The natural history of serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment]

The natural history of 25 eyes of 21 patients with serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED) within the vascular arcade was retrospectively studied to clarify the risk factors for development of choroidal neovascular membranes (NVM) from PED (mean age 55.8 +/- 10.4 years; mean follow-up 18.8 +/- 10.3 months). During the follow-up period, 6 eyes (24%) developed NVM. The significant risk factors for NVM development at the first visit were: older patient age (greater than 60 years): larger PED size (greater than 1 disc diameter): presence of PED in the fovea. Eyes with sensory retinal detachment that did not decrease during the follow-up had a significant high risk for NVM development. Eyes with NVM development showed significantly worse visual prognosis as compared to those with no NVM development. Life-table analysis (Kaplan-Meier method) showed that the incidence of developing NVM was 8% at 3 months, 16% at 6 months, and 24% at 9 months. These results suggested that the size and location of PED and clinical course of sensory retinal detachment in addition to the patient age may be important determinants of the prognosis of PED.     

The natural history of serous retinal pigment epithelium detachment in patients with age-related macular degeneration

One hundred ten patients with serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were reexamined to enhance our knowledge of the natural course of this condition. All patients were greater than 50 years of age, had age-related macular degeneration, and had neither blood, lipid, nor angiographic evidence of a definite choroidal neovascular membrane (NVM) at the time of the initial examination. All patients were followed up for at least six months except for two patients who had developed a choroidal NVM within the first six months of the initial exam. Forty-five of 140 eyes (32%) developed a choroidal NVM within an average of 19.6 months (median, 12 months). This was associated with a final visual acuity of 20/200 or worse (P less than 0.0001). Ophthalmoscopic and angiographic features present at the initial visit which were associated with the development of NVM and poor final visual acuity were: sensory retinal detachment; increased size of PED; hot spot; late filling; notching; and irregular filling. At the most recent examination, 39% of the eyes had a final visual acuity of 20/20 to 20/40, while 24% of the eyes had a final visual acuity of less than or equal to 20/200.     

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: natural history

PURPOSE: The present study was performed to clarify the long-term natural history of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive observational case series. METHODS: Fourteen eyes of 12 consecutive patients with PCV were prospectively followed in our clinic for at least 2 years without any treatment after a first visit to the clinic between February 1996 and November 1998. All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, color fundus photography, and fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography at regular intervals. Inclusion criteria were as follows: eyes had serous and/or hemorrhagic pigment epithelium detachment (PED) and retinal detachment in the posterior pole, and ICG angiography revealed a branching vascular network with polypoidal dilations at the terminals of the network. Exclusion criteria were as follows: other diseases such as exudative age-related macular degeneration, high myopia, angioid streaks, and presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, and patients who previously underwent any ocular surgery. RESULTS: Patients were followed for mean of 39.9 months (range, 24-54 months). PCV was present in 10 (83%) men and two women and in the elderly (mean age 68.1 years), usually unilateral (83%) with vascular lesions located at the macula (93%). The PCV manifested in two patterns, exudative and hemorrhagic. In the exudative pattern, serous PED and retinal detachment were predominant at the macula. The hemorrhagic pattern was characterized by hemorrhagic PED and subretinal hemorrhage at the macula. ICG angiography revealed polypoidal choroidal neovascularization that was changeable in appearance and repeatedly grew and spontaneously regressed, but the vascular network persisted. In some eyes, a collection of small aneurysmal dilations of vessels resembling a cluster of grapes appeared and all of them had marked bleeding and leakage and worse outcome. CONCLUSION: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy is a long persistent chronic disease and the patients had a variable course. Fifty percent of the patients had a favorable course. In the remaining half of the patients, the disorder persisted for a long time with occasional repeated bleeding and leakage, resulting in macular degeneration and visual loss. Eyes with a cluster of grapes-like polypoidal dilatations of the vessels had a high risk for severe visual loss.     

One-year outcome after intravitreal ranibizumab for large, serous pigment epithelial detachment secondary to age-related macular degeneration

Aim

To report the effects of intravitreal ranibizumab therapy for large, serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED), secondary to age-related macular degeneration, and occupying more than 50% of the total lesion area.

Materials and methods

In a retrospective case series, visual acuity, ocular coherence tomography (OCT), and safety data were collected for 19 eyes of 19 patients, with serous PED and evidence of disease progression. Intravitreal ranibizumab of 0.5 mg was given with a loading phase of three consecutive monthly injections, followed by monthly review with further treatment, as indicated according to visual acuity and OCT findings. The change in visual acuity and maximum PED height from baseline to month 12 was determined.

Results

Moderate visual loss was avoided in 18/19 eyes (95%) at the 12-month examination. In all, 12 eyes (63%) had an increase in ETDRS letter score from baseline, and five eyes (26%) had a gain of 15 or more letters. Although there was a trend for the PED height to reduce with treatment, in none of the cases was the PED seen to resolve completely. There was no difference in functional or anatomical outcome between the avascular and vascularised serous PED. A single eye developed a retinal pigment epithelium rip, complicated by extensive sub-retinal haemorrhage, during the study period.

Conclusions

Visual acuity outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab for large serous PED are comparable to those seen in multicentre, phase 3 trials of other lesion types, and were obtained without the need for either monthly, fixed treatment, or for continued treatment until the PED resolves.     

Laser photocoagulation for choroidal new vessel membrane complicating age-related macular degeneration associated with pigment epithelial detachment

We studied 124 consecutive eyes that had laser photocoagulation for choroidal new vessel membranes (NVM) associated with pigment epithelial detachment (PED). In many cases, the extent of the NVM was uncertain. We thought it was not subfoveal in all cases but it possibly may have been subfoveal in one subgroup of cases. With a mean follow-up of 16 months, vision was stable or improved in 53% of the treated eyes. There was no difference in outcome between argon-treated and krypton-treated eyes. On the basis of fluorescein angiograms, we classified 86 of the eyes into four nonexclusive groups. Vision was stable or improved in 68% of eyes with juxtafoveal or extrafoveal PED, 48% with subfoveal PED, 76% with juxtafoveal or extrafoveal NVM, and 50% of eyes with possibly subfoveal NVM. A randomized clinical trial of laser photocoagulation for NVM in PED is both indicated and warranted. A pilot study under the auspices of the Macular Photocoagulation Study is now under way to determine the feasibility of and develop a protocol for such a trial.     

Safety enhanced photodynamic therapy with half dose verteporfin for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: a short term pilot study

AIM: To evaluate short term safety of an enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol with half dose verteporfin for treating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: 20 eyes of 18 patients with symptomatic chronic CSC underwent PDT using 3 mg/m2 verteporfin. Verteporfin was infused over 8 minutes followed by indocyanine green angiography guided laser application 2 minutes later. Serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) recordings were performed before PDT, at 4 days, 2 weeks, and 1 month after PDT. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), OCT central retinal thickness, and mean mfERG response amplitudes and peak latencies were compared longitudinally. Subgroup analysis was further performed for eyes with or without pigment epithelial detachment (PED). RESULTS: At 1 month after PDT, the median BCVA improved from 20/40 to 20/30 (p = 0.001). The mean central retinal thickness also reduced from 276 microm to 158 microm (p < 0.001) and 17 (85%) eyes had complete resolution of serous retinal detachment and/or PED. MfERG showed no significant changes in the mean N1 and P1 response amplitude and latency for all eyes. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that eyes without PED had a significant increase in the mean central mfERG P1 response amplitude with reduction in P1 peak latency at 1 month post-PDT. For eyes with PED, transient reduction in the mean central P1 response amplitude was observed at 4 days post-PDT. CONCLUSIONS: The modified safety enhanced PDT protocol with half dose verteporfin appeared to be a beneficial treatment option for patients with chronic CSC, especially in eyes without serous PED. Further controlled study is warranted to demonstrate the long term safety and efficacy of this treatment option.     

Long-term follow-up study of nonsenile detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Re-assessment of a series of fluorescein angiograms of 76 patients referred to our hospital for central serous retinopathy (CSR) between 1973 and 1982 revealed 10 eyes of 8 patients (7 males, 1 female) aged 50 years or younger (mean age 42.6 years, median 43.5, range 36-49) with serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium (PED) with (3 eyes) or without (7 eyes) detachment of the neuroretina. Two eyes had two discrete PEDs and two eyes showed minor pigmentary disturbance outside the PED. In the remaining six eyes no other pigment epithelial (PE) changes were observed. In five patients no PE changes were found in the fellow eye. During the follow-up period of 2.8 to 14.3 years (mean 7.3, median 6.4) three eyes had one recurrence of symptoms. The long-term prognosis was good. None of the eyes developed subretinal neovascularization or geographic atrophy, in eight eyes PED flattened with a mild degree of pigment dispersion at the site, two eyes had persistent shallow PED. The latest visual acuity was 1.0 or better in nine eyes, and 0.6 in one. It is concluded that no treatment of nonsenile PED seems to be warranted.     

Safety enhanced photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: one-year results of a prospective study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a safety enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol with half-dose verteporfin for treating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: Forty-eight eyes of 48 patients with symptomatic chronic CSC underwent indocyanine green angiography guided PDT with half dose (3 mg/m) verteporfin. Outcome measures included logMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness, and angiographic changes during the 12-month study period. RESULTS: The mean CSC duration was 8.2 months (range, 3-40 months). At 12 months after PDT, the mean logMAR BCVA improved from 0.31 to 0.15 (P < 0.001). The mean improvement was 1.6 lines and 45 (95.8%) eyes had stable or improved vision. Eyes without pigment epithelial detachment (PED) had significantly greater visual improvement compared with eyes with PED (P = 0.031). Patients with CSC of 6 months or less or younger than 45 years were more likely to gain vision by two or more lines after treatment (P = 0.007 and P = 0.018, respectively). Forty (83.3%) eyes had complete resolution of serous detachment at 3 months, with 43 (89.6%) eyes at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The safety enhanced PDT protocol appeared to be beneficial for patients with chronic CSC. Further controlled study is warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this treatment option.     

Photodynamic therapy for retinal angiomatous proliferations and pigment epithelium detachment

PURPOSE: To evaluate results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin for subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) and pigment epithelial detachment (PED). DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: Thirteen eyes (11 stage 2 and 2 stage 3 RAP) underwent PDT. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fluorescein and indocyanine-green angiography were performed to evaluate the outcome. RESULTS: After 13.5 +/- 2.5 months and 1.7 +/- 0.4 treatments, mean BCVA decreased from 20/73 to 20/174 (P = .04). Occlusion of RAP and flattening of PED was observed in three eyes, and persistence of PED in six. Two eyes deteriorated to disciform lesions, one developed hemorrhagic PED, and one evolved toward stage 3 RAP. Three eyes, with PED exceeding 50% of the entire lesion, developed retinal pigment epithelium tear. CONCLUSIONS: PDT might prove effective for neovascular ARMD with RAP and small PED, whereas it might cause acute retinal pigment epithelium tear for RAP with PED exceeding 50% of the lesion.     

50岁以上患者视网膜色素上皮脱离的眼底特征分析

目的 探讨50岁以上患者视网膜色素上皮脱离（PED）的眼底改变特征。 方法 回顾分析2001年10月至2004年8月经荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）确诊为PED的31例（34只眼）50岁以上连续性病例，眼底改变的特征，患者均进行眼底彩色照相、FFA及吲哚青绿血管造影（ICGA）检查。 结果 31例34只PED患眼中，FFA显示浆液性PED18只眼，占52.9%，血液性PED8只眼，占23.5%，浆液血液性PED 8只眼，占23.5%。ICGA结果显示，12只眼（35.3%）伴发脉络膜新生血管（CNV）,17只眼（50.0%）伴发息肉状脉络膜血管病变（PCV），1只眼（2.9%）同时伴发CNV及PCV，4只眼（11.8%）不伴有脉络膜血管性病变。 结论 50岁以上患者PED可发生于CNV、PCV及无脉络膜血管性病变患眼，其中PCV患眼最常见。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2006, 22:224-227)     

伴脉络膜损伤的外伤性视网膜脱离玻璃体手术预后观察

目的 评价玻璃体手术治疗合并脉络膜损伤的外伤性视网膜脱离的效果。 方法 对1995年至2005年间经玻璃体手术治疗1075只外伤眼进行回顾性分析，外伤性视网膜脱离合并浆液性脉络膜脱离、出血性脉络膜脱离（含外伤性脉络膜分离）或视网膜下出血在内的不同类型脉络膜损伤共41例41只眼（3.8％），采用闭合式玻璃体手术进行治疗，统计比较手术预后。 结果 视网膜复位38只眼（92.7％），最终视力大于0.1者10只眼（24.4％）；手术后视力提高者共29只眼（70.7％），其中合并视网膜下出血组14只眼（87.5％,14/16），合并浆液性脉络膜脱离组12只眼（75.0%, 12/16），合并出血型脉络膜脱离组3只眼（33.3%,3/9），三组患眼的视力提高率χ2＝8.394，P＝0.015，P<0.05。最终黑朦6只眼，均为出血型脉络膜脱离者。17只低眼压眼中8只眼（47.1％）需持续硅油填充，出血型脉络膜脱离5只眼（55.6 ％，5/9）。 结论 合并脉络膜损伤的外伤性视网膜脱离玻璃体手术处理得当可获得较好的结果，其中合并视网膜下出血者手术预后较好；合并出血型脉络膜脱离眼预后较浆液型明显差，但也并非眼球摘除适应证。严重外伤性脉络膜分离眼预后较差常 为低眼压需长期硅油填充。 (中华眼底病杂志，2006，22：295-298）     

慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变与息肉样脉络膜血管病变多模式影像学特征的比较

目的　比较慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（chronic central serous chorioretinopathy,CCSC）与息肉样脉络膜血管病变（polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV）的多模式影像学差异。方法　回顾性分析CCSC组11例11眼患者及PCV组21例21眼患者的临床资料。所有患者均行最佳矫正视力、黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度测量及荧光素眼底血管造影、吲哚菁绿血管造影、光学相干断层扫描血管成像（optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA）和频域光学相干断层扫描多模式影像学检查,并对检查结果进行统计学分析。结果　CCSC组患者最佳矫正视力为0.33±0.11,显著高于PCV组（0.21±0.13）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。CCSC组患者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度为（368.20±51.65）μm,PCV组为（342.28±37.18）μm,两组相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。荧光素眼底血管造影检查结果显示,CCSC组和PCV组均为斑点状高荧光表现,CCSC组患眼可伴有色素上皮萎缩带或慢性神经上皮脱离通道表现。吲哚菁绿血管造影检查结果显示,CCSC组11眼病灶区出现周围脉络膜血管扩张及高通透性改变;而PCV组21眼均出现脉络膜息肉样病变,其中12眼为脉络膜分支血管网。OCTA检查结果显示,CCSC组4眼病灶部位表现为脉络膜毛细血管层高血流信号,其外环绕低血流信号,7眼表现为粗颗粒形态的斑驳状血流信号;PCV组15眼可检出息肉样病变,表现为高反射信号,呈结节状、环状或点状,12眼检出脉络膜分支血管网病变,表现为血管样结构的高血流信号。频域光学相干断层扫描检查发现,CCSC组7眼为浆液性视网膜色素上皮脱离（pigment epithelium detachment,PED）;PCV组12眼为波浪形隆起的视网膜色素上皮层与Bruch膜组成的双层征,10眼为陡峭的视网膜色素上皮指状突起（或称PED峰）,18眼为浆液性或出血性PED。CCSC组患者治疗随访时,OCTA检查发现2眼继发I型脉络膜新生血管。结论　CCSC与PCV之间存在不同的影像学表现,多模式影像检查有助于两者的鉴别。另外,OCTA能够较好地显示脉络膜新生血管结构,可用于该类疾病的治疗随访。     

Clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients

Purpose

To describe the clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a large number of Chinese patients.

Methods

This study enrolled 204 consecutive patients (246 eyes) in our department who were diagnosed as having polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy PCV. Patients underwent ophthalmologic examinations including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) testing, ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optic coherence tomography.

Results

Mean patient age was 66.1?years and 60.3% were men. Of the cases, 79.4% were unilateral and 51.2% of BCVA was less than 35 letters. In 171 eyes (69.5%), polypoidal lesions were located in the macula area. Among them, polypoidal lesions were located in the foveal area in 29 eyes (11.8%), in the parafoveal area in 50 eyes (20.3%), and in the extrafoveal area in 88 eyes (35.8%), in both the foveal and parafoveal area in three eyes (1.2%), and in both the parafoveal and extrafoveal area in one eye (0.4%). In 37 eyes (15.0%), PCV lesions were under the temporal retinal vascular arcade; in 11 eyes (4.5%), PCV lesions were found peripapillary. PCV lesion formation was single in 88 eyes (35.8%), cluster in 145 eyes (59.0%), string in two eyes (0.8%), and branch in two eyes (0.8%). In nine eyes (3.6%), the formation of PCV lesions showed both single and cluster shape in the same eye. There were 54.5% with drusen, 44.7% with serous PED, 20.7% with hemorrhagic PED, and 39.0% with neuroretinal detachment.

Conclusions

The majority of Chinese PCV patients were male, unilateral, and showed macular polyps. Drusen, serous PED, hemorrhagic PED, and neuroretinal detachment on OCT were commonly seen.     

半剂量光动力疗法治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变

目的 观察半剂量维替泊芬光动力疗法(PDT)治疗慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)的疗效.方法 慢性CSC患者27例32只眼纳入研究.男性22例,女性5例;年龄31～63岁,平均年龄45.0岁;病程6～32个月,平均病程16.2个月.所有患者均行最小视角对数(logMAR)视力表最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、直接检眼镜眼底检查,荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、吲哚青绿血管造影(ICGA)和光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.IogMAR BCVA 1.6～0.1.局限性神经上皮脱离者28只眼;合并色素上皮脱离(PED)者4只眼.中心视网膜厚度184～465μm,平均视网膜厚度318.6 μm.患者知情并答署同意书后行半剂量维替泊芬PDT治疗.治疗后每3个月复查,观察患眼BCVA、视网膜下液吸收情况及视网膜厚度变化.结果 末次随访时,OCT检查显示.局限性神经上皮脱离者28只眼中,视网膜下液吸收、视网膜完全平伏者25只眼,占89.3%;视网膜下液部分吸收、视网膜未完全平伏者3只眼,占10.7%.合并PED的4只眼中,视网膜下液吸收、视网膜完全平伏者2只眼,占50.0%;视网膜下液部分吸收、视网膜未完伞平伏者2只眼,占50.0%.视网膜完全平伏的27只眼,治疗前平均视网膜厚度为(321.4±88.2)μm,治疗后为(150.4±22.3)μm.治疗前后平均视网膜厚度比较,差异有统计学意义(t=9.09,P＜0.05);治疗前平均logMAR BCVA为0.68±0.09,治疗后平均logMAR BCVA为0.44±0.07,其中logMAR BCVA低于0.32者12只眼.治疗前后BCVA比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.65,P＜0.05).相关性分析结果显示,视网膜完全平伏者治疗后BCVA与视网膜厚度呈显著正相关(t=0.96,P＜0.01).末次随访时,视网膜完全平伏者未见病变复发,亦未见与治疗相关的并发症.结论 半剂量维替泊芬PDT治疗慢性CSC安全有效,特别是不合并PED者.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the clinical effect of half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Methods Thirty-two eyes of 27 patients (22 males and 5 females)with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, diagnosed by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of logMAR, direct ophthalmoscope, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography, were enrolled. The age was ranged from 31 to 63 years old,with a mean of 45 years. The course of the disease was ranged from 6 to 32 months, with a mean of 16.2months. The logMAR BCVA was 1.6-0.1. The serous neuroepithelium detachment was found in 28 eyes,and serous neuroepithelium detachment combined with retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) was found in 4 eyes. The central retinal thickness was ranged from 184 to 465 μm, with a mean of 318.6 μm.All of the patients were treated with half dose PDT according to the methods in literatures. The above examinations were performed every 3 months after the treatment to observe the BCVA, subretinal fluid and retinal thickness. Results OCT showed that subretinal fluid were absorbed completely and retina remained attached in 25 of 28 eyes (89.3%) and 2 of 4 eyes (50.0%) with PED, while subretinal fluid were absorbed partly and retina attached incompletely in 3 of 28 eyes (10.7%) and 2 of 4 eyes (50.0%) with PED at the last visit. Twenty-seven eyes with retina remained attached, the mean central retinal thickness (CRT)decreased from (321.4±88.2) to (150.4±22.3) μm (t=9.09, P＜0.05); the mean logMAR BCVA improved from 0.68±0.09 to 0.44±0.07 0 = 2.65, P＜0.05). Among those, logMAR BCVA within 0. 32 were found in 12 eyes. There was a significant positive association between the CRT and BCVA (r=0. 96, P＜0. 01). No recurrence or side effect was observed at the last visit. Conclusion Half-dose PDT is a safe and effective approach for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, especially for those without PED.     

息肉状脉络膜血管病变与老年黄斑变性对比分析

目的探讨息肉状脉络膜血管病变(PCV)与湿性老年黄斑变性(AMD)临床特征的区别与联系,以指导临床。方法回顾分析已确诊的PCV及湿性AMD的眼底彩照,荧光素血管造影(FFA),吲哚青绿血管造影(ICGA),光学相干断层扫描(OCT)结果及临床资料。结果PCV15例,年龄48-70岁,平均62.3岁;湿性AMD38例,年龄50-80岁,平均65.8岁。PCV患者眼底视网膜出血、脂质渗出、桔红色结节样病灶分别为11只眼(73.3%)、6只眼(40%)、4只眼(26.7%);AMD患者45只眼中视网膜出血、脂质渗出、青灰色病灶、瘢痕形成分别为25只眼(55.6%)、18只眼(40.0%)、20只眼(44.4%)、3只眼(6.77%)。FFA显示PCV患眼脉络膜息肉状结构、出血性色素上皮脱离(PED)、浆液性PED分别为1只眼(6.7%)、7只眼(46.7%)、2只眼(13.3%),ICGA均可见息肉状扩张病灶(100%);FFA显示AMD患眼典型脉络膜新生血管(CNV)、PED分别为5只眼(11.1%)、14只眼(31.1%),ICGA显示CNV23只眼(51.1%),均未见息肉状结构。PCV的OCT表现为视网膜色素上皮及脉络膜内层呈穹窿状向视网膜神经上皮隆起,其下见结节状改变;AMD则显示视网膜色素上皮和脉络膜毛细血管层呈局部梭形或不规则强反射带。结论PCV与湿性AMD不尽相同,可能是AMD的另一种特殊类型,治疗可能应有所不同,有待于进一步研究。     

Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) in age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Thirty eyes of 26 patients with CNV and PED were treated with PDT. The eyes were divided in two groups based on CNV location in relation to PED; group 1 included 13 eyes with CNV within PED, and group 2 included 17 eyes with CNV at the edge of PED. The median follow-up was 16 months. RESULTS: Patients received a mean +/- SD of 2.83 +/- 1.26 treatments (range, 1-6 treatments). In the whole cohort, the mean preoperative visual acuity changed from 20/144 (0.86 +/- 0.42 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution [logMAR]) to 20/182 (0.96 +/- 0.51 logMAR; P = 0.39) at month 18. Five eyes (16%) gained a mean of 1.5 Snellen lines from baseline. Twelve eyes (40%) lost a mean of 1.7 Snellen lines of visual acuity. Vision in 13 eyes (44%) remained stable. In group 1, the mean visual acuity at month 12 was 20/303 (1.18 +/- 0.51 logMAR) and significantly (P = 0.015) worse than that, 20/110 (0.74 +/- 0.42 logMAR), in group 2. CONCLUSION: PDT can improve or stabilize visual function in 60% of eyes with vascularized PED. CNV at the edge of PED appears to respond more favorably to PDT. Appropriate patient selection and prompt treatment are essential to obtain the best outcomes after verteporfin therapy.     

One-year results of combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal bevacizumab injection for retinal pigment epithelial detachment secondary to age-related macular degeneration

Background  To evaluate the efficacy of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and intravitreal bevacizumab injection in eyes with a serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods  Twenty-two eyes with a serous PED exceeding two disc areas associated with AMD with choroidal vascular abnormalities [choroidal neovascularization (n = 10), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (n = 9), and retinal angiomatous proliferation (n = 3)] received combined PDT and intravitreal bevacizumab, and were followed about every 6 weeks for more than 1 year. Additional treatments were given for residual or recurrent lesions. The main outcome measures were changes in the PED height measured by optical coherence tomography, and the best-corrected visual acuity. Results  After one treatment, the PED resolved in 12 eyes (55%) and the PED decreased in ten eyes (45%). There was no recurrence in eight (36%) eyes; however, PED recurred in 14 eyes. At 1 year, the average PED height decreased to 413 microns from the baseline 751 microns (p < 0.001). Twenty eyes (91%) had improved or stabilized vision; two eyes had decreased vision due to a retinal pigment epithelial tear and subretinal hemorrhage. Conclusions  Combined PDT and intravitreal bevacizumab may decrease the PED height and stabilize visual acuity at 1 year. The authors have no proprietary and financial interest in any aspect of this report.     

Combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration with pigment epithelium detachment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of combined verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) with serous pigment epithelium detachment (PED) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The files of all consecutive patients with CNV and serous PED who received PDT and IVTA either primarily (primary treatment group) or following previous unsuccessful PDT (secondary treatment group) were reviewed for visual and angiographic results. RESULTS: Ten patients (11 eyes) were included. Mean number of PDT sessions was 3.18; 8 eyes received one IVTA injection and 3 eyes received two IVTA injections. Thirty-six percent of patients retained their initial visual acuity after a mean follow-up of 15.3 months. Loss of 3 or more Snellen lines was noted in 2 of 3 eyes in the primary treatment group and 5 of 8 eyes in the secondary treatment group. Increased intraocular pressure developed in 3 patients and was controlled by topical medications. CONCLUSIONS: Although combined PDT and IVTA may be considered for CNV with serous PED in patients with poor prognosis with PDT alone, the regimen as administered in this small series was not beneficial. Further studies are required to determine whether alternate sequences, timing, or doses would yield a better outcome.     

Pigment epithelial detachment in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

PURPOSE: To study the morphological features of serosanguineous pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) with accompanying polypoidal lesions in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. METHODS: For this observational case study, we retrospectively reviewed 93 consecutive eyes of 85 patients with PCV. The lesions in eyes with PCV were examined with indocyanine green angiography (IA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: Of 93 eyes with PCV, 51 eyes (55%) had serous or hemorrhagic PEDs. Of these 51 eyes, a notch in the PED was found in 27 eyes (53%) by angiography, most of which showed polypoidal lesions by IA that corresponded in location to the notch observed by angiography. Polypoidal lesions were detected outside the PED in one eye (2%), at the margin of the PED in 33 eyes (65%), and inside the PED in 12 eyes (24%). OCT revealed that PED had a notch observed tomographically in 29 eyes (57%), most of which corresponded in location to polypoidal lesions seen by IA. In eight eyes, polypoidal lesions, which were adherent to the inner surface of the serous PED, appeared to be detached from the Bruch membrane and the choroid. CONCLUSIONS: Polypoidal lesions are located at the margin of PED and make a notch in the accompanying PED that is visible by angiography and tomographically. When the polypoidal lesions have increased exudate, the fluid from the lesions infiltrates under the polypoidal lesions themselves, which results in the lesions detaching from the Bruch membrane and appearing to be located inside the PED.     

Regression of serous macular detachment after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in patients with diabetic macular edema

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on serous macular detachment in eyes with diabetic macular edema. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: The study population comprised twenty eyes of 20 patients with diabetic macular edema (12 men, eight women), aged 48 to 76 years. The eligibility criteria for this study included clinically detectable macular edema in which the presence of serous macular detachment was documented by optical coherence tomography. After intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml (4 mg) triamcinolone acetonide, visual and anatomic responses were observed. RESULTS: In all eyes, after an injection of triamcinolone acetonide, macular edema and serous macular detachment regressed. At 3 and 6 months, macular edema and serous macular detachment had recurred in eight (40%) and nine eyes (45%), respectively. Patients with recurrence were re-treated. No eyes lost vision at 1 month, and all eyes showed improvement. At 3 months, no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 17 eyes (85%) showed improvement. At 6 months, again no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 16 eyes (80%) maintained improved visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment for serous macular detachment in patients with diabetic macular edema.