人使用ＱＫ－全科广谱仪治疗前后血中红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＯＳＤ）活力;全血谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）,过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活力;血浆总抗氧化能力（ＡＯＡ）;红细胞膜丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量;红细胞滤过指数（ＩＦ）的变化。结果治疗全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＣＡＴ活力、血浆ＡＯＡ明显下降,红细胞膜ＭＤＡ含量明显升高,红细胞ＩＦ明显升高,后与治疗前比较,全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ,ＣＡＴ活力及     

云芝多糖对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶活力的影响

研究云芝多糖对小鼠有关组织中超氧化物歧化酶活力的作用。实验在正常，荷瘤和＾６０Ｃｏ－γ线辐射损小鼠中同步进行。ＳＯＤ活力测定采用肾上腺素自氧化法。ＣＶＰ既能不同程度地地增强正常小鼠和正常迟发型超敏感性小鼠淋巴细胞，脾及胸腺中ＳＯＤ的活力，又能明显恢复和防止肿瘤或辐射对小鼠ＤＨ和淋巴细胞，脾及胸腺中ＳＯＤ的抑制效应。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.