老年原发性高血压合并无症状性脑梗死的脑血管评估

目的：探讨老年原发性高血压静止性脑梗死与颅内-外动脉狭窄的关系。方法：对86例老年原发性高血压合并静止性脑梗死患者的数字减影血管造影（DSA）和彩色多普勒超声（Duplex）检查资料进行分析。计算颅内-外动脉狭窄率及斑块未检出率，并对DSA和Duplex检查进行比较。结果：86例患者颈动脉颅外段斑块检出率高于正常对照组（62．79％，24．00％，P〈0．01）。86例患者中，单纯颅外动脉、颅内动脉及颅内-外动脉多发性狭窄或闭塞发生率分别为43．02％（37／86）、16．82％（14／86）和27．91％（24／86）。颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞发生率高于颅内动脉（70．93％，44．19％，P〈0．001）。Duplex对颈动脉颅外段狭窄检查结果与DSA差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结论：在老年原发性高血压合并静止性脑梗死患者中，颈动脉颅外段狭窄有较高的患病率。对老年原发性高血压患者定期进行颈动脉Duplex超声检查，可早期发现颈动脉颅外段狭窄并采取相应措施，对预防缺血性脑血管病有重要意义。     

超声观察颈动脉硬化斑块稳定性与脑梗死的关系

目的：探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性与脑梗死关系。方法：对60例脑梗死病人及50例对照组病人行颈动脉超声检查。结果：脑梗死组斑块发生率（72．8％）明显高于对照组（56．0％）,梗死组不稳定斑块及溃疡斑的发生率明显高于对照组（分别为41．1％与17．3％）：梗死侧组软斑及溃疡斑的发生率亦明显高于非梗死侧组,分别为63个（51．1％）与11个（17．6％）（P〈0．05）。脑梗死组〉75％的管腔狭窄数为20例,明显高于对照组的3例（P〈0．05）,结论：颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死显著相关,颈动脉粥样硬化的程度及斑块的不稳定性是脑梗死的危险因素。     

颈动脉粥样硬化及流速对早期预测脑梗死的临床价值分析

目的利用5—10MHz高频彩色多普勒超声研究颈动脉粥样硬化及流速对早期预测脑梗死的临床价值。方法对经Cr、MRI确诊的300例脑梗死患者和300例非脑梗死的颅外颈动脉行彩色多普勒检查，分析及对比两组患者颈动脉颅外段粥样硬化程度及多普勒流速。结果脑梗死组的粥样硬化发生率90％，明显高于非脑梗死组的发生率13．33％（P〈0．05）。颈动脉粥样斑块形成：脑梗死组发生率83．33％，明显高于非脑梗死组发生率16．67％（P〈0．05）。且脑梗死组的CCA、ECA、ICA的流速比非脑梗死组的低，符合临床的一般规律。结论颈动脉粥样硬化及流速减低是脑梗死的危险因素，颈动脉超声检查对于早期预测脑梗死的发生有重要的临床价值。     

高频超声对腔隙性脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性的研究

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方放64例高血压患者及32例健康人接受颈动脉超声检查,对高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与腔隙性脑梗死的关系进行相关分析。结果腔梗组及单纯高血压组内-中膜厚度（IMT）、IMT增厚发生率、斑块发生率均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。腔梗组斑块发生率明显高于单纯高血压组（P〈0．005）。在64例高血压患者中,检出斑块组腔隙性脑梗死发生率明显高于未检出斑块组（P〈0．01）。结论腔隙性脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化,尤其是动脉粥样斑块的发生及严重程度密切相关。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死相关性研究

目的通过对颈动脉粥样硬化的检测及治疗,探讨其与脑梗死的相关性。方法以200例脑梗死组及200例非脑血管病组为研究对象,检测颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、颈动脉狭窄程度;将非脑血管病组有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的患者随机分成两组,一组用阿司匹林及辛伐他汀（治疗组）治疗,另一组单用阿司匹林（对照组）治疗,1年后复查颈部血管超声,对比治疗前后的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的大小,同时观察1年中两组干预治疗的患者缺血性脑血管病的发生率,并进行比较。结果颈动脉斑块发生率在脑梗死组为70％,非脑血管病组为28％;颈动脉中重度狭窄发生率在脑梗死组22％,非脑血管病组为6％,脑梗死组颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、颈动脉狭窄发生率与非脑血管病组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．01;P〈0．01;P〈0．01）;经干预治疗后在治疗组中颈动脉粥样硬化斑块有不同程度的缩小,内部回声增强;对照组中粥样硬化斑块大小变化不明显;1年中治疗组中脑梗死的发生率为8．7％（2／23）,对照组为37．5％（9／24）,两组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）结论颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死的发病关系密切,对其进行干预性治疗可减少脑梗死的发生。     

颈动脉粥样斑块与脑梗死的相关性分析

目的：探讨颈动脉粥样斑块（CAA）与脑梗死的临床关系。方法：对118例脑梗塞患者进行颈动脉超声检查，了解有无颈动脉粥样硬化斑块并确定其大小、范围、表面形态、病变性质。结果：高血压合并脑梗死组颈动脉粥样斑块发生率最高（66．3％）。其次是脑梗死组（53．1％），再次是高血压组（37．6％），正常人组最低（20．0％）。斑块好发部位依次为颈动脉分叉部、颈总动脉和颈内动脉。结论：颈动脉超声检查可早期发现颈动脉继样斑块，颈动脉继样斑块是脑梗死重要危险因素，防止斑块的形成对防止脑梗死的发生有非常重要的意义。     

糖耐量减低与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系初探

选择2006年7月至2008年1月在我院神经内科住院的初发脑梗死且排除糖尿病患者160例,根据简化糖耐量（OGTT）实验结果分为糖耐量减低（IGT）组80例和耐量正常（NGT）组80例,采用动脉血管超声检查颈动脉粥样硬化及颈动脉狭窄程度。结果示脑梗死IGT组和NGT组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率分别为87．5％（70／80）、63．8％（51／80）,差异有统计学意义（X^2=12．240,P〈0．001）;颈动脉狭窄发生率分别为63．8％（51／80）、47．5％（38／80）,差异有统计学意义（X^2=4．279,P=0．039）;脑梗死IGT组颈动脉狭窄程度较脑梗死NGT组增加（X^2=21．95,P〈0．01）。提示IGT可能与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化和颈动脉狭窄有关。     

颈部血管粥样斑块情况与缺血性中风的关系探讨

目的：超声检查颈部血管发现的粥样斑块情况与缺血性中风的关系探讨。方法：选择2006～2007年缺血性脑卒中患者77例（缺血性脑卒中组）及非缺血性脑卒中患者及健康体检者83例（对照组）行颈部血管超声和血液生化检查，比较两组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的部位、数量、性质、颈动脉内径及缺血性脑卒中危险因素间的差异。结果：两组研究对象颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率、左右颈总动脉内径间差异均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块位于颈总动脉最多（78．0％），其次是颈总动脉分叉处（15．8％），颈内动脉颅外段最少（6．2％）。斑块部位与缺血性脑卒中部位有显著同侧相关性（P〈0．05）。两组研究对象年龄、合并高血压、糖尿病、代谢综合征间差异无显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论：颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与缺血性脑卒中发生有密切关系，对早期预测及预防缺血性脑卒中发生具有重要的临床意义。     

缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉多普勒超声扫描的研究

目的：探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性脑血管病的关系。方法：应用多普勒超声技术检测54例短暂性脑缺血发作患者和45例脑梗塞患者的颅外段颈动脉和颅内大脑中动脉。检测分析指标为颅外段颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的分布、狭窄度、超声分型和颅内大脑中动脉的平均血流速度。并将有症状侧和无症状侧进行比较研究。结果：①短暂性脑缺血发作患者无症状侧颅外段颈内动脉中度以上狭窄发生率（37.0%)明显高于有症状侧（11.1%,P＜0.01);脑梗塞患者无症状侧重度以上狭窄发生率（17.8%),明显高于有症状侧（2.2%,P＜0.01),其中1例无症状侧颅外段颈内动脉完全闭塞。②短暂性脑缺血发作与脑梗塞组颅外段颈动脉粥样硬化斑块均以扁平斑和软斑最为多见,其次是硬斑和溃疡斑。且短暂性脑缺血发作和脑梗塞组患者无症状侧软斑发生率明显高于有症状侧（P＜0.01)。③脑梗塞组无症状侧大脑中动脉血流缓慢有31例（68.9%）,明显高于有症状侧（P＜0.01)。结论：颅内,外段颈动脉粥样硬化是缺血性脑血管病的重要危险因素,这一发现对于临床上预测无症状人群缺血性脑血管病的发生有重要的价值。     

老年脑梗死与颈动脉粥样斑块的相关分析

目的通过研究老年脑梗死患者和非卒中患者颈动脉粥样斑块的相关性,以便临床早期干预。减少脑梗死的发生。方法采用彩色多普勒血流成像技术对120例脑梗死患者进行检测,观察其梗死侧和非梗死侧颈动脉内中膜厚度,斑块的部位、大小及数目,动脉狭窄程度以及血流动力学改变等,并与85例对照组患者的颈动脉粥样斑块患处情况进行比较。结果脑梗死组患者的颈动脉粥样斑块检出率为72．5％,显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。多因素Logistic同侧回归分析显示：斑块的大小及数量、峰值流速、搏动指数与脑梗死有明显的相关性（P〈0．05）,而颈动脉内中膜厚度、狭窄程度与脑梗死无显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论通过颈动脉粥样斑块的性质,可预测老年脑梗死的进展,评估患者的预后,为老年脑梗死的预防和治疗提供佑据。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.