21d头低位卧床期问脑血流的变化及最后一周下体负压锻炼的影响

目的观察 2 1d头低位卧床期间脑血流的变化及最后一周下体负压对抗的影响。方法 1 2名健康男性志愿者 ,随机分为对照组和LBNP组 ,每组 6人 ,进行头低位倾斜卧床 ( - 6°)。对照组在卧床期间不做任何处理 ,LBNP组在卧床最后一周 ,每天进行 1h、- 4.0kPa的下体负压锻炼。利用KYENG Ⅰ导纳式双侧脑血流自动检测仪测量卧床前、卧床第 3、1 0及 2 1天的脑血流量。结果对照组的左侧大脑Ⅰ相面积及流入速度在卧床期间较卧床前均显著降低 ,左侧大脑主峰高度在卧床第 3及 2 1天显著降低 ,左侧大脑阻力指数在卧床第 3及 2 1天显著升高 ;LBNP组的左侧大脑Ⅰ相面积在卧床第 3及 2 1天较卧床前均显著降低 ,左侧大脑阻力指数在卧床期间均显著升高 ,左侧大脑主峰高度及流入速度在卧床第 3及 2 1天有降低趋势 ,但未达到显著水平。两组之间比较无显著性差异。结论 2 1d头低位卧床可引起脑血管阻力增加 ,脑血流量减少 ;在 2 1d头低位卧床的最后一周进行下体负压锻炼 ,不能有效地对抗头低位卧床模拟失重引起的脑血流的变化。     

21d头低位卧床期间心功能的变化及最后一周下体负压锻炼的影响

目的 观察21d头低位卧床期间被试者心功能的变化及最后一周下体负压锻炼（LBNP）的影响。方法 12名健康男性志愿者,随机分为对照组和LBNP组,每组6人,均参加头低位倾斜卧床实验。对照组在卧床期间不做任何处理,LBNP组在卧床最后一周,每天进行1h、－4．0kPa的下体负压锻炼。测量心脏收缩和泵血功能等指标。结果 在卧床期间,两组的心输出量、心指数及每搏输出量较卧床前均显著降低或有降低趋势,射血前期（PEP）均显著延长,总外周阻力、等容收缩时间／左室射血时间（LVET）、PEP／LVET均显著升高而有升高趋势,起床后第2天基本恢复。LBNP组PEP和PEP／LVET在第21天及起床后第2天较对照组显著升高。结论 21d头低位卧床可引起心脏泵血和收缩功能显著降低;在21d头低位卧床的最后一周进行下体负压锻炼,不能有效对抗头低位卧床模拟失重引起的心脏泵血和收缩功能的降低,但对提高立位耐力有利。     

21天头低位卧床期间脑血流的变化及其与立位耐力的关系

目的建立３周头低位倾斜（ＨＤＴ）－６°人体实验模型，观察卧床模拟失重期间脑血流变化及其与立位耐力的关系。方法６名健康男性志愿者进行了２１天ＨＤＴ－６°卧床试验。受试者年龄２３．８±６．１岁。ＨＤＴ前、ＨＤＴ第１０天及卧床结束时进行了３次立位耐力检查。ＨＤＴ前、ＨＤＴ第３天、第１０天、第２１天用ＫＹＥＮＧ－Ⅰ导纳式双侧脑血流自动检测仪测量脑血流量。结果卧床第１０天和卧床结束时，受试者立位耐力平均立位时间比卧床前显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。卧床期间，左右侧大脑血流主峰高度和Ⅰ相面积较卧床前显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；卧床第３天和第２１天的左侧大脑阻力指数较卧床前显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），卧床第１０天、第２１天的左侧大脑血液流入时间较卧床前显著延长（Ｐ＜０．０５），卧床期间左侧大脑血液流入速度比卧床前显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；卧床期间受试者左侧大脑Ⅰ相面积、左侧主峰高度、左侧大脑血液流入速度均和立位耐力时间呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论２１天头低位卧床使立位耐力显著降低；ＨＤＴ卧床期间，脑血管阻力增加，脑血流量减少，可能是导致立位耐力降低的原因之一。     

21天头低位卧床期间颅底动脉血流变化及下体负压的对抗作用

目的 观察21d头低位卧床期间颅底动脉血流动力学的变化及下体负压的对抗作用效果。方法 12名健康男性志愿者，随机分为对照组和下体负压组，每组6人，进行21d头低位倾斜卧床。对照组在卧床期间不做任何处理，下体负压组在卧床的经1周以及最后1周，每天进行1h-30mmHg的下体负压锻炼。利用经颅超声多普勒（TCD）测量头低位卧床9HDT）前（坐位），HDT开始时，第1，3，7，10，21天双侧大脑前，中，后动脉的血流动力学指标。结果 卧床期间，对照组右侧中动脉（MCA）的收缩期峰值血流速度Vs较卧床前（preHDT)及卧床开始时显著降低，左侧MCAVs在卧床开始时较卧床前显著增加，卧床第3天又较开始时显著降低。在卧床期间，下体负压组右侧MCA血流速度Vs,Vd，左侧后动脉（PCA）血流速度Vd较卧床开始时显著降低，卧床第7天右侧MCA血流速度Vd较卧床前显著降低。结论 21d头低位卧床期间双侧MCA的Vs显著降低，并有MCA的不对称变化，前，后各1周的下体负压锻炼不能改善MCA血流速度的降低。     

21d头低位卧床期间第一周和最后一周下体负压锻炼对立位耐力和心功能的影响

目的观察在 2 1d头低位卧床的第一周和最后一周进行下体负压锻炼对立位耐力和心功能的影响。方法 1 2名健康男性志愿者 ,随机分为对照组和LBNP组 ,每组 6人 ,均参加 - 6°头低位倾斜卧床实验。对照组在卧床期间不做任何处理 ,LBNP组在卧床第一周和最后一周 ,每天进行 1h、- 30mmHg的下体负压锻炼。卧床前和卧床第 1 0、2 1天在倾斜床上进行 3次立位耐力检查 ,卧床期间测量心脏泵血和收缩功能等指标。结果卧床前两组 1 2名被试者均顺利通过立位耐力检查。卧床第 1 0和 2 1天 ,对照组所有被试者均不能通过立位耐力检查 ,而下体负压组仅有 1人未通过 ,卧床第 2 1天下体负压组( 1 9.7± 0 .9min)平均耐受时间较对照组 ( 1 5 .0± 3.2min)显著延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。对照组每搏输出量(SV)及心输出量 (CO)在卧床第 3、1 0天较卧床前显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而LBNP组SV及CO在卧床期间均无显著性变化 ;两组的射血前期 (PEP) /左室射血时间 (LVET)在卧床第 3、1 4天均显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组间比较 ,LBNP组PEP/LVET在卧床第 3天较对照组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,LVET在卧床第 3、7和 1 4天较对照组显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 2 1d头低位卧床可引起立位耐力、心脏泵血和收缩功能显著降低 ;在 2 1d头低位卧床的     

15d-6°头低位卧床女性腰椎X线影像变化及防护效果

目的 研究下体负压/自行车功量计锻炼对15 d头低位卧床女性腰椎功能失调的防护作用.方法 对22名女性志愿者分为对照组(CON,n=8)、下体负压锻炼组(LBNP,n=7)、下体负压联合自行车功量计锻炼组(LBNP+ERGO,n=7),在卧床前和卧床后第4天,采用X线对脊柱状态进行了检查.分别测量并比较卧床前后腰椎总长...     

15d-6°头低位卧床对女性下肢SL肉体积的影响及对抗措施的作用

目的 研究短期卧床模拟失重对女性肌肉体积的影响及下体负压联合自行车功量计的对抗效果.方法 22名女性健康志愿者进行15 d-6°头低位卧床实验(HDBR),随机分为卧床对照组(CON,n=8);下体负压组(LBNP,n=7)和自行车功量计结合下体负压锻炼组(ERG0+LBNP,n=7).卧床前后采用MRT技术检测股四头...     

15d-6°头低位卧床对女性运动心肺功能影响及对抗措施效果

目的 明确15 d模拟失重对女性运动心肺功能的影响,同时考核自行车功量计锻炼+下体负压的综合防护效果.方法 22名青年女性健康志愿者,随机分为对照组(CON,n=8)、下体负压组(LBNP,n=7)和自行车功量计+下体负压组(ERGO+LLBNP,n=7).对照组仅进行15 d-6°头低位卧床;LBNP组在第6,8,1...     

振动锻炼和太空养心丸对60 d头低位卧床脑血流的影响

目的 通过观察和比较60 d头低位(HDT)卧床期间振动锻炼、中药太空养心丸对脑血流的影响,进一步明确不同对抗方式对失重不良影响的对抗效果. 方法 21名健康男性志愿者,随机分为对照组、振动组和中药组3组,每组7人.对照组仅-6°HDT卧床60 d,口服安慰剂;振动组和中药组在HDT卧床期间分别进行阻抗振动锻炼和口服太空养心丸.卧床前、卧床第30天、第60天测量右侧大脑中动脉的血流速度. 结果 对照组的收缩期血流速度(Vs)在卧床第30天较卧床前显著降低(t=3.44,P<0.05),并且在第60天进一步降低t=5.07,P<0.01);舒张期血流速度(Vd)、平均血流速度(Vm)在卧床第60天显著降低(t=2.61、7.20,P<0.05).振动组的Vs在卧床第30天显著降低(t=2.49,P<0.05),并且在卧床第60天进一步降低(t=3.49,P<0.01);中药组Vs、Vd和Vm有降低趋势,但未达显著水平. 结论 60d头低位卧床可引起大脑中动脉血流速度显著降低.卧床期间服用太空养心丸对改善脑血流有一定作用,而振动锻炼则对脑血流影响不大.     

4d头低位卧床期间脑血流速度的改变

目的观察 4d头低位卧床模拟失重期间大脑中动脉血流速度的变化。方法 8名健康男性志愿者进行 4d - 6°头低位卧床试验。卧床前和卧床 4d结束时在倾斜床上进行 2次立位耐力检查 ,卧床前(卧位 )、卧床第 1、3、4天及起床后第 2天用经颅多普勒超声仪测量右侧大脑中动脉血流速度。结果 4d卧床结束时 ( 87.5 % )被试者立位耐力不良发生率较卧床前 ( 37.5 % )显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。大脑中动脉收缩期血流速度、舒张期血流速度和平均血流速度在卧床第 1、3天较卧床前均有降低趋势 ,但未达到显著水平 ,卧床第 4天均显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,起床后第 2天基本恢复。在卧床期间 ,平均动脉压及舒张压均显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,体重显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 4d头低位卧床可引起大脑中动脉血流速度显著降低 ,立位耐力不良发生率增加。脑血流速度降低可能是失重 /模拟失重致立位耐力不良的机制之一     

Thermoregulatory function during the marathon

Marathon races are performed over a broad range of environmental conditions. Hyperthermia is a primary challenge for runners in temperate and warm weather, but hypothermia can be a concern during cool-wet or cold conditions. Body temperature during the marathon is a balance between metabolic heat production and exchange with the environment described by the heat balance equation. During exercise, core temperature is proportional to the metabolic rate and largely independent of a wide range of environmental conditions. In temperate or cool conditions, a large skin-to-ambient temperature gradient facilitates radiant and convective heat loss, and reduces skin blood flow requirements, which may explain the tolerance for high core temperature observed during marathons in cool conditions. However, in warmer environments, skin temperatures and sweating rates increase. In addition, greater skin blood flow is required for heat loss, magnifying thermoregulatory and circulatory strain. The combined challenge of exercise and environment associated with marathon running can substantially challenge the human thermoregulatory system.     

Regulation of substrate use during the marathon

The energy required to run a marathon is mainly provided through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the active muscles. Small amounts of energy from substrate phosphorylation are also required during transitions and short periods when running speed is increased. The three inputs for adenosine triphosphate production in the mitochondria include oxygen, free adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate, and reducing equivalents. The reducing equivalents are derived from the metabolism of fat and carbohydrate (CHO), which are mobilised from intramuscular stores and also delivered from adipose tissue and liver, respectively. The metabolism of fat and CHO is tightly controlled at several regulatory sites during marathon running. Slower, recreational runners run at 60-65% maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) for approximately 3:45:00 and faster athletes run at 70-75% for approximately 2:45:00. Both groups rely heavily on fat and CHO fuels. However, elite athletes run marathons at speeds requiring between 80% and 90% VO(2max), and finish in times between 2:05:00 and 2:20:00. They are highly adapted to oxidise fat and must do so during training. However, they compete at such high running speeds, that CHO oxidation (also highly adapted) may be the exclusive source of energy while racing. Further work with elite athletes is needed to examine this possibility.     

AgNORs during the process of wound healing

Silver staining of paraffin sections to detect changes in nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) is an established method for detecting cellular proliferation. To determine whether AgNORs are helpful in assessing wound age and vitality, we examined intravital and postmortem skin biopsies from rats surviving incised wounds to both pinnae for defined intervals up to 384 h using, 7 rats per time interval. One biopsy was taken immediately before death, a second 24 h after been sacrificed and storage at 8 degrees C. Interactive computer-assisted image analysis revealed that in the first 120 h after trauma the total number of AgNORs, the mean AgNOR sum area in the nucleus, and the mean AgNOR area per nucleus were dependent on survival time. Taken as indicators of proliferative activity these morphological phenomena revealed an increase in proliferative activity after survival times ranging from 10 to a maximum of 96 h. The findings were the same in both intravital and postmortem biopsies. These findings are in accordance with those obtained using bromodeoxyuridine. The value of these experimental findings in assessing wound age of human beings is discussed.     

Protection of the eye during carotid angiography

An eye shield was developed for use in neurological examinations in projections in which it does not interfere with the information sought. Use of this shield in A.P., oblique, 30 deg Towne's and 12 deg carotid Towne's projections reduced the corneal dose to approximately 5% of the unshielded value. For lateral projections, doses were reduced to approximately 5-15%. Use of the shield resulted in corneal doses of the order of 0.5 mrad/mAs and 1.0 mrad/mAs for standard and magnified projections respectively, with the exception of the lateral projections for which the corresponding values were approximately 0.3 mrad/mAs and 0.7 mrad/mAs. Corneal dose for a typical carotid angiogram was estimated to be reduced from 6.2 rad to 0.33 rad by the use of the shield.     

Bradyarrhythmias during use of the AngioJet system

The AngioJet system is an effective thrombectomy device, but it may cause chest discomfort and provoke bradyarrhythmias that range from mild bradycardia to asystole. The cause of AngioJet-induced bradyarrhythmia is unknown, although several hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon. Herein several cases will be described, followed by a review of the relevant literature. The literature review suggests that the cause may be related to the effects of the hydrodynamic jets on stretch-activated receptors present on the vascular endothelium, and that pretreatment with gadolinium or streptomycin might prevent activation of these receptors.