GB14233.1-2008重金属测定实验方法的选择与应用

选取各类医疗器械产品标准中常见的16种金属元素,按照GB14233.1-2008中5.6.1规定的重金属目视比色法进行目视比色实验,实验发现不同金属元素目视比色的浓度下限不同。铜、铅、银、汞和钴等易于目视比色,锰、钛、铬、铁和镍等元素不易于目视比色,铝、钡等非重金属元素不会对重金属目视比色实验造成干扰,因此需根据样品及检出限选择合适的重金属检测方法。建议用仪器检测和目视比色相结合的方法进行重金属含量的检测。     

不同条件保存24小时尿液对生化检测的影响

目的探讨24h尿在不同的保存条件下对生化项目检测结果的影响,探寻一种不影响尿液生化检测结果且留取安全简便的保存方式。方法在同一时间收集20份患者尿液,将每份尿液分装四份,使用不同方法分别处理:冷藏(2~8℃)未添加防腐剂、常温(18~25℃)未添加防腐剂、常温添加浓盐酸以及常温添加硼酸。尿液按上述方法保存24h后进行生化项目检测,包含:总蛋白、钾、钠、氯、钙、磷、尿素、尿酸及肌酐。采用单因素方差分析或Wilcoxon检验比较其他三种与冷藏保存方式间的差异。结果尿液各项生化检测结果在常温保存与冷藏保存相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);使用浓盐酸保存与冷藏保存相比在总蛋白、钾、氯、尿素、尿酸及肌酐检测差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);使用硼酸保存与冷藏保存相比在钾、尿酸、尿素及肌酐检测差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论24h尿液在留取过程中,使用常温与冷藏保存方式相比,生化检测结果无明显差异,而添加浓盐酸和硼酸保存尿液会对生化检测结果产生不同程度的影响。     

尿液分析仪与显微镜检验尿液潜血的比较分析

目的：对尿液分析仪与显微镜检验尿液潜血的结果进行分析比较。方法选取某医院在2012年2月~2013年5月这一期间中,在门诊进行尿液检测的170例患者,对这170例患者的尿液样本使用专门的尿液分析仪与显微镜这两种仪器进行尿液潜血的检测,并且将结果及时记录下来,方便之后对其进行研究分析。结果经过显微镜进行检验的尿液样本中,有50例阳性,120例的阴性,因此阳性率为29.41&;经过尿液分析仪检测的尿液样本中,有60例样本呈阳性,有110例呈阴性,所以阳性率为35.29%。结论两种检验方式所产生的结果并没有多大的差别,但是为了能够进一步将临床检验结果进行提高,可以将两者方式进行结合,从而在临床医学上进行推广与应用,为我国的医学事业的发展,做出贡献。     

3种不同检验方法对尿液WBC、RBC检测的对比分析

目的为了提高本院检验科尿液分析的准确性,有效性,比较分析GEB-600尿干化学分析仪(简称GEB-600),及IQ200尿沉渣仪(简称IQ200)及手工法显微镜镜检(简称手工法)检测尿液红细胞、白细胞结果。方法随机抽取本院住院患者304份新鲜的尿液标本,分别用GEB-600,IQ200及手工法进行检测,比较分析检测结果。结果GEB-600,IQ200及手工法检测RBC的阳性率分别为21.4%、19.4%、18.8%;WBC的阳性率分别为21.7%、22.7%、22.0%。经检验RBC、WBC的检出率差异无统计学意义(>0.05)。结论有效的结合尿液干化学分析仪,尿沉渣分析仪及手工显微镜镜检对尿液进行检测,可以快速,准确的为临床提供有效可靠地检验结果。     

一期凝固法测定尿液组织因子促凝活性的方法学建立

目的建立一种简便检测尿液组织因子促凝血活性的方法。方法以owren-koller稀释液5倍稀释尿液后,在STAGO全自动凝血仪检测凝固时间,通过兔脑粉不同浓度及其对应的凝固时间确定相应的标准曲线,计算出尿液组织因子（TF）的促凝血活性（TF-PCA）,并对该方法进行评价。结果通过owren-koller稀释液处理尿液有效解决了尿液理化因素变异大、干扰物质多等对TF活性检测的影响,TF中和单抗可有效抑制PCA活性,说明尿液PCA活性源于TF。TF-PCA测定方法学评价：总不精密度分别小于7%,表明该方法重复性尚可,平均回收率为80.8%,最低检测限为5mu/L,并在15～2200mu/L之间线性良好。结论一期凝固法是一种简便、结果可靠的检测尿液TF-PCA的方法。     

ISO15189认可中IQ-200全自动尿液显微镜系统性能验证

目的 对IQ-200全自动尿液显微镜系统进行性能验证和评价.方法 在本院检验科ISO15189实验室认可中对IQ-200全自动尿液显微镜系统的携带污染率、批内精密度、批间精密度、可报告范围、生物参考区间进行验证,并进行仪器间比对.结果 IQ-200全自动尿液显微镜系统的携带污染率、批内精密度、批间精密度、可报告范围均在厂家要求的范围内,生物参考区间验证,仪器间比对结果符合要求.结论 IQ-200全自动尿液显微镜系统各项性能均符合仪器要求范围,可用于临床尿液有形成分的检测.     

评价不同瓷贴面修复材料制作修复体颜色的匹配性

背景：瓷层材料厚度是贴面修复体颜色再现的关键因素。由于瓷贴面瓷层构建空间有限,难以对基牙颜色有明显的遮盖作用,最终修复后的颜色效果是由修复体的颜色和基牙颜色叠加而来的,近年对计算机辅助设计(computer aided design,CAD)制作的贴面材料对颜色的影响研究较少。 目的：评价不同瓷贴面修复材料制作的修复体的颜色与比色板色标的颜色匹配性。 方法：应用3种瓷贴面材料(维他Mark II,义获嘉E.max CAD LT,义获嘉Empress CAD Multi,均为A2色调)制作瓷贴面修复体共15个。每个贴面厚度为0.6 mm。用自然代型树脂材料制作贴面的基底,将实验试件放在暗盒合中,用奥林巴斯Crystaleye比色仪分别对贴面修复体颜色进行比色。选取修复体颈部、中部和切端与VITA标准比色板A2色标比较颜色的差别,对色差值进行单因素方差分析。 结果与结论：E.max CAD LT瓷块在3种瓷块中最接近于标准比色板的颜色。单因素方差分析表明,瓷贴面修复体颈部颜色与色标颜色的差别在不同的修复材料间差异具有显著性意义(P < 0.05),并且随着切、中、颈部位的不同而改变。在颈部颜色区域中,3组材料与色标的差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);3组试件间的中部和切端的L值、切端的a值和颈部的b值均差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果证实,不同全瓷材料制作的贴面修复体与比色板色标颜色存在差异,同时不同的CAD瓷块间也存在着颜色的差异。在临床应用中应注意修复体的最终颜色效果,借助表面染色技术和黏接时选择不同颜色的黏接剂进行修整。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

实时荧光定量PCR检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液解脲脲原体

目的应用实时荧光核酸恒温扩增检测技术（SAT）检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液解脲脲原体（UU）,并评价其敏感性和特异性。方法对140例疑似泌尿生殖道感染患者的拭子和尿液样本,分别采用培养法、SAT进行解脲脲原体检测,检测结果有差异的标本用实时荧光定量PCR法对拭子进行复测,根据实验结果评估SAT检测尿液UU的敏感性和特异性。结果 140例疑似患者试子培养和尿液SAT检测阳性率均为60%,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,其中16例培养结果与SAT检测结果不一致,8例培养法阳性、SAT阴性的拭子PCR结果复测阳性;8例培养法阴性、SAT阳性的拭子标本PCR结果 4例阴性、4例阳性,结合培养法结果和PCR结果作为＂扩大金标准＂,得出SAT对尿液检测的敏感性为95.5%、特异性为100%。结论 SAT检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液UU具有取样方便,检测快速、准确等优点,适用于临床实验室泌尿生殖道UU的检测。     

尿液总睾酮测定的新方法

目的:用高灵敏时间分辨荧光免疫分析(TrFIA)技术建立尿总睾酮快速准确检测方法.方法:将人睾酮包被微孔板,加入高亲和力的羊抗人睾酮抗体,然后用Eu3 -DTTA标记的猴抗羊抗体作检测抗体,建立基于竞争法反应原理的TrFIA.按常规方法对该法的特异性、灵敏度、准确度、精密度及线性等指标进行考核.用该法检测260例(男137,女123)正常成人尿液总睾酮含量,并与放射免疫分析(Radioimmunoassay,RIA)方法进行比较.结果:TrFIA检测尿总睾酮的灵敏度为5.1pmol/L,特异性、精密度、准确度、线性等指标都达到临床检测试剂盒的要求,且在4℃可稳定保存半年以上.用该法测定正常成人尿液中总睾酮浓度,男性为(40～233.82)nmol/L(5%～95%区间),平均值为(134.26±60.39)nmol/L;女性为(9.44～67.1)nmol/L(5%～95%区间),平均值为(32.18±18.00)nmol/L.TrFIA法检测结果与商用RIA kit检测结果相关系数为0.992,回归方程为:RIA=0.075 0.971TrFIA.结论:TrFIA测定尿总睾酮快速且准确,可用于临床尿总睾酮常规检测.该法的最大优点是样本无需作前期处理,便可直接测定.     

基于分光度法的半自动生化分析仪分析方法

医学检验是医学工作中很重要的一项工作,而生化检验是所有检验项目中最主要的,并且绝大多数生化检验项目都是采用计算机自动完成的,其结果的准确性与精度也取决于生化检验的分析方法。本文从生化反应的角度,介绍了分析方法中终点法、动态法、两点法、双波长法的适用对象、反应曲线,以及浓度与吸光度的换算关系,着重描述了各种分析方法的结果计算过程,并在AC880半自动生化仪中得到验证。     

基于多显示技术的多焦视诱发反应图像系统的研究

多焦视网膜电图是一种客观的、无创的视功能检查方法，可以同时反映视网膜多个微小区域的视功能，在眼底疾病的早期诊断上有独特的优势。介绍了基于多显示技术的多焦视诱发反应图像系统的原理与设计，利用Windows98以上的微软操作系统特有的多显示技术，控制图形刺激器对视网膜的各个区域分别进行刺激。然后用特制的电极把由视网膜多个区域产生的混合叠加信号提取出来。经放大、A/D转换后送入计算机。计算机利用快速M变换对混合信号进行分离，从而得到视网膜各个区域的反应信号。该系统具有控制简单，检测效果好，成本低等优点，在临床上有广泛的应用前景。     

基于颜色VEP的色觉缺陷检测系统的研究

本研究介绍了一种基于颜色视觉诱发电位（VEP）的色觉缺陷检测系统。现代电生理检测理论认为当视觉神经系统接收到颜色刺激时，将产生相应的脑皮层电位分布。通过适当的颜色刺激诱发，能够定量地测量色觉缺陷人群的缺陷种类及缺陷程度。该系统由颜色刺激发生器、测试电极、放大滤波电路、A／D转换电路、工作主机等部分组成。系统用等亮度反转点来表征色觉缺陷的种类及程度，实现了客观定量的色觉缺陷检测要求。     

Three-dimensional computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test

We describe a novel method for testing a visual field that employs a computer monitor with displays of varying contrast that permits unprecedented resolution and characterization of the structure of scotomas in three dimensions. Patients are placed in front of a touch-sensitive computer screen at a fixed distance. With one eye covered, they focus on a central fixation marker and trace with their finger the areas on an Amsler grid that are missing from their field of vision. Increasing degrees of contrast of the Amsler grid are simulated by repeating the test at different gray-scale levels. The results are recorded and then displayed as topographical contour rings by the computer test program. The results can also be rendered as an immediate 3-D depiction of the central hill-of-vision. Several clinical pilot studies have been conducted at the Doheny Eye Institute and more than 200 patients have been examined with this system so far. Conditions such as optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and ocular hypertension have been successfully assessed by this test. Each condition provides unique patterns that are most evident in 3-D. The 3-D computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test is an innovative and noninvasive visual field test. It provides several advantages over state-of-the-art standard automated perimetry, including: (1) additional information through 3-D depiction of scotomas, such as location, extent, slope, depth, and shape; (2) high angular resolution (1 deg compared with typically 6 deg); (3) a simple test setup (merely a touch-sensitive computer monitor and the test software); (4) excellent patient compliance (spending 4 to 5 min per eye). In light of its promising initial tests, the 3-D visual field test appears to have the potential for the early detection and monitoring of various diseases over time.     

Application of a dual color detection scheme in the screening of a random combinatorial peptide library

Selectide Technology is a random synthetic combinatorial library method in which millions of random compounds are screened in parallel for their ability to bind to a tagged macromolecular target. The library consists of millions of beads and each individual bead expresses a unique chemical compound such as a peptide. In the standard enzyme-linked colorimetric detection scheme, the positive bead which turns color is isolated for microsequencing. In this paper, a dual color detection scheme using two sequential orthogonal probes is described. This dual color system enables one to rapidly differentiate false positive beads from true positive beads, resulting in a much more efficient use of the microsequencer.     

Complete sparing of high-contrast color input to motion perception in cortical color blindness

It is widely held that color and motion are processed by separate parallel pathways in the visual system, but this view is difficult to reconcile with the fact that motion can be detected in equiluminant stimuli that are defined by color alone. To examine the relationship between color and motion, we tested three patients who had lost their color vision following cortical damage (central achromatopsia). Despite their profound loss in the subjective experience of color and their inability to detect the motion of faint colors, all three subjects showed surprisingly strong responses to high-contrast, moving color stimuli--equal in all respects to the performance of subjects with normal color vision. The pathway from opponent-color detectors in the retina to the motion analysis areas must therefore be independent of the damaged color centers in the occipitotemporal area. It is probably also independent of the motion analysis area MT/V5, because the contribution of color to motion detection in these patients is much stronger than the color response of monkey area MT.     

Comparison of 2 methods of measuring microalbuminuria. Immunonephelometry and radioimmunology

The early detection of microalbuminuria in insulin dependent diabetes is considered as a sign of initial stage of nephropathy (possibly reversible if glycemic balance is well maintained). This detection requires very accurate methods as radioimmunoassays. Yet, they are so slow that they represent an obstacle to systematic detection. We report an appraisement of an immunonephelemetric method. Results reveal that immunonephelemetry is a sensitive and accurate method (threshold of sensitivity 0.5 mg/l; CV intra assay less than 5%; CV inter assays less than 10%; analytical recovery: 94-104%). Moreover, immunonephelemetry and radioimmunology are significantly well correlated (r = 0.977, p less than 0.001). As a conclusion, we can say that thanks to complete automation, immunonephelemetry is a choice method to test great lines of samples.     

The Method of Fast on-site Detection and Real-time Release of Ammonia Nitrogen in Water

Objective: This paper aims to establish a simple and practical method for the rapid detection of ammonia nitrogen in water on the spot, and to transmit the detection results to the Internet via GSM network, and to publish and update them in real time.Methods: Phenol salt colorimetry was used to measure the absorbance value of indigo phenol blue, the product of the reaction between ammonia nitrogen and phenol salt in water samples, using sodium nitrosoferricyanide sodium hydroxide as catalyst and a microphotoelectric colorimetric instrument developed by ourselves, or a simple visual colorimetric semi-quantitative method was used to measure the ammonia nitrogen content in water samples. Then, the general GSM wireless communication module built in the microphotoelectric colorimeter was used to realize the remote transmission of the test result data and the real-time update and release on the Internet. Results: The results of this method showed that the correlation of the method was significant, and the precision and accuracy were similar to the national standard Nessler's reagent spectrophotometry.The relative standard deviation is 4.4%, and the relative error is 2.7%. In 5-10 min, the detection of ammonia and nitrogen in single water sample can be completed on site, and the results can be released. For quantitative and semi-quantitative detection, the lowest detection concentrations are 0.05 mg/L and 0.2 mg/L, respectively, which are basically free from the interference of pH and common ions. In the coverage area of GSM network,the wireless transmission of data results was unobstructed and delayed, and the effect was satisfactory. Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid, practical and reliable, which is suitable for the field rapid determination of ammonia nitrogen in water, and the real-time remote transmission of the detection results. It provides a high-efficiency, low-cost and simple technical means for the field water quality monitoring and the rapid acquisition of water quality data.     

DUCHEN: an interactive computer program for calculating heterozygosity (carrier) risks in X-linked recessive lethal diseases, and its application in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

The program DUCHEN calculates the probability that a woman is a carrier of an X-linked, lethal recessive disease on the basis of information in the woman's family and any available biochemical data. It is easily used by persons without computer knowledge or experience. The present version can accommodate families consisting of up to 100 people in seven generations. Risks may be estimated on the basis of pedigree information only, or with the inclusion of one or more types of biochemical test results. Biochemical data are incorporated with pedigree information into final risks using the powerful statistical technique of logistic discrimination, a procedure particularly suited for the separation of non-normal populations on the basis of overlapping quantitative characteristics. Mutation rates are specified separately for males and females. DUCHEN is available in FORTRAN 77, IBM BASIC, and Applesoft BASIC, and may be used on a variety of mainframe or microcomputers. The model was used to calculate risks for 375 girls and women in 46 families with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD); serum creatine kinase tests had been carried out on 167 of these subjects who were of reproductive age. Carrier probabilities equal to or lower than the population risk (0.0004) were obtained for 21% of the aunts and 43% of the cousins of affected boys from families with an isolated case of DMD and for 14% of the cousins of affected boys from families with a known DMD history. DUCHEN should assist counsellors in determining which members of large families should be further examined using either standard biochemical carrier detection methods or DNA marker studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Chromaticity analysis of immunostained tumor specimens.

In order to evaluate the correlation between immunohistochemical and morphometric data on the same histological sections, we have developed a flexible color image analyzer (Microcomputer-Assisted Picture Processing System type II, MAPPS-II), and established an effective method to analyze the immunostained colorectal neoplasms based on the color recognition theory of human visual system. Colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas were stained with a monoclonal antibody C 12, which recognizes abnormal H antigen, using Avidin-Biotin method and diaminobenzidine (DAB, brown dye). Nuclei were stained with Hematoxylin (blue dye). Density and colorimetric analyses revealed two results: (A) Separation of immunostained brown area from blue nuclei was best performed by plotting the representative sample areas on a standard chromaticity diagram, which displays the hue and saturation of colors simulating color of human visual system. (B) After separation of immunostained areas, usual density analysis was useful for the assay of nuclear morphometric information. Using these programs, normal mucosa was negative for C 12, and showed low nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (NCR). Adenoma was occasionally focally positive for C 12, and showed medium NCR. Carcinomas were C 12 positive, and showed high NCR. Our method permits nuclear counterstaining by hematoxylin instead of low contrast methyl green, which will widen the field of combined immunohistochemical and morphometric study.