北京地区蒙特利尔认知量表的应用研究

目的研究蒙特利尔认知量表（MoCA）测试结果的分布特征,为制定适合我国国情的筛查分界值标准提供科学的依据。方法通过随机抽样,以北京市≥50岁215例正常人群和66例轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）人群为样本。总结其MoCA测试结果的百分位数值和均值的年龄、性别和受教育程度分布,比较MoCA和简易精神状态量表（MMSE）检测MCI的效度。按MoCA和MMSE建立多元线性回归方程,分析影响测试结果的因素。结果MoCA的分界值≥26分,年龄和受教育程度诸因素均对MoCA得分有显著影响（P〈0．001）。检测MCI的敏感度MoCA为92．4％,显著优于MMSE的24．2％。结论MoCA用于筛查MCI病例优于MMSE。调整的分界值标准有助于早期发现MCI和痴呆病人,减少漏诊。MoCA得分是判断认知功能是否正常的非特异性指标,不能取代临床诊断。     

"蒙特利尔认知评估量表"在轻度认知损伤患者筛查中的应用

老年性痴呆（Alzheimer＇s disease，AD）的发病率随着世界人口老龄化的加剧而迅速攀升。由于中晚期AD的治疗效果不佳，有关研究的注意力已经转向如何识别其智能减退的早期症状，以期预防、减缓甚至逆转痴呆的脑功能损害。轻度认知损伤（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）是发生在老年人群的认知功能减退综合征。据美国神经病学研究所（ANN）报道，每年MCI患者进展为AD的发生率达6％～25％，因而MCI患者是AD的高危人群。如能找到检测MCI的特异和敏感的筛查指标，建立客观、准确、便捷的早期诊断方法，及时干预防止其演化为AD，则可极大地减少AD的危害，减轻患者家庭的巨大精神压力和经济负担。因此，对于MCI患者的有效筛查是当前国内外认知领域研究的重点。     

老年脑白质疏松症和Binswanger病认知功能的对比研究

目的探讨在老年人脑白质疏松症（LA）和Binswanger病（BD）认知功能障碍程度、特征。方法采用简易精神状态量表（MMSE）对LA、BD患者及健康对照者进行评分，比较各组认知功能障碍者的比例。结果（1）BD组MMSE评分明显低于LA组（P〈0．05）。（2）LA组轻度认知功能障碍26例（72．2％）；BD组中度认知功能障碍8例（25．8％）。痴呆23例（74．2％）。结论LA多有轻度认知功能障碍，而BD多表现为中度认知功能障碍和痴呆。认知功能障碍的程度可作为临床诊断LA、BD的参考指标。     

三种轻度认知功能障碍患者的病情转归

目的：观察三种轻度认知功能障碍（ MCI ）患者的病情转归情况。方法76例MCI患者,根据认知功能障碍程度分为单纯记忆损害（SMI）21例（SMI组）、多领域认知功能损害（MD-MCI）43例（MD-MCI组）、单纯非记忆功能认知受损（NMI）12例（NMI组）,观察随访3 a后,比较三组患者的认知功能及病情转归情况。结果3 a后MCI患者认知功能减退明显,MD-MCI组MMSE评分、词语延迟回忆评分、数字广度倒数评分、言语流畅性评分、画钟实验评分、本顿视觉保持正确评分均明显低于SMI组、NMI组（P均＜0．05）;MD-MCI组进展为阿尔茨海默病（AD）19例,其他类型痴呆4例,AD及痴呆发病率为53．5％;SMI组AD发病率为19．0％（4/21）;NMI组痴呆发病率为25％;MD-MCI组AD及痴呆发病率与SMI组、NMI组相比,P均＜0．05。 SMI组2例、NMI组3例认知状态恢复正常。结论不同类型的MCI转归不同,MD-MCI型较SMI型、NMI型认知功能损害重,3 a后AD及痴呆发病率高。     

社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍患病调查

目的了解社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的患病率及危险因素。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法对上海市黄浦区年龄≥60岁的老年人进行现况问卷调查及临床医师评定。调查问卷包括一般人口学资料、简易精神状况量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估表（MoCA）;临床医师评定包括照料者询问、现病史、既往史、体检、日常生活量表（ADL）、总体退化量表（GDS）、临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）、Hachinski缺血指数量表测评,并由精神科医师进行最后诊断。结果调查300人,确诊为MCI者67例,患病率为22．3％;不同性别、年龄段、文化程度、职业及运动与否、有无业余爱好、饮茶与否的老年人,其MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论女性、高龄、低文化水平、不运动等患MCI的危险性增加。     

老年睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症与认知障碍

轻度认知损害（mildcognitiveimpairment,MCI）是介于正常老年和痴呆之间的一种认知功能损害状态,被认为是阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimerdisease,AD）的一种高危因素。每年大约有10％-15％MCI发展为痴呆,故MCI被认为是AD早期干预治疗的最合适人群。我国2000年北京社区调查结果显示健康老年人MCI发生率为11．8％,与国外文献资料类似。     

AD8联合简易智能状态检查量表用于军队健康体检人群认知功能障碍筛查的初步研究

目的探讨AD8和简易智能状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)联合使用在军队健康体检人群中筛查认知功能障碍的特异性和敏感性。方法选择2013年1月1日~12月31日在解放军总医院接受常规健康体检的军队人群1723例,进行AD8和MMSE测评。结果 1723例接受AD8测评中,AD8≥2分326例(18.9%)。161例主诉认知功能减退者同时接受MMSE测评,AD8≥2分84例(52.2%),MMSE异常78例(48.4%)。临床诊断痴呆66例(41.0%),其中AD8筛查阳性46例(69.7%),MMSE异常55例(83.3%)。ROC曲线分析显示,AD8+MMSE联合筛查痴呆的特异性从AD8单项测试的60.0%提高到91.6%。协方差分析显示,在调整年龄的影响因素后,AD8+MMSE双异常者连线A评分较认知正常者明显升高,MMSE、延迟回忆、执行功能、工作记忆、词语流畅性评分较认知正常者明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论健康体检时AD8+MMSE联合应用可以提高检出痴呆患者的特异性和可靠性,便于在基层医疗卫生机构推广使用。     

农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍流行病学调查

目的了解湖南省慈利县农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的流行病学特征。方法采用随机整群分层分阶段抽样的方法对2011年6月至12月湖南省慈利县6个乡镇、年龄≥60岁的老年人进行现况调查及筛查,完成调查问卷及简易精神状况量表（MMSE）;临床诊断,对有明显记忆障碍者及MMSE分数低于界值者进一步进行临床检查,并由2名神经科医师进行最后诊断;同时进行总体衰退量表、Hachinski缺血指数量表、临床痴呆评定量表等评定。结果调查1367名,男性678名,女689名,MMSE阳性者178例,占13．02％,确诊为MCI者139例,患病率为10．17％;不同年龄段、文化程度、职业、居住及文化生活情况的老年人,其MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论高龄、低文化水平、嗜烟、不喝酒或嗜酒、单独居住等因素会增加患MCI的危险。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表用于血管源性轻度认知功能障碍评估的初步研究

目的探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）中文北京版用于血管源性轻度认知功能障碍评估的可行性。方法应用MoCA和简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）分别对50例血管源性轻度认知功能障碍（vMCI）患者和50例健康体检者进行认知功能评估,分析评估结果。结果对照组和vMCI组MoCA和MMSE总分有较好相关性（P〈0.05）,MoCA评分明显低于MMSE（P〈0.05）;与对照组比较v,MCI组MoCA各条目得分及总分均明显降低（P〈0.05）;MoCA筛查vMCI灵敏度为84.0%、特异度为76.0%,MMSE分别为46.0%和98.0%。结论 MoCA用作血管源性轻度认知功能障碍认知功能筛查时敏感性优于MMSE。     

轻度认知损害的临床诊断

1 轻度认知损害（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）的概念 MCI于1997年由Petersen提出。MCI填补了认知功能增龄性老化和痴呆的病理性老化之间的空白，是正常衰老与极早期阿尔茨海默病（AD）之间的一种以认知功能损害为主要特征的过渡状态。Petersen最早提出的MCI诊断标准包括：（1）记忆障碍的主诉；（2）客观的记忆障碍的证据；（3）没有其他方面认知功能的损害或影响到日常生活；（4）总体认知功能正常；（5）没有痴呆。     

老年人轻度认知损害危险因素的调查分析

目的 调查北京老年人轻度认知损害(MCD)与年龄、性别、体质指数等的关系.方法 应用简易精神状态检查,对北京东直门社区招募的129例老年人进行认知功能评估.结果 检出记忆型轻度认知损害(aMCI)37例(28.7%),阿尔茨海默病(AD)36例(27.9%),认知正常者56例(43.4%).aMCI和AD患者年龄高于认知正常者,分别为(67.6±7.5)岁、(66.6±8.2)岁和(62.5±7.9)岁,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.847、-1.747和-2.429,P>0.05、P<0.01和P<0.01);aMCI和AD患者受教育年限低(P<0.05);aMCI和AD患者的血压较认知正常者高(P<0.05);aMCI体质指数高于其他两组(P<0.05),不同性别老年人aMCI和AD患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同月份出生aMCI和AD患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 aMCI患病率与年龄、教育程度、高血压和体质指数等因素有关,与性别、出生月份无关.     

Outcomes of a computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program on Alzheimer's disease patients compared with those on patients affected by mild cognitive impairment

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the outcomes of a computer-based cognitive training on patients affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with the outcomes on patients affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI), multiple system atrophy (MSA). Ten AD patients aged 74.1+/-5.6 years, with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score at baseline of 23.9+/-2.4, and 10 MCI patients aged 70.6+/-6.0 years, with MMSE score of 28.0+/-1.4, attending our day-hospital of neurorehabilitation were selected for the study. Three MSA patients aged 69.0+/-9.5 years, MMSE scores 26.7+/-2.3 were selected from the same setting in order to have a different control group. Each patient attended two training programs and was evaluated according to cognitive and non-cognitive functions at baseline at the end of the second training program. The AD group showed a significant MMSE score improvement (p=0.010). On the contrary, MMSE scores at baseline and at follow-up remained quite stable in the other two groups. AD patients also showed significant improvement in the areas of verbal production (p=0.036) and executive functions (p=0.050). MCI patients significantly improved in behavioral memory (p=0.017; p=0.011). No significant improvement was observed in MSA group. Our data seem to indicate that the same individualized rehabilitative intervention could have different effects according to patient's diagnosis. MCI and AD patients had significant improvements in global cognitive status and/or in specific cognitive areas. On the contrary, MSA patients did not benefit at all.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在军队离退休人员轻度认知功能障碍中的应用

目的应用蒙特利尔认知评估（MOCA）量表对西安地区军队离退休人员进行轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的筛查。方法随机、整群抽样选取西安市9个干休所304名离退休干部,同时进行个人信息、患病情况、MOCA量表、简易智能状态检查（MMSE）量表、日常活动能力（ADL）量表、抑郁自评（CES-D）量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量（PSQI）量表调查。结果西安干休所离退休干部MCI发生率为64．8％;80岁以上老年人MCI的发生率高于70岁组（P〈0．05）;教育年限小于6年者MCI的发生率高于7～12年及12年以上者（P〈0．05）;不参加体育锻炼者MCI的发生率高于经常参加体育锻炼者（P〈0．01）;有脑卒中者MCI的发生率高于无脑卒中者（P〈0．05）;MOCA量表得分与MMSE量表得分呈正相关（r=0．81）,与ADL量表、CES-D量表得分呈负相关,与PSQI量表得分无显著相关。结论MOCA量表与相关评估量表具有相关性,测量方便,可行性好,能够用于军队离退休干部人群中MCI的筛查。     

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVES: To develop a 10-minute cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to assist first-line physicians in detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical state that often progresses to dementia. DESIGN: Validation study. SETTING: A community clinic and an academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-four patients meeting MCI clinical criteria supported by psychometric measures, 93 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score > or =17), and 90 healthy elderly controls (NC). MEASUREMENTS: The MoCA and MMSE were administered to all participants, and sensitivity and specificity of both measures were assessed for detection of MCI and mild AD. RESULTS: Using a cutoff score 26, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 18% to detect MCI, whereas the MoCA detected 90% of MCI subjects. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 78%, whereas the MoCA detected 100%. Specificity was excellent for both MMSE and MoCA (100% and 87%, respectively). CONCLUSION: MCI as an entity is evolving and somewhat controversial. The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI as currently conceptualized in patients performing in the normal range on the MMSE.     

高血压对社区老年人认知功能的影响

目的探讨贵阳市社区老年人血压、脉压及平均动脉压(MAP)与认知功能之间的关系。方法采用多级整群抽样法,抽取贵阳市城区年龄≥60岁的3229例老年人作为研究对象。通过问卷调查和体格检查相结合,收集相关资料,用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)进行认知功能评价。结果随着老年人收缩压水平的升高,MMSE呈下降趋势,差异有显著性意义(F=17.6,P<0.01),轻度认知障碍(MCI)患病率随着老年人收缩压水平的升高逐渐增高,差异有显著性意义(χ2趋势=4.76,P<0.05)。脉压越大,MMSE越低,差异有显著性意义(F=27.1,P<0.01)。随着脉压的增加,MCI患病率也逐渐增加(χ2趋势=5.63,P<0.05)。MAP与MMSE呈曲线关系,MAP在90～109mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)时MMSE最高,≤70mmHg或≥110mmHg时MMSE逐渐降低。logistic回归分析显示,中、重度高血压老年人发生MCI的危险高于正常老年人。结论高血压、高脉压、过高或过低的MAP对MCI的发生有重要影响。     

Conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia in elderly subjects: a preliminary study in a memory and cognitive disorder unit

Prevalence and incidence of predementia syndromes vary as a result of different diagnostic criteria, as well as different sampling and assessment procedures. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is thought to be a prodromal phase of dementia and therefore highly predictive of subsequent conversion. The aim of our study was to investigate the risk of conversion to dementia for different MCI subtypes diagnosed according to standardized and recently revised criteria (amnestic; impairment of memory plus other cognitive domains; nonamnestic). Participants were recruited among the 2,866 patients referring to the Memory and Cognitive Disorders Unit of the Local Health Unit of Bologna, Maggiore Hospital, between October 2000 and February 2006. In this preliminary study we analyzed data from 52 elderly outpatients with a diagnosis of MCI and a mean follow-up of 1.21+/-0.61 years (range 0.23-3.10 years). Mean age was 72.8+/-6.6 years, males were 61.5%. Mean baseline mini mental state examination (MMSE) score was 27.1+/-1.5. There were 15 incident cases of dementia (28.8%), with Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounting for 53.3% of all cases, AD with cerebrovascular disease for 33.4% and fronto-temporal dementia for 13.3%. Overall rate of conversion was 23.8 per 100 person-years. During the same follow-up period, 53.8% of participants remained stable and 17.3% reverted to normal. Rates of conversion for the specific MCI subtypes were 38 per 100 person-years for amnestic MCI, 20 per 100 person- years for non-amnestic MCI, and 16 per 100 person-years for memory plus other cognitive domains MCI. With respect to non-converters, converters were generally older (76.1+/-4.2 vs. 71.5+/-7.0 years, p=0.021), had a lower MMSE score (26.4+/-1.66 vs. 27.4+/-1.4, p=0.035) and a higher prevalence of atrophy at neuroimaging (73.7% vs. 42.4%, p=0.047). Moreover, with respect to non-converters, converters tended to have higher serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and lower serum folate levels. No difference was observed for the other study variables, included MCI subtype. Our findings suggest that the current definitions for MCI subtypes, particularly those referring to individuals with multiple or non-amnestic cognitive impairment, include a substantial number of individuals who may not progress to dementia. The possible role of cortical atrophy and low folate in the conversion from MCI to dementia could have important implications, because both conditions are easily identifiable. Moreover, low folate status is potentially amenable to therapeutic options. Although discouraging with respect to the clinical usefulness of currently available MCI criteria, our results raise the possibility that defining a protocol of multiple clinical risk factors may be useful in identifying MCI individuals at increased risk of conversion.     

Prevalence of cognitive impairment: results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community

BACKGROUND: cognitive impairment is an important part of the diagnostic criteria for dementia. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is recommended to test for cognitive impairment and to monitor medication response. OBJECTIVES: we examined the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the UK and assessed associations with cognitive impairment. DESIGN: cross-sectional survey as part of a cluster randomised trial. SUBJECTS: representative sample of people aged 75 years and over. METHODS: all subjects had a detailed baseline health assessment including the MMSE. RESULTS: a total of 15,051 subjects completed the assessment (71.9%). Almost two-thirds of subjects were female (61.5%) and almost half were aged between 75 and 79 years (47.0%). The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 18.3% (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 16.0-20.9) at a cut-off of 23/24, and 3.3% (95% CI = 2.8-4.0) at 17/18. Those with impairment (MMSE 23/24) were significantly more likely to have hearing (odds ratio (OR) 1.7), vision (OR 1.7) and urinary incontinence problems (OR 1.3), have two or more falls in the previous 6 months (OR 1.4), and report poorer health (OR 1.9). Almost half the participants lived alone (n = 7,073; 47.0%) and of these almost one-fifth were impaired (MMSE 23/24; 19.4%). CONCLUSIONS: there was a high prevalence of cognitive impairment. This representative sample demonstrates the potential burden of disease and service demands. It supports the need for a broader assessment of functioning as recommended by the National Service Framework for Older People, particularly in people with cognitive impairment.     

老年普遍性脑萎缩轻微认知障碍相关因素的研究

目的　探索老年普遍性脑萎缩者不伴痴呆的轻微认知功能障碍 (MCI)发生情况及相关因素 ,为提高普遍性脑萎缩者认知功能 ,防治痴呆提供一些线索。方法　将CT确诊的老年普遍性脑萎缩者 ,经简易智能量表 (MMSE)、临床痴呆评定量表 (CDR)测定及参照DSM Ⅳ痴呆诊断标准除外痴呆的 10 0例观察对象分为无认知障碍和轻微认知障碍组 ,确定明显萎缩部位 ,经个人史、既往史问卷及血脂、血流变检查 ,对所得资料进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析 ,明确所观察指标与老年普遍性脑萎缩者轻微认知障碍的关系。结果　普遍性脑萎缩的老年人MCI发生率为 2 3%。单因素t检验或卡方检验示年龄、文化程度、高血压史、高血脂史、一过性脑缺血 (TIA)发作史及皮层下萎缩与老年普遍性脑萎缩者轻微认知障碍相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,logistic回归分析表明TIA史 (OR 4 .15 3,P <0 .0 5 )、高甘油三酯 (OR 4 .4 6 3,P <0 .0 5 )、皮层下萎缩 (OR 6 .94 7,P <0 .0 5 )和文化程度 (OR 0 .12 0 ,P <0 .0 5 )为相对独立的危险因素。结论　TIA和高甘油三酯为老年普遍性脑萎缩者轻微认知障碍的明显危险因素 ,降低血脂、防治TIA、改善脑供血对提高老年普遍性脑萎缩者认知功能、防治痴呆有积极的意义     

Chinese herbal medicine for mild cognitive impairment using mini-mental state examination: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction:The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly population aged 60 to 84 years ranges from 6.7% to 25.2%, and the effective prevention and reversal of MCI progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) is crucial. The mini mental state examination (MMSE) is the most commonly used screening tool in Chinese outpatient clinics, with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to allow useful stratification from average to abnormal with adequate consideration of age and education.Objective:To investigate the clinical significance of Chinese herbs on MMSE scores in MCI patients and discuss the effectiveness of Chinese herbs through pharmacology.Methods:Three English databases and 4 Chinese databases we have searched, and the risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane tool. Statistics will be used for heterogeneity assessment, sensitivity analysis, data synthesis, funnel plot generation and subgroup analysis. If sufficiently homogeneous studies are found, a Meta-analysis will be performed, with subgroups describing any differences.Results:A total of 21 studies were included, 4 studies were placebo-controlled, 14 Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) were compared with other cognitive improvements, 3 CHMs were combined with other medications, and the results of 17 studies favored the herbal group.Conclusion:The results indicate that herbal medicine can improve MMSE scores, and herbal medicine combined with other drugs that can improve cognition can significantly improve MMSE scores, but there are methodological flaws in the study. Experimental studies have found a basis for the ability of herbs to improve cognition and memory impairment, and herbal medicine has great potential to improve MCI cognition. Keywords mild cognitive impairment, herbal medicine, MMSE, systematic evaluation, meta-analysis. PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews protocol registration number: CRD42020202368