老年糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化的相关危险因素分析

目的 分析影响老年糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化的危险因素.方法 分析2015年7月-2020年6月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院内分泌科门诊收治95例2型糖尿病患者的病例资料,根据是否存在颈动脉粥样硬化分为颈动脉粥样硬化组(n=56)和非颈动脉粥样硬化组(n=39).收集2组患者临床基本资料、体格检查结果、生化指标和颈动脉内-中膜厚...     

Cigarette smoking increases the mean platelet volume in elderly patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis

Summary To study the effects of cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis on platelet size, we measured the mean platelet volume (MPV) and other platelet parameters in 142 elderly smokers and nonsmokers with or without atherosclerotic risk factors. The MPV and the platelet count were highest and their inverse correlation was strongest in the atherosclerotic smokers (r= 0.54, P < 0.05) when compared with the nonsmoking and non-atherosclerotic groups. A 10% decrease of MPV was found in 8 smoking subjects in the atherosclerotic group, who successfully discontinued smoking (P < 0.05). These results suggest that smoking may increase platelet consumption in atherosclerotic vessels and that subsequently megakaryocytes are activated to produce larger platelets, which are more active. Thus, an increase in MPV due to smoking may also contribute to the acceleration of atherosclerosis and should be considered as a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease.     

Obesity increases the risk of development of atherosclerosis in elderly type 2 diabetic patients*

Background: Obesity has been suggested to have no effect on the rates of mortality from cerebro‐ and cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether obesity influences atherosclerotic risk factors in elderly diabetic patients. Methods: The relationships between body mass index (BMI) and representative atherosclerotic risk factors were investigated using data from patients with type 2 diabetes who were aged from 65 to 91 years (mean ± standard deviation, 72.3 ± 5.2 years). Results: BMI significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic arterial pressures and serum triglyceride, uric acid and sialic acid levels. BMI also showed significant negative correlations with duration of diabetes and serum HDL cholesterol levels. Multiple regression analysis using BMI as a target variable and age, sex, duration of diabetes, mean arterial pressure, serum uric acid and triglyceride as explanatory variables showed that BMI significantly correlated with arterial pressure and serum triglyceride level (R = 0.459). After adjustment for history of drug therapy for each disease (hypertension, dyslipidemia or hyperuricemia), BMI also significantly correlated with arterial pressure, serum triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and uric acid levels. In the subjects with BMI of 25 or over, the mean levels of systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, serum triglyceride and sialic acid were higher and the mean level of serum HDL cholesterol was lower, after adjustment for age and sex, than those in the subjects with BMI below 22. Conclusion: These results suggest that obesity is related to arterial pressure, blood lipid and uric acid levels and increases the risk of development of atheroclerosis in elderly diabetic patients.     

老年糖尿病高危人群易发动脉粥样硬化的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨老年糖尿病高危人群动脉粥样硬化(AS)的发生情况及相关危险因素。方法使用75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验将60岁以上有血糖升高倾向的87例患者分为糖耐量正常(NGT)组25例,糖耐量低减(IGT)组25例,糖尿病(DM)组37例,进行颈动脉超声及相关指标的检测。结果NGT组I、GT组、DM组颈动脉内膜异常者分别为12例(48.0%)、18例(72.0%)、34例(91.1%);AS的发生频率分别为2例(8.0%)、6例(24.0%)、13例(35.1%),P<0.05。logistic多元回归分析显示年龄、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、负荷后2 h血糖是AS发生的独立危险因素。结论年龄、血脂异常、高血糖是老年DM高危人群发生AS的独立危险因素。     

Cigarette smoking increases the mean platelet volume in elderly patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis.

To study the effects of cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis on platelet size, we measured the mean platelet volume (MPV) and other platelet parameters in 142 elderly smokers and nonsmokers with or without atherosclerotic risk factors. The MPV and the platelet count were highest and their inverse correlation was strongest in the atherosclerotic smokers (r = 0.54, P < 0.05) when compared with the nonsmoking and non-atherosclerotic groups. A 10% decrease of MPV was found in 8 smoking subjects in the atherosclerotic group, who successfully discontinued smoking (P < 0.05). These results suggest that smoking may increase platelet consumption in atherosclerotic vessels and that subsequently megakaryocytes are activated to produce larger platelets, which are more active. Thus, an increase in MPV due to smoking may also contribute to the acceleration of atherosclerosis and should be considered as a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease.     

慢性心力衰竭患者肾功能恶化的危险因素分析

目的 研究慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者肾功能恶化的危险因素及其对预后的影响.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,分析与肾功能恶化发生有统计学关联的独立危险因素,同时观察肾功能恶化对预后的影响.结果 住院心衰患者肾功能恶化发生率31%,入院肌酐水平及心功能分级与肾功能恶化的发生独立相关,OR值分别为2.248(95%CI1.088～4.647,P=0.029)和2.485(95%CI1.385～4.459.P＝0.002).发生肾功能恶化的患者住院期间病死率明显高于对照组(16.7%比2.1%,P=0.000),调整混杂因素后,肾功能恶化是死亡的独立危险因素,OR值3.824(95%CI2.452～5.137.P＜0.015).结论 肾功能恶化在住院心衰患者中发生率较高,与住院期间病死率明显相关.入院肌酐水平偏高及心功能差为发生肾功能恶化的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors of worsening renal function (WRF) in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF) and WRF influence on prognosis. Methods A case-control study were undertaken to analyze independent risk factor statistically related to incidence of WRF, and to assess the influence of WRF on prognosis. Results The independent predictors of WRF were creatinine level at admission (OR 2.248,95% CI 1.088-4.647, P = 0.029) and NYHA class on admission ( OR 2.485, 95% CI 1.3854. 459, P = 0.002). The mortality of patient with WRF was obviously higher than that of control group during hospitalization( OR 3. 824,95% CI 2. 452-5. 637 ,P ＜0.015). Conclusions WRF is a common complication among patients hospitalized for CHF, and is obviously associated with mortality during hospitalization. Higher creatinine level and weak heart function are independent risk factors for incidence of WRF of patients with CHF.     

Homocysteine levels in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: Abundant epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that the presence of mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vasculature, and for vascular disease, including coronary disease. It has been demonstrated that plasma total homocysteine level is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. HYPOTHESIS: The study was undertaken to determine the extent of homocysteine levels in patients without documented coronary artery disease, but with at least one risk factor for atherosclerosis. METHODS: Fasting blood samples were collected prospectively from 160 consecutive patients (50 women and 110 men, mean age 65+/-7 years) who had at least one risk factor for atherosclerosis, but had no documented coronary artery disease. Homocysteine levels were measured by an immunoassay method. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 78 (48.75%) with at least one risk factor for atherosclerosis had high homocysteine levels; 62 patients had mild hyperhomocysteinemia (15-30 micromol/l); and 16 patients had moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (30-100 micromol/l). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia is highly prevalent in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis. Homocysteine level (an independent convertible risk factor to atherosclerosis) should be measured routinely in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis and treated appropriately.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in chronic renal failure

Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death in patients with chronic renal disease. These complications are due to two important morphological changes. Firstly, left ventricular hypertrophy together with the changes in the cardiac remodelling and myocardiac fibrosis constitute the lesion with the highest incidence in renal chronic disease. Secondly, disease in the large arteries (macrovascular disease) involve two types lesions: Artherosclerosis, which is characterised by the formation of plaques in the intima arterial membrane and artherosclerosis due to lesions in the media arterial membrane, which causes a loss in elasticity of the arterial tree.     

Analysis of factors for progression of diabetic renal failure in elderly people

AIM: To investigate the factors in the progression of renal failure in type 2 diabetes in elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 2034 patients hospitalized for type 2 diabetes therapy at Osaka City University Hospital from 1993 to 2000. Among them, 362 patients had diabetic non-dialyzed renal failure. Moreover, 93 patients reached the endpoint of doubling primary serum creatinine values. We analyzed the factors of progression for diabetic renal failure, and divided the cohorts into two groups. One group consisted of patients 65 years old or more (higher age group, HP), and the other of patients under 65 years old (lower age group, LP). We used the Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard models for the analysis of the cohorts with the endpoint of doubling the serum creatinine values. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between HP and LP by the Kaplan-Meier methods for progression of renal failure. According to Cox monofactorial-analysis, hypoalbuminemia was determined to be a significant factor in the progression of renal failure in both HP and LP. In the Cox multifactorial-analysis, hypoalbuminemia was a independent significant factor in HP, but not in LP. CONCLUSION: Hypoalbuminemia is considered to be a significant factor in the progression of renal failure in type 2 diabetes regardless of age, and may be a more significant factor in elderly people.     

Risk factors for asymptomatic atherosclerosis in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients without diabetic microvascular complications

Atherosclerotic vascular diseases are frequently associated with diabetes mellitus. There has been increasing evidence showing that the atherosclerotic diseases in diabetic patients are distinct from diabetic microvascular complications as to their pathophysiology and epidemiology. However, we have no information on the prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in diabetic patients before the onset of microvascular diseases. In the present investigation, we aimed to evaluate risk factors for the atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients without the microvascular diseases. For this purpose, we evaluated atherosclerotic change of carotid arteries in 125 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients who had neither atherosclerotic vascular diseases nor diabetic microvascular complications. When atherosclerotic change was defined as the mean intima-media thickness (IMT) of >/= 1.1 mm and/or the presence of plaque lesion, 50% of patients had atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries. Risk factors for the carotid atherosclerosis were age, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes treatment. Age and LDL-cholesterol were associated with mean IMT. Age, diabetes treatment, LDL-cholesterol, and hypertension were positively associated with plaque lesion, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was negatively associated with it. Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), and known diabetes duration remained unassociated with any parameters of asymptomatic atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries. These results indicate that glycemic control is unrelated with asymptomatic atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients without diabetic microvascular complications. Conventional risk factors and diabetes treatment are independently associated with atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries in these patients.     

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk for renal transplantation in diabetic patients

Cardiovascular disease contributes in a major way to morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Sixty patients with type I diabetes were evaluated prior to renal transplantation to determine the risk of cardiovascular complications. On the basis of results of thallium stress testing and/or cardiac catheterization, each patient was assigned to one of five categories. There were no cardiovascular events in the seven patients who had negative results on stress testing. Of the remaining 53 patients, all of whom underwent cardiac catheterization, 30 had normal coronary arteries. None of these 30 patients had any cardiac morbidity, and the two deaths that occurred in this group were not attributable to cardiac causes. Significant coronary artery disease was present in 38 percent of the patients. The overall mortality rate was 5.4 percent in those patients without coronary artery disease and 43.5 percent in those with the disease. In addition, the mortality rate in patients with coronary disease classified as severe was 62 percent, whereas it was 20 percent in those categorized as having moderate disease. The data indicate that patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease who are at highest risk for cardiovascular events can be identified, and these patients probably should not undergo renal transplantation.     

Prognostic factors in lupus nephritis: diagnostic and therapeutic delay increases the risk of terminal renal failure

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of clinical and renal biopsy findings in an unselected cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and nephritis. METHODS: Ninety-one patients with lupus nephritis were included in the study. Renal biopsies were classified according to the WHO criteria and examined for the presence of active and chronic histological changes. Predictors of endstage renal disease (ESRD) were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The median followup time was 6.1 years (0.1-30.0 yrs). In all cases, immunosuppressive treatment was initiated or intensified within one month following renal biopsy. The cumulative incidence of ESRD after 1, 5, and 10 years was 3.5%, 15%, and 17%, respectively. A variety of clinical and biopsy findings including several histological markers of chronic renal damage were identified as univariate predictors of ESRD. In multivariate regression analyses, duration of nephritis symptoms > 6 months prior to biopsy, s-creatinine > 140 micromol/l, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and tubular atrophy emerged as the strongest combination of independent risk factors (relative hazard ratios: 9.3, 5.6, 8.9, and 3.1, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the negative prognostic impact of hypercreatininemia, class IV histopathology, and tubular atrophy in lupus nephritis. Our data show that delay between onset of nephritis and renal biopsy constitutes an important risk factor of ESRD. Patients with SLE should have kidney biopsy as soon as clinical signs of nephritis are evident in order to accelerate treatment decisions and minimize risk of inflammation-induced irreversible kidney damage.     

Chronic renal failure in sickle cell disease: risk factors, clinical course, and mortality

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, clinical course, and risk factors associated with the onset of chronic renal failure in sickle cell anemia and sickle C disease. DESIGN: A prospective, 25-year longitudinal demographic and clinical cohort study. A matched case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors. PATIENTS: A total of 725 patients with sickle cell anemia and 209 patients with sickle C disease who received medical care from the hematology service in a large municipal hospital. Most were observed from birth or early childhood. MEASUREMENTS: Thirty-six patients developed sickle renal failure: 4.2% of patients with sickle cell anemia and 2.4% of patients with sickle C disease. The median age of disease onset for these patients was 23.1 and 49.9 years, respectively. Survival time for patients with sickle cell anemia after the diagnosis of sickle renal failure, despite dialysis, was 4 years, and the median age at the time of death was 27 years. Relative risk for mortality was 1.42 (95% Cl, 1.12 to 1.81; P = 0.02) compared with patients who did not develop renal insufficiency. MAIN RESULTS: Histopathologic studies showed characteristic lesions of glomerular "drop out" and glomerulosclerosis. Case-control analysis showed that ineffective erythropoiesis with increasingly severe anemia, hypertension, proteinuria, the nephrotic syndrome, and microscopic hematuria were significant pre-azotemic predictors of chronic renal failure. The risk for sickle renal failure was increased in patients who had inherited the Central African Republic beta s-gene cluster haplotype. CONCLUSIONS: The pre-azotemic manifestations of hypertension, proteinuria, and increasingly severe anemia predict end-stage renal failure in patients with sickle cell disease. The rate of progression of renal insufficiency is genetically determined. Treatment of the uremic phase has been dismal, underscoring the need for the development of useful pre-azotemic therapeutic modalities.     

Risk factors of atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease patients

Patients with end-stage renal disease have greatly elevated risks of atherosclerotic disease. Vascular calcification in advanced atherosclerosis is a common feature in ESRD patients. Risk factors of atherosclerosis in ESRD patients are coronary risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia and hyperphosphatemia. Bone associated proteins including osteopontin, matrix Gla protein and osteoprotegerin may be involved in the progression of atherosclerosis.     

Independent risk factors for progression of coronary atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients

Not uncommonly, hemodialysis patients with normal results in myocardial perfusion tests can still have a cardiac event within 2 years of evaluation. We examined possible risk factors for progression of coronary atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. We prospectively evaluated ability of myocardial perfusion imaging carried out under pharmacologic stress to predict 2-year outcomes in 77 hemodialysis patients, specifically thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using high-dose adenosine triphosphate as the stressor. The primary end-point was a cardiac event (cardiac death, non-fatal acute coronary syndrome, or hospitalization for acute ischemic heart failure). Factors independently influencing duration until a cardiac event in hemodialysis patients were identified using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Myocardial perfusion defects were shown in 36 patients. Patients with a perfusion defect were more likely to have cardiac events than those with normal perfusion (78% vs. 15%, P < 0.001). Time until occurrence of a cardiac event in hemodialysis patients showed a significant, independent association with known coronary artery disease [regression coefficient (RC) = -3.391, P = 0.046], elevated C-reactive protein (RC = -5.813, P = 0.005), and a reversible myocardial perfusion defect (RC = -7.386, P < 0.001). An analysis based on the 'best cut-off' of CRP as identified on the basis of the ROC curve augmented the positive and negative predict value of CRP for the prediction of coronary events to 65 and 74%, respectively. Myocardial perfusion SPECT and measuring the plasma concentration of CRP might be useful for the prediction of hemodialysis patients with progression of coronary atherosclerosis.     

Cardiovascular risk in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), accounting for 54% of all incident cases according to the US Renal Data System. These patients suffer an extremely high mortality rate due to the very high incidence of cardiovascular disease. A significant proportion of these patients already has established cardiovascular disease at the time of initiation of dialysis treatment. More importantly, as these patients develop progressive kidney dysfunction, they are not only subjected to traditional Framingham risk factors, but, more importantly, to a whole host of "kidney disease-related risk factors" that further accelerate the progression of cardiovascular disease and thus contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The present article provides an updated view on the multitude of traditional Framingham risk factors and kidney disease-related risk factors that diabetic ESRD patients are subjected to. A better understanding of the different cardiovascular risk factors will be fundamental to institute early detection programs, as well as to provide aggressive cardiovascular management of these patients.     

Hemodialysis in diabetic patients with chronic renal failure.

Eighteen male diabetic patients with a mean age of 48.5 years and end-stage renal disease were maintained on chronic hemodialysis for a mean duration of 15.2 months. The cumulative survival rate for the first year was 86%. Their diabetes was no more difficult to control after starting hemodialysis. Cardiovascular complications accounted for the two deaths and most of the management problems. Patient rehabilitation was considered to be satisfactory. It is concluded that chronic hemodialysis can be a suitable form of therapy in this group of patients.     

慢性肾衰竭患者缺血性心血管疾病危险因素的研究进展

由动脉粥样硬化(AS)所致的缺血性心血管疾病是终末期肾脏病(ESRD)患者最常见的并发症。ESRD患者存在多种导致心血管疾病的危险因素,近年研究发现高同型半胱氨酸血症(Hcy)、氧化应激和微炎症反应参与了慢性肾衰竭(CRF)患者AS的发生和发展,探讨各因素之间的关系,及其在CRF患者AS形成中的作用将可能为这类患者缺血性心血管疾病的防治提供新的方法。