聋哑大学生心理健康状况及与社会支持的关系

目的：了解聋哑大学生心理健康、社会支持状况及其相互关系。方法：使用SCL-90和社会支持评定量表对天津理工学院聋人工学院158名聋哑大学生进行测查。结果：(1)聋哑大学生SCL-90总分及多数因子分均显著高于1986年全国常模,但与1998年大学生修正常模无显著差异,且强迫、人际敏感和抑郁因子分显著低于后者;(2)聋哑大学生社会支持总分、客观支持和支持利用度显著低于健全大学生,女生对社会支持的利用度显著高于男生,二年级学生社会支持水平最低;(3)聋哑大学生心理健康状况与社会支持显著相关。结论：应加强聋哑大学生的社会支持,做好聋哑大学生心理卫生工作。     

水利院校大学生的心理健康水平及其应付方式的相关研究

目的 了解水利院校大学生的心理健康状况及与应付方式的相关程度。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和应付方式问卷对326名某水利院校大学生进行测查。结果 水利院校大学生SCL-90的9个因子均分、总分、阳性项目数均高于常模并与应付方式各因子呈高度相关。差异显著；男、女阳性项目数以及在应付方式方面存在显著性差异；大学一年级的学生在敌对，焦虑和恐怖方面与其他年级存在显著性差异；城乡大学生在焦虑，敌对和恐惧3个因子分上存在显著性差异。结论 水利院校大学生同样存在心理健康问题，并与相应的应付方式有密切联系。     

家庭经济困难大学生心理健康状况调查

目的了解家庭经济困难大学生心理健康状况及特点。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90),对我校917名在校大学生进行测试。结果①贫困生10个因子分均值及阳性项目数显著高于非贫困生(t=3.33,3.35,3.87,3.78,3.37,3.37,4.05,2.83,3.58,3.27,2.82;P<0.05);②男性贫困生11个因子分和阳性项目数显著高于女生(t=2.78,2.70,2.58,2.41,3.26,2.90,2.33,2.01,2.90,3.80,3.07,2.50;P<0.05);③非医药专业贫困生3个因子分显著高于医药专业的贫困生(t=2.02,2.22,2.31;P<0.05)。结论我校贫困生心理健康水平低于非贫困生,男性贫困生心理健康水平低于女性贫困生,非医药专业贫困生心理健康水平低于医院专业贫困生。     

某县级综合医院护士心理健康状况调查分析

目的了解县级综合医院护士心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法对260名在职护士,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行调查,比较分析不同年龄、职务、职称、学历和科室护士心理健康状况的差别。结果本组护士SCL-90中的躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑和恐怖因子分以及阳性项目数均明显高于国内常模(t=4.96,7.29,5.04,9.03,2.93,1149.92;P均<0.01);<35岁组躯体化、强迫、焦虑、恐怖因子分和阳性项目数显著≥35岁组(t=2.55,2.21,2.84,2.18,3.09;P<0.01或P<0.05)。护士长组强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖因子分和阳性项目数显著高于普通护士组(t=2.79,2.43,2.74,2.67,2.11;P<0.01或P<0.05);≤初级职称组躯体化、强迫、焦虑、恐怖因子分和阳性项目数显著≥中级职称组(t=2.55,2.51,2.87,2.16,2.79;P<0.01或P<0.05);一线护士组躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖因子分和阳性项目数显著高于二线护士组(t=2.13,2.95,2.42,4.27,3.11,3.33;P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论在职护士普遍存在不同程度的心理问题,其中年轻、低职称、临床一线护士和护士长心理健康状况更差。     

81名警察90项症状清单测试分析

目的了解淮北市公安系统警察的心理健康状况,分析影响警察心理健康的因素。方法用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对2008年10月～2008年12月的淮北市81名警察进行抽样问卷调查,同时填写一般情况表。结果淮北市警察人员SCL-90阳性症状项目数及躯体化、精神病性因子得分均高于全国常模,而阳性症状均分显著低于全国常模。不同学历间以高中组偏执因子高于大专组、本科组,并有显著差异;不同警衔间,警督阳性均分和恐怖因子分都高于警员组,并有显著差异。结论淮北市警察的心理健康状况与全国警察一样,与一般人群比较相对较差。     

张家口-北京两地SARS一线医护人员SCL-90对比分析

目的 了解不同地区SARS一线医护人员的心理健康状况。方法 对张家口市SARS一线医护人员进行SCL-90量表评定,与北京同期SARS一线医护人员SCL-90量表评分进行对照分析。结果 张家口市SARS一线医护人员SCL-90量表评分中,除恐怖因子没有显著性差异外,总分、阳性项目数、阳性症状痛苦水平及其它8个因子都极显著高于北京同市SARS一线医护人员。结论 SARS应激强度不是一线医护人员心理健康状况的决定性因素,积极的心理一社会干预可有效地改善一线医护人员心理健康状况。     

武警某部新兵心理健康状况调查

目的：了解武警新兵训练期间的心理健康状况,指导部队心理健康教育及心理干预。方法：采用SCL－90症状自评量表对武警某部265名新兵进行问卷调查。并将结果经统计学处理后与新兵常模、全军一年组常模、全军常模及全国同龄组常模比较。结果：研究组各因子分均显著低于全军一年组常模及全军常模。除阳性项目数无显著性差异（P＞0．05）外,其余各因子分均显著低于新兵常模。除躯体化、精神病性症状及阳性项目数无显著性差异外,其余各因子分均显著低于全国同龄组常模。结论：本组武警新兵的心理健康状况良好。     

100例慢性盆腔炎患者心理健康调查

目的了解慢性盆腔炎患者的心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对100例慢性盆腔炎患者进行调查,比较分析本组患者症状自评量表(SCL-90)各因子评分与国内常模以及不同年龄、病程、文化程度、户籍地患者之间评分的差别。结果①本组患者SCL-90评分,除恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子外,其余各因子评分和阳性项目数均高于国内常模(t=3.785,2.013,2.281,2.632,3.333,2.586,4.173;P<0.01或P<0.05);②年龄≥40岁组躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对5因子评分和阳性项目数显著高于<40岁组(t=2.255,2.079,2.112,2.383,2.077,2.538;P均<0.05);③病程≥5年组躯体化、抑郁2因子评分和阳性项目数,显著高于<5年组(t=2.335,2.121,2.273;P均<0.05);④除敌对、恐怖、偏执和精神病性4因子外,其余各因子评分和阳性项目数,文化程度≥高中组高于文化程度<高中组(t=2.235,2.381,2.612,2.228,2.478,2.823;P<0.01或P<0.05),城镇组高于农村组(t=2.472,2.915,2.500,2.326,2.881,2.248;P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论慢性盆腔炎患者普遍存在不同程度的心理问题,并受多种因素影响。     

心理干预对中职卫校新生心理健康状况的影响

目的:探讨心理干预对中职卫校新生心理健康状况的影响。方法:对646名卫校新生,采取心理讲座、心理咨询和心理宣传等方式进行干预1学期,用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行测评,比较干预前、后心理健康状况的变化。结果:本组卫校新生第1学期末SCL-90评定,总分≥160、阳性项目数≥43、单项因子分≥3均显著低于入校时(χ~2=40.970,43.613,54.370;P均0.001),SCL-90各因子分(除精神病性因子外)和阳性项目数也显著低于入校时(t=18.333,16.307,12.809,23.609,20.064,43.270,10.142,3.454,21.642;P≤0.001)。结论:心理干预可显著改善卫校新生心理健康状况。     

开放教育形势下残疾大学生的心理健康与社会支持

目的:探讨在新疆多元文化、多民族背景及开放教育形式下,残疾大学生心理健康状况与社会支持的关系。方法:采用《社会支持评定量表》和《症状自评量表》对新疆广播电视大学179名开放教育残疾大学生进行调查。结果:新疆广播电视大学开放教育残疾大学生整体心理健康水平明显好于全国常模,除躯体化因子得分与全国常模不存在显著差异,其它各因子得分都与全国常模存在显著差异(t≥3.30,P0.01)。社会支持水平在开放教育残疾大学生的年龄、婚姻状况上表现出显著差异。中年学生主观支持维度得分(F=4.60,P0.05)及社会支持总分(F=3.83,P0.05)显著高于青年学生。已婚学生主观支持维度得分(t=4.05,P0.001)及社会支持总分(t=3.56,P0.001)显著高于未婚学生。客观支持与心理健康状况无显著相关,主观支持、对支持的利用度及社会支持与心理健康大部分因子及总分呈显著负相关。客观支持对心理健康无显著预测作用,对支持的利用度及社会支持对心理健康大部分因子及总分有显著的负向预测作用。结论:社会支持对开放教育残疾大学生的心理健康水平有显著的影响,社会支持越充分,对支持的利用度越高,心理健康状况就会越好。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.