替米沙坦对电压依赖性的Kv1.3和Kv1.5通道电流阻断作用的实验研究

目的 通过观察替米沙坦对电压依赖性的Kv1.3和Kv1.5的阻断作用,探讨替米沙坦对此类通道的阻断可能具有的临床作用.方法 使用双电极电压钳技术记录表达于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的Kv1.3和Kv1.5钾通道电流,不同浓度灌流观察其对电流影响.结果 (1)替米沙坦浓度依赖性的阻断Kv1.3通道,其阻断的IC50是2.05 μmol/L.替米沙坦对Kv1.3电流的阻断具有电压依赖性.(2)替米沙坦浓度依赖件的阻断Kv1.5通道,其阻断的IC50是2.37 μmol/L.替米沙坦对Kv1.5电流的阻断具有更显著的电压依赖性.结论 替米沙坦阻断开放状态的Kv1.3可能是其发挥免疫调节和抗动脉粥样硬化作用的机制之一.替米沙坦对开放状态的Kv1.5钾通道的阻断可能是其减少心房颤动发生率的作用机制之一.     

Kvβ1.3亚基显著影响DPO-1对表达在卵母细胞上的Kv1.5通道的阻断作用

目的:研究Kvβ1.3亚基和Kv1.5共表达时,对表达在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的Kv1.5通道DPO-1的阻断作用的影响。方法:在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上异源表达克隆Kv1.5及Kvβ1.3通道基因,用双电极电压钳技术记录全细胞电流,检测药物对Kv1.5通道及Kv1.5+Kvβ1.3共表达通道电流的影响。结果:DPO-1以电压、频率及浓度依赖方式抑制Kv1.5+Kvβ1.3共表达通道的电流。Kvβ1.3亚基存在时,DPO-1的阻断效应明显减弱,DPO-1阻断的IC50由(0.77士0.12)μmol/L显著增加至(47.21士5.18)μmol/L,增加了约60倍(P0.01)。结论:Kvβ1.3亚基显著抑制DPO-1对表达在卵母细胞上的Kv1.5通道的阻断作用,但不改变其电压、频率及浓度依赖性,可能机制是Kvβ1.3亚基与DPO-1相互竞争Kv1.5孔区内部的某些结合位点。     

Kvβ1.3亚基显著影响DPO-1对表达在卵母细胞上的Kvl.5通道的阻断作用

目的:研究Kvβ1.3亚基和Kv1.5共表达时,对表达在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的Kv1.5通道DPO-1的阻断作用的影响。方法:在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上异源表达克隆Kv1.5及Kvβ1.3通道基因,用双电极电压钳技术记录全细胞电流,检测药物对Kv1.5通道及Kv1.5+Kvβ1.3共表达通道电流的影响。结果:DPO-1以电压、频率及浓度依赖方式抑制Kv1.5+Kvβ1.3共表达通道的电流。Kvβ1.3亚基存在时,DPO-1的阻断效应明显减弱,DPO-1阻断的IC50由(0.77士0.12)μmol/L显著增加至(47.21士5.18)μmol/L,增加了约60倍(P<0.01)。结论:Kvβ1.3亚基显著抑制DPO-1对表达在卵母细胞上的Kv1.5通道的阻断作用,但不改变其电压、频率及浓度依赖性,可能机制是Kvβ1.3亚基与DPO-1相互竞争Kv1.5孔区内部的某些结合位点。     

姜黄素对人Kv1.3通道作用的初步研究

目的:探讨姜黄素对人Kv1.3通道的药理作用。方法:通过建立稳定表达在HEK-293细胞上的人Kv1.3通道细胞系,运用全细胞膜片钳技术研究姜黄素对Kv1.3通道的作用,并通过在体动物实验观察药物对兔体表心电图的影响(心率和QTc间期),初步验证药物对心脏的安全性。结果:姜黄素可以时间依赖性和浓度依赖性地阻断Kv1.3通道,半数抑制浓度IC50为4.21μmol/L,而且通道激活曲线向右移动(正电压方向),说明药物对通道的激活状态(开放)产生阻断作用。动物实验发现,在较低浓度时(5或10μmol/L)姜黄素对兔心率和QTc间期没有产生任何影响,在高浓度时(50μmol/L)只是轻微地降低心率和延长QTc间期,无严重心律失常发生。结论:姜黄素可以有效阻断人Kv1.3通道,并且在一定范围内无致心律失常作用,具有相对安全性。本研究为姜黄素治疗自身免疫性疾病的药理机制提供了更多理论基础。     

乌头碱对表达在卵母细胞上的hKv1.5通道的阻断作用

目的观察乌头碱对表达在卵母细胞上的hKv1.5电流的影响。方法 hKv1.5通道表达在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上,利用双电极电压钳技术测量其电流。结果①hKv1.5通道可以稳定表达在卵母细胞上;②乌头碱以浓度和电压依赖性方式阻断表达在卵母细胞上的hKv1.5通道,阻断的IC50值是0.796±0.123μmol/L,其Hill系数为0.280±0.020;③乌头碱对hKv1.5电流的阻断呈时间和频率依赖性。结论乌头碱对hKv1.5电流呈浓度、电压和时间依赖性阻断,提示乌头碱可能是一种开放型钾通道阻断剂,它对开放状态和失活状态下的hKv1.5通道均具有阻断作用。     

替米沙坦对表达在卵母细胞上Kv1.5通道的抑制效应

目的:研究替米沙坦对表达在卵母细胞上的克隆人类Kv1.5通道的作用,探讨其在心脏复极中的潜在效应。方法:在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上异源表达克隆人类Kv1.5通道基因,使用双电极电压钳技术记录全细胞电流,检测药物对Ikur电流的影响。结果:替米沙坦以电压依赖性和浓度依赖性方式抑制Kv1.5通道电流,且对峰电流及1.5s末端电流的抑制效应不同,在1μmol/L浓度下,抑制效应分别达到(7.75±2.39)和(52.64±3.77),其半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为(2.25±0.97)μmol/L和(0.82±0.39)μmol/L。替米沙坦对通道的稳态失活没有显著改变,在对照条件下,V1/2的值为(14.47±3.71)mV,斜坡因子k为(23.24±3.86)mV;在1μmol/L替米沙坦作用下,V1/2和k的值分别为(14.38±4.62)mV和(26.26±5.04)mV(n=6,P>0.05)。同时,替米沙坦显著加速了Kv1.5通道的失活。在对照条件下,Kv1.5通道的失活慢时间常数是(693.74±23.16)ms,在应用1μmol/L替米沙坦后,其失活的慢时间常数下降为(523.85±10.28)ms(n=5,P<0.05)。结论:替米沙坦在临床有效浓度范围内能显著抑制表达在卵母细胞上的Ikur电流,提示它兼有选择性阻滞Kv1.5通道的作用。     

厄贝沙坦对高血压病患者左房内径、P波离散度的影响

目的 探讨厄贝沙坦预防高血压患者房颤的可能机制.方法 选择高血压并发左房扩大而不合并左室肥厚的患者52例,服用厄贝沙坦治疗6～12个月.观察治疗前后左房内径(LADD)、左室P波离散度(PD)和左室射血分数(LVEF)的改变.使用双电极电压钳技术记录表达于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的Kv1.5钾通道电流,不同浓度厄贝沙坦灌流观察其对电流影响.结果 经厄贝沙坦治疗后,患者PD、LADD明显减小,LVEF明显增加(P<0.01).厄贝沙坦浓度依赖性阻断Kv1.5通道.结论 厄贝沙坦对Kv1.5的抑制可能是其减轻心房重构和缩短PD,从而预防房颤发生的电生理学基础.     

普罗帕酮对Kv1.4ΔN钾通道的作用及细胞外钾离子和pH浓度变化时的影响

目的:探讨抗心律失常药物普罗帕酮对Kv1.4△N钾通道的作用,以及细胞外钾离子和pH浓度变化时对该作用的影响,并探讨该作用可能的机制.方法:将Kv1.4ΔN的mRNA注射入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞并使用双电极钳制法观察普罗帕酮对Kv1.4ΔN电生理特性的影响,以及细胞外钾离子和pH变化时的电生理特性改变.结果:pH7 4状态下,普罗帕酮对Kv1.4ΔN通道的峰电流有抑制作用,这种阻滞作用具有电压依赖性、浓度依赖性以及频率依赖性,并且随电位的升高而作用加强,符合单指数和线性关系.普罗帕酮加速电流的失活过程.在不同的钾离子浓度下,这种阻滞作用具有pH依赖性,细胞外高钾pH7 4时,不同浓度普罗帕酮灌流显示IC50为121 μmol/L;细胞外酸性环境下(pH6 0)IC50提高到463 μmol/L,碱性化的环境(pH8 0)降至58 μmol/L.结论:普罗帕酮是Kv1.4ΔN的阻滞剂,可能与作用于细胞内的某些位点有关.     

酮色林对表达在卵母细胞上的Kv1.3通道的抑制作用

目的:研究酮色林(KT)对表达在卵母细胞上的Kv1.3通道的作用,探讨其作为心血管药物的潜在免疫效应。方法:在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达Kv1.3cRNA通道基因,使用双电极电压钳技术记录通道电流,并用药物干预。结果:KT对Kv1.3通道产生浓度依赖性和可逆性抑制效应,其抑制钾通道50%时的浓度(IC50)为(14.3±1.4)μmol/L。在10μmol/L浓度下,KT降低Kv1.3电流幅值达(43.1±3.2)%;在20μmol/L时降低达(54.1±3.2)%。KT的主要效应是降低电流幅度,对激活曲线和失活曲线无显著影响。对稳态激活曲线,在对照条件下,50%最大激活时的膜电位(V1/2)和曲线斜率(k)分别是(-23.8±0.4)mV和(7.2±0.3);应用10μmol/LKT后,V1/2和k分别是(-22.6±0.5)mV和(8.0±0.4);应用20μmol/LKT后,V1/2和k分别是(-22.3±0.5)mV和(8.1±0.5)。对失活曲线,在对照条件下,V1/2和k分别是(-46.7±0.7)mV和(9.0±0.6);应用10μmol/LKT后,V1/2和k分别是(-48.4±0.7)mV和(8.9±0.7);应用20μmol/LKT后,V1/2和k分别是(-49.2±0.6)mV和(8.8±0.5)。结论:KT在临床相关浓度内,对表达在卵母细胞上的Kv1.3通道有显著的抑制作用。其可能通过抑制淋巴细胞Kv1.3通道,从而抑制淋巴细胞的激活,而在心血管疾病的治疗中有潜在的免疫调节作用。     

电压依赖性Kv1.5通道的研究进展

电压依赖性钾离子通道Kv1.5是心房肌超快速激活的延迟整流K+电流的分子基础,具有特有的失活机制,Kv1.5通道的表达和功能受多种因素影响,其电流改变在房颤的发生和维持中起重要作用.特异性Kv1.5通道阻滞剂能通过不同的方式来抑制Kv1.5电流,可能会防止房颤的发生,而无室性心律失常的危险.     

Extracellular acidosis modulates drug block of Kv4.3 currents by flecainide and quinidine

INTRODUCTION: As a molecular model of the effect of ischemia on drug block of the transient outward potassium current, the effect of acidosis on the blocking properties of flecainide and quinidine on Kv4.3 currents was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kv4.3 channels were stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Whole-cell, voltage clamp techniques were used to measure the effect of flecainide and quinidine on Kv4.3 currents in solutions of pH 7.4 and 6.0. Extracellular acidosis attenuated flecainide block of Kv4.3 currents, with the IC50 for flecainide (based on current-time integrals) increasing from 7.8 +/- 1.1 microM at pH 7.4 to 125.1 +/- 1.1 microM at pH 6.0. Similar effects were observed for quinidine (IC50 5.2 +/- 1.1 microM at pH 7.4 and 22.1 +/- 1.3 microM at pH 6.0). Following block by either drug, Kv4.3 channels showed a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage sensitivity of inactivation and a slowing in the time to recover from inactivation/block that was unaffected by acidosis. In contrast, acidosis attenuated the effects on the time course of inactivation and the degree of tonic- and frequency-dependent block for both drugs. CONCLUSION: Extracellular acidosis significantly decreases the potency of blockade of Kv4.3 by both flecainide and quinidine. This change in potency may be due to allosteric changes in the channel, changes in the proportion of uncharged drug, and/or changes in the kinetics of drug binding or unbinding. These findings are in contrast to the effects of extracellular acidosis on block of the fast sodium channel by these agents and provide a molecular mechanism for divergent modulation of drug block potentially leading to ischemia-associated proarrhythmia.     

乌头碱阻断表达在卵母细胞上的HERG通道的电药理特性

目的观察乌头碱对表达在卵母细胞上的HERG电流的影响。方法HERG通道表达在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上,利用双电极电压钳技术测量其电流。结果①HERG通道可以稳定表达在卵母细胞上;②乌头碱以浓度和电压依赖性方式阻断表达在卵母细胞上的野生型HERG通道,阻断的半数抑制浓度值是1.801±0.332μmol/L;③乌头碱对HERG电流的阻断呈时间依赖性;④峰电流幅值被1μmol/L乌头碱显著降低,而稳态失活的半数失活电压(-39.10±1.04 mV vs-41.61±2.66 mV,P>0.05,n=6)没有被乌头碱的阻断显著改变,而斜率k(32.37±1.04 mV vs 41.05±4.19 mV,P<0.05,n=6)出现正向移动。结论乌头碱对HERG电流呈浓度、电压和时间依赖性阻断,而其对失活状态下的HERG通道无明显阻断作用,HERG通道可能是乌头碱致心律失常的关键离子靶点之一。     

地尔硫卓对Kv1.4钾通道动力学的影响

目的:研究地尔硫卓对异源表达在卵母细胞上的克隆fKv1.4钾通道电流的激活及失活动力学影响。方法: 在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上异源表达雪貂心脏来源的去N端Kv1.4（fKv1.4ΔN）通道基因,采用双电极电压钳制技术记录电流、记录药物对fKv1.4ΔN通道电流的影响。结果: 地尔硫卓以频率依赖性、电压依赖性及浓度依赖性的方式抑制fKv1.4ΔN通道电流,其半抑制浓度（IC50）为(241.04±23.06) μmol/L(+50 mV)。对照条件下,fKv1.4ΔN通道电流失活的表现为单指数方程拟合,在应用地尔硫卓后,fKv1.4ΔN通道电流失活变为双指数方程拟合,即药物诱导的快速失活成分及较慢的C型失活成分。地尔硫卓可加快C型失活,但其不影响fKv1.4ΔN通道电流的激活过程。结论: 地尔硫卓为fKv1.4ΔN通道的开放状态阻滞剂,可加快Kv1.4ΔN通道的失活过程。     

Kv1.5 surface expression is modulated by retrograde trafficking of newly endocytosed channels by the dynein motor

In this article we have investigated the mechanisms by which retrograde trafficking regulates the surface expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.5. Overexpression of p50/dynamitin, known to disrupt the dynein-dynactin complex responsible for carrying vesicle cargo, substantially increased outward K+ currents in HEK293 cells stably expressing Kv1.5 (0.57+/-0.07 nA/pF, n=12; to 1.18+/-0.2 nA/pF, n=12, P<0.01), as did treatment of the cells with a dynamin inhibitory peptide, which blocks endocytosis. Nocodazole pretreatment, which depolymerizes the microtubule cytoskeleton along which dynein tracks, also doubled Kv1.5 currents in HEK cells and sustained K+ currents in isolated rat atrial myocytes. These increased currents were blocked by 1 mmol/L 4-aminopyridine, and the specific Kv1.5 antagonist, DMM (100 nM). Confocal imaging of both HEK cells and myocytes, as well as experiments testing the sensitivity of the channel in living cells to external Proteinase K, showed that this increase of K+ current density was caused by a redistribution of channels toward the plasma membrane. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a direct interaction between Kv1.5 and the dynein motor complex in both heterologous cells and rat cardiac myocytes, supporting the role of this complex in Kv1.5 trafficking, which required an intact SH3-binding domain in the Kv1.5 N terminus to occur. These experiments highlight a pathway for Kv1.5 internalization from the cell surface involving early endosomes, followed by later trafficking by the dynein motor along microtubules. This work has significant implications for understanding the way Kv channel surface expression is regulated.     

The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity

Kv1.3 is a voltage-gated potassium (K) channel expressed in a number of tissues, including fat and skeletal muscle. Channel inhibition improves experimental autoimmune encephalitis, in part by reducing IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral T lymphocytes. Gene inactivation causes mice (Kv1.3-/-) exposed to a high-fat diet to gain less weight and be less obese than littermate control. Interestingly, although Kv1.3-/- mice on the high-calorie diet gain weight, they remain euglycemic, with low blood insulin levels. This observation prompted us to examine the effect of Kv1.3 gene inactivation and inhibition on peripheral glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Here we show that Kv1.3 gene deletion and channel inhibition increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in vivo. Baseline and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake are increased in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of Kv1.3-/- mice. Inhibition of Kv1.3 activity facilitates the translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. It also suppresses c-JUN terminal kinase activity in fat and skeletal muscle and decreases IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion by adipose tissue. We conclude that Kv1.3 inhibition improves insulin sensitivity by increasing the amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. These results pinpoint a pathway through which K channels regulate peripheral glucose homeostasis, and identify Kv1.3 as a pharmacologic target for the treatment of diabetes.     

Molecular determinants of Kv1.5 channel block by diphenyl phosphine oxide-1

Kv1.5 channels conduct the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier current (I_Kur) that contributes to action potential repolarization of human atrial myocytes. Block of these channels has been proposed as a treatment for atrial arrhythmias. Diphenyl phosphine oxide-1 (DPO-1) is a novel and potent inhibitor of Kv1.5 potassium channels. The present study was undertaken to characterize the mechanisms and molecular determinants of channel block by DPO-1. Experiments were carried out on wild-type and mutant Kv1.5 channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes using the standard two microelectrode voltage clamp technique. DPO-1 blocked Kv1.5 current in oocytes with an IC₅₀ of 0.78 ± 0.12 μM at + 40 mV. Block was enhanced by higher rates of stimulation, consistent with preferential binding of the drug to the open state of the channel. Ala-scanning mutagenesis of the pore domain of Kv1.5 identified the residues Thr480, Leu499, Leu506, Ile508, Leu510 and Val514 as components of the putative binding site for DPO-1, partially overlapping the site previously defined for the Kv1.5 channel blockers AVE0118 and S0100176. Block of Kv1.5 by DPO-1 was significantly reduced in the presence of Kvβ1.3.     

Glutamate levels and activity of the T cell voltage-gated potassium Kv1.3 channel in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: Alterations in glutamate homeostasis and Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel function have been independently associated with T cell dysfunction, whereas selective blockade of Kv1.3 channels inhibits T cell activation and improves T cell-mediated manifestations in animal models of autoimmunity. Because low extracellular glutamate concentrations enhance the activity of this channel in normal T cells ex vivo, we undertook this study to examine serum glutamate concentrations and Kv1.3 channel activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: We used high-performance liquid chromatography for glutamate measurements, and we used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique for electrophysiologic studies performed in freshly isolated, noncultured peripheral T cells. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD serum concentrations of glutamate were lower in patients with either clinically quiescent SLE (77 +/- 27 microM [n = 18]) or active SLE (61 +/- 36 microM [n = 16]) than in healthy controls (166 +/- 64 microM [n = 24]) (both P < 0.0001). The intrinsic gating properties of the Kv1.3 channels in lupus T cells were found to be comparable with those in healthy control-derived T cells. Notably, electrophysiologic data from SLE patient-derived T cells exposed to extracellular glutamate concentrations similar to their respective serum levels (50 microM) demonstrated Kv1.3 current responses enhanced by almost 20% (P < 0.01) compared with those subsequently obtained from the same cell in the presence of glutamate concentrations within control serum levels (200 microM). CONCLUSION: Based on the key role of Kv1.3 channel activity in lymphocyte physiology, an enhancing in vivo effect of low serum glutamate concentrations on the functional activity of this channel may contribute to lupus T cell hyperactivity. Studies to further elucidate Kv1.3 responses in SLE, as well as the possible pathogenetic role of this unsuspected metabolic abnormality, may have therapeutic implications for SLE patients.     

二十碳四烯酸对转基因中国仓鼠卵母细胞hKv1.5钾通道电流的作用

目的观察二十碳四烯酸对转基因中国仓鼠卵母细胞(CHO细胞)hKv1.5钾通道电流的影响。方法把hKv1.5钾通道基因转入CHO细胞膜中表达,给予不同浓度的ETYA,用全细胞膜片钳技术引出电流并观察不同电压条件下hKv1.5钾通道电流的变化情况。结果ETYA对hKv1.5稳态电流有明显的可逆性抑制作用,且具有浓度依赖性和电压依赖性。ETYA对hkv1.5通道电流的抑制系直接作用于通道而产生,并非影响脂氧合酶的活性而起作用。结论ETYA对hKv1.5钾通道电流有抑制作用。     

The mechanism of atrial antiarrhythmic action of RSD1235

INTRODUCTION: RSD1235 is a novel drug recently shown to convert AF rapidly and safely in patients.(1) Its mechanism of action has been investigated in a rat model of ischemic arrhythmia, along with changes in action potential (AP) morphology in isolated rat ventricular myocytes and effects on cloned channels. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ischemic arrhythmias were inhibited with an ED50 of 1.5 micromol/kg/min, and repolarization times increased with non-significant effects on PR and QRS durations. AP prolongation was observed in rat myocytes at low doses, with plateau elevation and a reduction in the AP overshoot at higher doses. RSD1235 showed selectivity for voltage-gated K+ channels with IC50 values of 13 microM on hKv1.5 (1 Hz) versus 38 and 30 microM on Kv4.2 and Kv4.3, respectively, and 21 microM on hERG channels. RSD1235 did not block IK1 (IC50 > 1 mM) nor ICa,L (IC50= 220 microM) at 1 Hz in guinea pig ventricular myocytes (n = 4-5). The drug displayed mild (IC50= 43 microM at 1 Hz) open-channel blockade of Nav1.5 with rapid recovery kinetics after rate reduction (10-->1 Hz, 75% recovery with tau= 320 msec). Nav1.5 blocking potency increased with stimulus frequency from an IC50= 40 microM at 0.25 Hz, to an IC50= 9 microM at 20 Hz, and with depolarization increasing from 107 microM at -120 mV to 31 microM at -60 mV (1 Hz). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that RSD1235's clinical selectivity and AF conversion efficacy result from block of potassium channels combined with frequency- and voltage-dependent block of INa.