超声心动图评价心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔

目的评价超声心动图对于心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔的诊断价值,并对比室间隔穿孔外科修补组与非外科修补组30 d生存率。方法 2000年～2009年本心脏中心的心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔住院患者49例,年龄45～78岁,平均66岁,男27例,女22例。急诊室间隔修补手术32例,将术前急诊超声心动图结果与术中结果进行对比。并对比室间隔外科修补组与非外科修补组患者30 d生存率。结果 32例室间隔外科修补患者,超声诊断室间隔穿孔的准确率100%,穿孔部位的判定率96%,对于合并室壁瘤的准确率93%。室间隔外科修补组患者30 d生存率71.9%(23/32),未行室间隔修补30 d生存率41.2%(7/17)。结论超声心动图对室间隔穿孔具有重要诊断价值,紧急外科修补手术,可明显提高30 d生存率。     

经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入治疗中的临床价值

目的探讨经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)介入治疗中的临床价值。方法 30例中央型ASD患者,使用TTE进行术前筛选,多个切面测量ASD的大小及周边情况,选择封堵器型号,术中监测介入治疗过程,并对封堵成功患者进行术后随访观察。结果30例患者中,29例封堵成功,成功率为96.67%,其中1例封堵器释放后,可见少许残余分流,术后3d、1个月仍有少许残余分流,术后3个月分流消失,其余封堵器位置固定,无并发症发生;1例ASD患者因房缺缘较软,支持力度不够,封堵失败,行外科修补术。结论超声心动图作为一种安全、无创、简便的检测手段,在ASD介入治疗中具有重要的临床价值。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨经胸与经食道超声心动图在房间隔缺损（ASD）经皮介入治疗中的应用。方法选择2005年5月至2009年9月期间在本院接受经皮房间隔缺损封堵术的92例患者,所有患者均经过临床、心电图、X线平片及经食管超声（TEE）和／或经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查诊断为继发孔型ASD,并根据超声心动图检查结果选择封堵器大小,均经股静脉途径放置封堵器,患者术后即刻、1周复查1TrE、心电图。结果共有91例患者封堵成功,1例患者因封堵器脱落行急诊手术,经胸与经食管超声对ASD直接测量,差异有统计学意义。结论ASD介入治疗总体有效,术前慎密综合超声心动图检查结果选择适合封堵术患者及选择封堵器直径是保障治疗成功的关键,经食管超声在ASD经皮封堵术治疗中仍有重要的使用价值。     

超声心动图在右室双出口大动脉转换术前后的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在右室双出口(DORV)大动脉转换术前后的应用价值。方法回顾性分析160例经手术证实为DORV,并行大动脉转换术患儿的超声心动图资料,将手术前后的超声检查结果进行对比。结果 160例患儿中,超声术前诊断DORV者155例(96.9%),术前诊断室间隔缺损部位与手术相符者127例(79.3%)。术后补片残余分流者17例;术后超声提示左、右肺动脉流速情况85例(53.1%),其中右肺动脉狭窄29例,左肺动脉狭窄21例。新主动脉瓣反流程度较术前加重者114例,新肺动脉瓣反流程度较术前加重者20例。结论超声心动图可于术前准确诊断DORV及其室间隔缺损部位;术后准确评估半月瓣反流程度、补片残余分流及吻合口残余梗阻的情况,但对于肺动脉分支狭窄的检出较为困难。     

室间隔缺损修补术后残余分流自然愈合的彩色多普勒超声心动图观察

本文报道２例室间隔缺损修补术后残余分流但以后自然愈合的患者，１例室间隔缺损患者于修补术后１０天彩色多普勒超声心动图检查时见残余分流，在术后１２周复查时发现残余分流自然消失。另１例为室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损患者，术后第２天有较重的血红蛋白尿，彩色多普勒超声心动图检查时发现心室水平及左室与右房间的残余分流而行再次修补术。第二次术后１５天彩色多普勒超声心动图检查时仍存在左室与右房间的残余分流。继续追踪观察于再次术后７周原残余分流消失，自然愈合。室间隔缺损术后可因修补不完善，补片与空间隔间缝线撕裂，或补片与室间隔间存在较窄的缝隙而出现残余分流。较小的残余分流可因补片与室间隔交接处形成血栓、缝线周围纤维化等因素而自然愈合，患者无需进行再治疗。彩色多普勒超声心动图可较敏感地发现室间隔缺损术后残余分流，并可追踪观察残余分流的自然愈合，因而对其预后判断具有重要价值。     

超声心动图在多发性房间隔缺损封堵中的应用价值

目的：探讨经胸及经食管超声心动图在多发性房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵中的应用价值。方法：9例经超声心动图诊断为2处ASD的患者（7例行经食管超声心动图检查）在经胸超声心动图监测下行经心导管房间隔缺损封堵术。结果：7例行经食管超声心动图检查者，5例明确为2处ASD，1例为单个较大缺损，1例为3处缺损。余2例介入封堵术中造影检查示1例为2处缺损，1例为单个缺损。所有患者均在经胸超声心动图监测下行经心导管ASD封堵获得成功。4例患者用了2个封堵器，5例用了1个封堵器。结论：对于多发性ASD，可应用经胸或经食管超声心动图明确缺损的数量、大小、间距以及边缘距离，然后根据缺损间距选择单个或多个封堵器。     

封堵未成功的房间隔缺损超声心动图诊断与外科手术对比研究

目的：回顾分析房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵未成功病例,从而评价经胸超声心动图（TTE）及经食管超声心动图（TEE）在房间隔封堵术前筛选中的作用。方法：临床主张外科修补而患者自愿要求试封堵的16例ASD患者的TTE及TEE检查结果与心胸外科手术结果进行对比研究。结果：16例ASD患者TTE及TEE结果与手术结果大致相同,其中9例巨大型ASD;7例边缘不全型ASD。TTE、TEE测量ASD最大值与外科手术值具有较高的相关性（r=0.748,P＜0.01;r=0.928,P＜0.01）,其中TEE值与手术值相关性更高（r=0.928,P＜0.01）。结论：TTE及TEE可以明确ASD的部位、大小及缺损残缘情况等,为ASD介入封堵筛选合适病人提供可靠依据。     

超声心动图在多孔的2型房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声心动图在多孔的2型房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵治疗中的应用价值。 方法 应用经食管超声心动图（TEE）或经胸超声心动图（TTE）诊断多孔的2型ASD23例，所有患者均在X-线和术中TTE监测下行封堵治疗，术后TTE跟踪复查评价其疗效。 结果23例患者封堵器置入均获成功，共放置38个封堵器。封堵器选择的大小与术前判断大小相关性非常好，相关系数r=0．9，P〈0．001。术后即刻显示18例患者33个封堵器处穿隔血流消失，有5例患者5个封堵器处仍有微量残余分流，术后1个月～3年复查2例有微量分流。 结论 多孔的2型ASD患者可行封堵治疗且疗效确切，但超声心动图对病例选择、术中引导等方面有其特殊性，应引起超声医师和临床医师的高度重视。     

超声在房间隔膨出瘤并继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨超声心动图在房间隔膨出瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵治疗中的应用价值。方法 应用经食管超声心动图（TEE）或经胸超声心动图（TTE）诊断ASA并发ASD17例，所有患者均在X线和术中TTE监测下行封堵治疗，术后TTE跟踪复查评价其疗效。结果 17例患者封堵器置人均获成功，共放置24个封堵器。封堵器选择的大小与术前判断大小相关性好（r=0．91，P〈0．001）。术后即刻显示17例患者21个封堵器处穿隔血流消失，有3例患者3个封堵器处仍有微量残余分流，术后1个月至3年复查1例有微量分流。结论 ASA并发ASD的患者可行封堵治疗且疗效确切，而超声心动图在病例选择、术中引导等方面有其特殊性，应引起超声医生和临床医生的重视。     

右室双出口大动脉转换术前后的超声心动图评估

【】 目的 探讨超声心动图在右室双出口(DORV)大动脉转换术手术前、后的应用价值,分析误诊原因,提高诊断的准确性。方法 本文回顾性分析了160例经手术证实为DORV,并行大动脉转换术患儿的超声心动图资料,并将手术前、后的超声检查结果进行对比。结果 160例患儿中,超声术前诊断为DORV者155例(符合率96.9%),室间隔缺损部位术前诊断与手术相符者127例(符合率79.3%)。术后补片残余分流者17例,主动脉吻合口残余梗阻33例,肺动脉吻合口残余梗阻61例。术后超声提示左、右肺动脉的仅85例(检出率53%),其中右肺动脉狭窄29例,左肺动脉狭窄21例。右室流出道残余梗阻15例,左室流出道残余梗阻2例。新主动脉瓣反流程度较术前加重者114例,新肺动脉瓣反流程度较术前加重者20例。结论 术前超声心动图可以较准确地诊断DORV及其室间隔缺损的部位；术后可以较准确地评估半月瓣反流程度、补片残余分流和吻合口残余梗阻的情况,但对于肺动脉分支狭窄的检出困难。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.