HPLC法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料及其制剂含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料及其制剂含量.方法:Hypersil C18(5 μm,4.6 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,0.1%磷酸溶液(加磷酸氢二钾80.5 mg)-乙腈(85:15)为流动相,流速1.0ml·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长243 nm.结果:甲磺酸帕珠沙星在5～500μg·ml-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系.甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料(3批)加样回收率99.2%甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液加样回收率均值为100.1%;甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液加样回收率均值为99.7%.结论:采用HPLC测定原料及其制剂中甲磺酸帕珠沙星含量方法简便,结果可靠.     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液单次给药在人体内的药物动力学研究

目的建立测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星血浆药物浓度的HPLC-UV检测法,研究国产甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液在人体内的药物动力学。方法12名健康志愿受试者单次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液500 mg,以盐酸芦氟沙星为内标,测定血浆中帕珠沙星的浓度,用DAS 1.0软件处理经时血药浓度数据,计算主要药物动力学参数。结果单次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液500 mg后,于给药后0.50 h达到峰浓度9.83±2.52 mg.L-1,AUC0-t为18.99±4.15 mg.h.L-1,T1/2β为2.67±0.31 h,Cl/F和V/F分别为23.73±3.81 L.h-1和1.16±0.31 L.kg-1。结论单次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液的体内过程符合二室开放模型;除AUC外,男、女受试者的其余药动学参数比较,差异无统计学意义。     

高效液相色谱法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液中右旋体的含量

目的建立甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液中右旋异构体含量的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法Shim pakCLC ODS柱 (15 0mm× 6 .0mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为L 异白氨酸硫酸铜溶液 (取L 异白氨酸 1.3g、硫酸铜 1.0g和水 10 0 0ml溶解用 0 .1mol/L盐酸或 0 .1mol/L氢氧化钠调pH至 3.5 ) 甲醇 (75∶2 5 ) ;检测波长 :32 0nm。结果甲磺酸帕珠沙星右旋体在 0 .5～ 10 0 μg/ml浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系 (r=0 .9993) ,平均回收率为 99.5 4 % ,RSD为 1.0 1% (n =9)。结论此法快捷、专属性及重现性好 ,可用于甲磺酸帕珠沙星和D 甲磺酸帕珠沙星杂质的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料含量及其有关物质

目的:反相高教液相色谱法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料含量及其有关物质.方法:采用Hypersil C18(5μm,4.6mm×250mm)色谱柱,以0.1%磷酸(加0.0805g磷酸氢二钾):乙腈(85:15)为流动相,流速1.OmL·min-1,柱温30℃,于243nm波长处测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星含量及有关物质.40±2℃放置6个月、25±2℃放置12个月考察质量稳定性.结果:1.0-500μg·mL-1内峰面积与浓度线性关系良好.样品溶液室温放置24h稳定,RSD<1.0%.甲磺酸帕珠沙星保留时间为7.012min,与有关物质分离度>1.5.三批原料含量平均值为99.8%,有关物质含量<1.0%.加速试验及长期放置质量稳定.结论:RPHPLC法测定甲磺酸帕球沙星原料含量及其有关物质简便,结果可靠,可用于甲磺酸帕珠沙星原料及其制剂的质量控制.     

RP-HPLC法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星及有关物质

目的建立甲磺酸帕珠沙星的RP-HPLC含量测定及有关物质检测方法.方法采用C18柱(5μm,4.6mm×250mm),流动相为乙腈-磷酸三乙胺水溶液(含0.5%磷酸,1%三乙胺)(5248),检测波长为254nm.结果甲磺酸帕珠沙星在1.0～200μg@mL-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系(r=0.9997),平均回收率为(99.3±0.56)%.结论本法简便,专属性及重现性好,可用于测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星含量及有关物质.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定兔血清中甲磺酸帕珠沙星浓度

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC法)测定兔血清中甲磺酸帕珠沙星的浓度.方法:采用YWG C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸溶液-三乙胺(55:44.5:0.5),流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为20μL,检测波长为254nm,柱温为35℃,血清样品以诺氟沙星为内标.结果:甲磺酸帕珠沙星的线性范围为1～40μg/mL,最低检测浓度为0.1μg/mL,平均回收率在97.6%～106.1%之间,日内、日间RSD均小于5.0%.结论:RP-HPLC法精确、灵敏、稳定,可用于甲磺酸帕珠沙星血药浓度的测定和药代动力学研究.     

复方甲磺酸帕珠沙星滴眼液的制备及质量控制

目的制备复方甲磺酸帕珠沙星滴眼液,并建立质量控制方法。方法以甲磺酸帕珠沙星、氯化钠、地塞米松磷酸钠、羟苯乙酯制备复方甲磺酸帕珠沙星滴眼液;采用高效液相色谱法测定其中甲磺酸帕珠沙星的含量。结果甲磺酸帕珠沙星检测浓度在20.0～80.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9999）,平均回收率为97.7%（RSD=1.96%,n=6）。结论本方法简便？准确？重现性好,可用于甲磺酸帕珠沙星滴眼液的质量控制。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查

目的考察甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法采用不同厂家、不同批号、不同灵敏度的鲎试剂对甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液进行干扰试验。结果该注射液经12倍稀释后,用λ为0.25EU·mL-1的鲎试剂,对细菌内毒素检查无干扰。结论甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液可以采用内毒素检查法。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星眼用凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备甲磺酸帕珠沙星眼用凝胶并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以甲磺酸帕珠沙星为主药,聚乙烯醇为基质制备眼用凝胶;采用高效液相色谱法测定其中主药的含量,并考察其稳定性。结果:所制制剂为淡黄色胶体,鉴别、检查均符合2005年版《中国药典》中的相关规定;甲磺酸帕珠沙星检测浓度的线性范围为20.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.67%(RSD=0.79%,n=3);室温放置2个月,样品均未发生分层。结论:该制备工艺简便、可行,质量控制方法操作快速,结果准确可靠。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星对临床常见致病菌体外抗菌活性及抗生素后效应观察

目的：观察甲磺酸帕珠沙星对临床常见致病菌的体外抗菌作用及对大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抗生素后效应（PAE）。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定甲磺酸帕珠沙星对临床常见致病菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）;采用稀释法和菌落计数法观察甲磺酸帕珠沙星不同浓度时对大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的 PAE。结果甲磺酸帕珠沙星对临床常见致病菌存在较强的抗菌活性;药物在浓度为8 MIC、4 MIC、2 MIC 时,对大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌产生明显的 PAE,且随着药物浓度的增大,PAE 值随之增大。结论甲磺酸帕珠沙星对对大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌存在明显的 PAE,且测试菌对甲磺酸帕珠沙星存在浓度依耐性。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.