剖宫产术后早期活动及早期进食的探讨

目的探讨剖宫产术后早期活动及早期进食对产妇的影响。方法将2005年1月至6月在我院行剖宫产术的210例产妇随机分为两组:观察组和对照组各105例。观察组采用术后早期活动早期进食的方法即:剖宫产病人术后去枕平卧6小时后改为半卧位,每2小时翻身一次,术后6小时给予流质饮食;对照组采用术后去枕平卧6小时,12小时后改为半卧位及12小时进食流质食物的传统护理方法,分别对剖宫产术后病人恢复情况进行观察、比较、分析。结果观察组术后进食时间、肛门排气时间、泌乳时间、第一次离床活动时间、拔除尿管时间、拔除尿管后自主排尿情况均优于对照组,而腹胀、泌尿系统感染等并发症均少于对照组。结论剖宫产术后早期活动和早期进食可促进产妇的康复。     

Epidemiological study on food intake and Helicobacter pylori infection

We conducted an epidemiological study to investigate the relation of food intake to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in an area endemic for H. pylori. In this study, 365 subjects, 104 men and 261 women, were randomly selected from 7,389 adult (over age 20) inhabitants of town A, Japan. The prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) class antibody to H. pylori (anti-H. pylori) was 83.7% and the prevalence of anti-H. pylori increased with age significantly (P < 0.05). Subjects with anamnesis of gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer tended to have a higher anti-H. pylori positive ratio (93.5%) than those without (81.0%). But there was no relationship between anti-H. pylori prevalence and sex, blood type, smoking or drinking habits. Daily intake of foods by food groups, nutrients and the concentrations of serum ingredients were compared between 37 anti-H. pylori-positive and 40 negative subjects selected from 365 inhabitants by matching up according to sex and age. The daily intake of cereals, potatoes and starches, and milks tended to be higher in positive than negative subjects, while the daily intake of algae and tea appeared to be a little higher in negative than in positive subjects. The daily zinc intake of antibody-positive subjects was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in antibody negative subjects. On the other hand, the daily iron intake in negative subjects was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in positive subjects. The serum concentrations of copper, zinc, and vitamin E tended to be higher in positive than negative subjects. But there were no significant differences in serum ingredients concentrations between antibody negative and positive subjects. Our findings suggest that iron and zinc intakes may effect on H. pylori infection.     

东莨菪碱对吗啡依赖大鼠摄食、饮水和尿量的影响

1材料和方法1.1材料雄性SD大鼠40只,体质量(235±15)g,西安交通大学实验动物中心提供.盐酸吗啡(青海制药厂),氢溴酸东莨菪碱(Sigma).     

透析过程中进食量对血透患者血压影响的初步观察

目的探讨血液透析中进食量对透析中血压变化的影响。方法连续观察36例稳定的血液透析患者的3次独立透析过程（n=108）,计算透析中进食量（FI）、体重相对进食量（FI/BW）、超滤相对进食量（FI/UF）,记录透析前血压及透析中每小时血压,分析患者进食量与血压的关系及与发生低血压的关系,并对引起透析低血压的可能因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果所有透析次患者FI平均为（0.11±0.30）kg,收缩压（SBP）平均（126±29）mmHg,舒张压（DBP）平均（65±15）mmHg,平均动脉压（MAP）平均（83±18）mmHg。FI、FI/BW及FI/UF与患者SBP、DBP及MAP之间均无相关性。54例次患者发生低血压（50%）,发生低血压者与未发生低血压者平均FI、平均FI/BW及平均FI/UF之间均无显著性差异。糖尿病及超滤量较大是发生透析低血压的危险因素。结论稳定的血透患者在透析过程中进食对血压无明显影响,糖尿病及超滤量较大是发生透析低血压的危险因素。     

Compensation for energy intake from fast food among overweight and lean adolescents

Context  Fast food consumption has increased greatly among children in recent years, in tandem with the obesity epidemic. Fast food tends to promote a positive energy balance and, for this reason, may result in weight gain. However, if fast food and obesity are causally related, the question arises of why some children who frequently eat fast food do not become overweight. Objective  To test the hypothesis that overweight adolescents are more susceptible to the adverse effects of fast food than lean adolescents. Design and Setting  In study 1, we fed participants an "extra large" fast food meal in a naturalistic setting (a food court). The participants were instructed to eat as much or little as desired during this 1-hour meal. In study 2, we assessed energy intake under free-living conditions for 2 days when fast food was consumed and 2 days when it was not consumed. Data were collected in Boston, Mass, between July 2002 and March 2003. Participants  Overweight (n = 26) and lean (n = 28) adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. Overweight was defined as a body mass index exceeding sex- and age-specific 85th percentiles based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Main Outcome Measures  Energy intake determined by direct observation in study 1 and by unannounced 24-hour dietary recalls, administered by telephone, in study 2. Results  In study 1, mean (SEM) energy intake from the fast food meal among all participants was extremely large (1652 [87] kcal), accounting for 61.6% (2.2%) of estimated daily energy requirements. Overweight participants ate more than lean participants whether energy was expressed in absolute terms (1860 [129] vs 1458 [107] kcal, P = .02) or relative to estimated daily energy requirements (66.5% [3.1%] vs 57.0% [2.9%], P = .03). In study 2, overweight participants consumed significantly more total energy on fast food days than non–fast food days (2703 [226] vs 2295 [162] kcal/d; +409 [142] kcal/d; P = .02), an effect that was not observed among lean participants (2575 [157] vs 2622 [191] kcal/d; –47 [173] kcal/d; P = .76). Conclusions  In this study, adolescents overconsumed fast food regardless of body weight, although this phenomenon was especially pronounced in overweight participants. Moreover, overweight adolescents were less likely to compensate for the energy in fast food, by adjusting energy intake throughout the day, than their lean counterparts.      

Evaluation of lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns among Irish teenagers

Lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns from a randomly selected group of 390 secondary pupils aged between 12–18 were evaluated. Demographic information and anthropometric measurements included weight, height, and skinfold thickness were taken. Nutrient intake was assessed using the 7-day dietary history method, using a photographic atlas as an aid. Mean energy intakes for boys and girls aged 12–15 and 15–18 were 11.3MJ and 14MJ and 9.1MJ and 8.9 MJ respectively. As percentage energy, protein fat and carbohydrate intakes varied little between the different age-sex groupings and were approximately 13.7–14.5, 35.4–37 and 46.8–50 per cent respectively. For boys micronutrient intake for iron and folate achieving only 83 and 78 per cent and 98 and 90 per cent of the recommended nutrient intake (R.N.I.) for ages 12–15 and 15–18 respectively. Mean dietary fibre intakes were approximately 19.6–25g/day for boys aged 12–18 and 17g/day for girls of a similar age. The main sources of energy were bread, meat and meat products, potatoes/chips, confectionery and preserves. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low for all groups. The majority of those surveyed consumed the traditional main meals. Snacking was also common practice. The snack foods consumed were generally of a high fat/high sugar content. 1.1 per cent boys and 2.6 per cent of girls aged 12–15 and 5.5 per cent and 8.2 per cent of boys and girls aged 15–18 respectively had a BMI greater than 26 indicating a risk of overweight. Greater than 68 per cent of girls and 79.5 per cent of boys surveyed participated in some form of sport. Boys were more physically active than girls and older girls less active than younger. In conclusion, changes from present day practices would be beneficial to reduce incidence of chronic disease for present day teenagers. This survey was supported by a grant from the Kellog Company of Ireland Ltd.     

摄食与药物两个因素在奥氮平诱发体质量增加中的作用与交互作用

目的 探讨摄食(奥氮平引起摄食量增加)与药物(奥氮平对代谢的直接影响)在二代抗精神病药物奥氮平诱发体质量增加中的作用及交互作用.方法 采用两因素析因设计,摄食因素为2个水平(控制饮食、自由饮食),药物因素为3个水平(奥氮平、奥氮平+二甲双胍、空白对照)将SD大鼠分为6组进行饲养,每天测定大鼠的摄食量和体质量.实验结束后...     

倍他司汀抑制奥氮平所致大鼠摄食量和体质量增加机制研究

目的探讨倍他司汀降低奥氮平所致大鼠摄食量和体质量增加的机制。方法将48只Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组、奥氮平组、倍他司汀组和奥氮平+倍他司汀组,每组12只。奥氮平组大鼠给予1.00 mg·kg~(-1)奥氮平灌胃,倍他司汀组大鼠给予2.67 mg·kg~(-1)倍他司汀灌胃,奥氮平+倍他司汀组大鼠同时给予1.00 mg·kg~(-1)奥氮平和2.67 mg·kg~(-1)倍他司汀灌胃,3组大鼠均干预2周;对照组大鼠不干预。记录基线期及干预1、2周末各组大鼠的摄食量和体质量增加量;干预2周末处死大鼠,采用细胞外记录法记录弓状核神经元放电情况。结果基线期4组大鼠摄食量、体质量增加量比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预1周末,奥氮平组大鼠摄食量、体质量增加量显著高于对照组、倍他司汀组和奥氮平+倍他司汀组(P<0.05),倍他司汀组与对照组大鼠摄食量、体质量增加量比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),奥氮平+倍他司汀组大鼠摄食量、体质量增加量显著高于对照组和倍他司汀组(P<0.05);干预2周末,奥氮平组大鼠摄食量、体质量增加量显著高于对照组、倍他司汀组和奥氮平+倍他司汀组(P<0.05),对照组、倍他司汀组和奥氮平+倍他司汀组之间摄食量、体质量增加量比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预2周末,奥氮平组大鼠神经元放电频率和幅度均高于对照组、倍他司汀组和奥氮平+倍他司汀组(P<0.05),奥氮平+倍他司汀组大鼠放电频率和幅度均高于对照组和倍他司汀组(P<0.05),倍他司汀组大鼠放电频率和幅度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论倍他司汀能抑制奥氮平所致大鼠摄食量和体质量的增加,该作用可能与大鼠下丘脑弓状核神经元放电有一定关系。     

大鼠杏仁中央核内微量注射催乳素释放肽抑制摄食

目的 :观察在 2 4h禁食大鼠杏仁中央核 (centralnucleusofamygdala ,CeA)内注射催乳素释放肽 (Pro lactin releasingPeptide ,PrRP)所导致的摄食、体重以及摄食相关行为的改变。方法 :大鼠CeA内注射PrRP或生理盐水后 ,用行为学实验的方法 ,观察大鼠摄食、体重以及摄食相关行为的变化。结果 :与生理盐水组相比 ,给 2 4h禁食大鼠CeA内注射PrRP后可减少摄食。结论 :CeA是PrRP发挥摄食调节作用的一个部位。