Cooperation of adolescents in orthodontic treatment

Cooperation of 39 adolescents with orthodontic treatment was examined 8–10 months into treatment and again at completion. Early in treatment, parental attitudes served as the best predictors of cooperation. By the end of active treatment, however, the adolescent patients' own cognitions were the most salient predictors of cooperation. Prior to beginning orthodontic treatment, subjects and their parents completed a battery of psychosocial and orthodontic-specific measures. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that only the Parent Positive Attitude Toward Braces measure significantly predicted orthodontic cooperation early in treatment, while External-Powerful Others (Professionals) attributions of control, External-Chance attributions of control, and the initial assessment of cooperation significantly predicted cooperation over longer periods of time.This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Dental Research (NIH-NIDR-R01-DE06154) to Dr. Judith E. Albino.     

The intersection of adolescent development and intensive intervention: age-related psychosocial correlates of treatment regimens in the diabetes control and complication trial

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence relevant to developmentally sensitive intervention and prevention of adolescents' psychosocial distress associated with treatment of type 1 diabetes. METHODS: We used self-reports on the Diabetes Quality of Life and SCL-90-R inventories administered at baseline, 1, and 3 years following adolescents' (n = 224) entry into the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. RESULTS: Initiation of intensive treatment in early adolescence was associated with increasing school dissatisfaction; initiation in later adolescence resulted in marginal elevations in psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Age at entry moderates impact of intensive treatment on reported psychosocial distress. Intervention and prevention efforts sensitive to the interaction of developmental tasks with health treatment goals may optimize the well-being of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.     

Differences in the social consequences of ethanol emerge during the course of adolescence in rats: social facilitation, social inhibition, and anxiolysis

The present experiments explored social consequences of ethanol during adolescence by examining dose-dependent ethanol-induced social facilitation and inhibition in a non-anxiogenic (familiar) environment, and ethanol-related anxiolysis in an anxiogenic (unfamiliar) environment in early (P28) and late (P42) adolescent rats. Pronounced age-related differences in the social consequences of ethanol emerged during the course of adolescence, with early adolescents being uniquely sensitive to activating effects of low doses of ethanol when tested in the familiar context in terms of play fighting-an adolescent-characteristic form of social interactions, but conversely less sensitive than late adolescents to ethanol-associated social suppression when tested at higher ethanol doses in this context. Early adolescents were also less sensitive than late adolescents to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol revealed in the unfamiliar test situation, when indexed in terms of increases in social investigation and the ethanol-induced transformation of social avoidance into social preference. Anti-anxiety properties of ethanol were found to be sex-dependent in older animals, with late adolescent females being more sensitive to ethanol anxiolysis than their male counterparts. Considerable ontogenetic differences in the social consequences of ethanol are evident even within the adolescent period, with early adolescence being a time of particularly pronounced adolescent-typical sensitivities to ethanol.     

应用定量PCR检测固定矫治器拆除后龈下菌斑中牙龈卟啉单胞菌的动态变化

目的 检测正畸患者在拆除固定矫治器后龈下牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)动态含量和牙周临床指标,研究其动态变化及与临床的关系.方法 选择将要结束正畸治疗的患者20名,在拆除矫治器前即时、之后第1个月、第3个月和第6个月分别检查牙周各项指标:菌斑指数(PLI)、龈沟出血指数(SBI)、探诊深度(PD),同时采集龈下菌斑,采用TaqMan探针荧光实时定量PCR技术对样品进行检测得出每个样品中牙龈卟啉单胞菌和总细菌的数量,牙龈卟啉单胞菌检出率和牙龈卟啉单胞菌占总细菌比例的变化.结果 牙龈卟啉单胞菌检出率在拆后6个月内呈下降趋势,在第6个月差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);牙龈卟啉单胞菌的量在拆后6个月开始呈显著的下降(P<0.05);牙龈卟啉单胞菌的百分含量在拆后6个月开始差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PLI、SBI、PD都呈显著性下降(P<0.05).结论 拆除固定矫治器后在保持良好口腔卫生保健的情况下,正畸患者在一段时间内牙周组织呈自愈的趋势.牙龈卟啉单胞菌的百分含量的动态变化可以较好地反映牙周组织的健康状况.TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR有较高的特异性和敏感性,且快捷准确,对牙周微生物的检测有一定的应用价值.     

Body Image and Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Examined body image and social adjustment in 21 adolescentswho had completed cancer treatment and a healthy comparisongroup. Subjects completed questionnaires assessing body imageand social adjustment and were videotaped during an interview.Raters blind to health status independently rated subjects’attractiveness. Cancer survivors reported less than half asmany social activities as the healthy controls. No group differenceswere found on social anxiety, loneliness, or composite bodyimage scores. However, within the cancer group adolescents whohad been off treatment longer reported lower self–worth,more social anxiety, and more negative body image perceptions,but were not rated as less attractive by observers. Findingssugest body image concerns and social anxiety may not developuntil several years after treatment termination.     

影响微种植体正畸治疗成功率的因素

文题释义：支抗：正畸矫治中,任何施于被矫治牙使其移动的力必然产生一个反向、等大的反作用力,能抵抗该力的结构成为“支抗”。支抗控制对于正畸和颅颌面矫形的成败至关重要。多年来,正畸学者和临床医师设计了多种口外和口内支抗系统,但由于各种原因,实际临床应用不尽如人意。与传统支抗相比,微种植体具有体积小、植入移除简单、成本低、能行即刻或早期加载等明显优势,在正畸临床的应用越来越广泛。骨整合&临床成功率：即显微镜下骨与种植体间的直接接触,是种植体生物学稳定性和临床成功率的决定因素。骨整合的程度主要由种植体自身设计、手术操作、应力载荷、临床用途及患者身体状况等多因素决定。影响微种植体骨整合乃至临床成功率的相关因素亟待进一步深入、系统的研究。背景：在正畸治疗过程中,影响微种植体临床成功率的潜在危险因素的相关报道结果不尽一致,一些临床医师非常关注的影响因素未全部纳入研究,且动物实验所得结论难以直接运用于临床实践。因此,究竟哪些因素影响微种植体的临床成功率,亟待进一步深入、系统的研究。目的：研究影响正畸支抗用微种植体临床成功率的相关因素。方法：试验纳入114例口腔种植患者,其中男42例,女72例,年龄(19.26±9.19)岁,共植入253枚微种植体作为正畸支抗。纳入以下影响因素：包括性别、年龄、垂直和矢状骨面型、植入位点、植入牙弓、植入部位软组织类型、口腔卫生状况、微种植体的直径和长度、植入方式、植入角度、应力加载时机和强度及临床用途,运用logistic回归分析研究成功率和所有变量间的相关性,方差分析检测各变量对成功率的影响。试验方案经过四川大学伦理委员会批准。结果与结论：①253枚微种植体的总临床成功率为88.54%,平均应力加载时长为9.5个月,其中29枚植入失败,植入失败微种植体的平均加载时长为2.3个月;②在卡方检验、Fisher精确检验和logistic回归分析中,年龄、口腔卫生状况、垂直骨面型及植入位点与临床成功率显著相关(P < 0.05),而性别、矢状骨面型、植入牙弓、植入部位软组织类型、微种植体的直径和长度、植入方式、植入角度、应力加载时机和强度及临床用途11个变量与种植成功率无显著相关性(P > 0.05);③结果提示为了最大程度降低微种植体失败率,需给予患者正确的口腔卫生保健指导和有效监督,特别是年轻(<12岁)、高角、下颌骨植入微种植体的患者。ORCID: 0000-0003-2318-3199(吴也可)中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Psychological and social impact of carrier screening for cystic fibrosis among pregnant women — a pilot study

The aim of the current study was to assess the psychological and social impact of ΔF508 carrier screening for cystic fibrosis among pregnant women. The impact of carrier screening was assessed in terms of anxiety, perception of health, reproductive decisions, retention of results, and sharing of information with relatives by two self-administered questionnaires sent to 160 women with a positive and 200 women with a negative test result. While no attempt was made to make women accept or decline testing, 22–28% of those tested found it difficult to reject the test when offered. Women with a positive test result became more anxious than did women with a negative result. However, their perception of future health did not change. Most carriers shared the information about their result with relatives and friends. Carriers had the best retention of pretest information and test result, although a third of the carriers believed that they could not have a child with cystic fibrosis when the partner's test for ΔF508 and five other mutations were negative. Most women with a negative test result did not remember their result correctly a year after testing. Few women with a positive result changed their reproductive plans because of the result of the test.     

正畸力作用下人龈沟液MMP-9及TIMP-1的水平变化及意义

目的:探讨正畸力作用下龈沟液内基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)水平的动态变化及其临床意义.方法:选择口腔科门诊就诊接受正畸治疗的患者20例.随机分成2组(A、B组),每组10人.分别施加100 g、250 g的远中移动的初始力,在加力前0周及加力后1、2、3、4、5、6、7周...     

Influence of fluoride and chloride on corrosion behavior of NiTi orthodontic wires

The influence of fluoride and chloride ions on the corrosion behavior of nearly equiatomic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires was studied using conventional electrochemical measurement methods, including corrosion potential, potentiodynamic and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the surface morphology before and after the test. All the electrochemical parameters are analyzed based on the sample standard deviations. The results indicated that NiTi alloy is primarily susceptible to localized corrosion when exposed to a solution containing chloride, while it is susceptible to general corrosion when subjected to a solution containing fluoride. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction of fluoride and chloride on corrosion of NiTi alloy is associated with their respective molar concentrations.     

Psychological effects of breast-conserving cancer treatment and mastectomy

Patients in the early stages of breast cancer were studied one year after treatment to ascertain the psychological effects of mastectomy and a breast-conserving alternative, lumpectomy plus radiation therapy. Patients who had had a mastectomy felt less attractive, less sexually desirable, and more ashamed of their breasts. They also experienced less enjoyment in their sexual relationships than they had before treatment. Patients who had radiation therapy experienced no changes in these areas. For these reasons, half of the mastectomy patients regretted not having chosen the breast-conserving alternative.     

骨膜蛋白基因敲除鼠正畸牙齿移动模型的建立及验证

目的:建立小鼠以及骨膜蛋白（PN）基因敲除小鼠正畸牙齿移动模型,并分析相关信号通路。方法:根据实验条件把小鼠分为4组:C57小鼠未加力组和加力组、PN基因敲除小鼠组上颌加力组和未加力组,每组5只,其中加力组加力5 d。处死后,显微CT扫描上下颌骨,并采用RT-PCR检测牙周膜中相关基因的表达水平。结果:与C57小鼠相比,PN基因敲除小鼠的牙槽骨出现明显的吸收,牙周膜连续性中断破坏。在C57小鼠中,加力组牙周膜中的PN、粘着斑激酶（FAK）和TGF-β1表达水平显著增强（P<0.05）;在基因敲除鼠中,加力组牙周膜中的FAK（P<0.05）和TGF-β1表达水平显著增强（P<0.01）;在同样加力的条件下,C57小鼠与PN基因敲除小鼠相比,TGF-β1显著降低（P<0.05）,FAK表达水平显著升高（P<0.01）。结论:PN是正畸作用下牙周膜的改建过程一个重要分子环节,发挥着转导调控作用,TGF-β1--PN--FAK信号通路参与调控正畸作用下牙周膜的改建过程。     

Life 20 years after unsuccessful infertility treatment

BACKGROUND: This study explores the long-term experience of involuntary childlessness among 14 Swedish women 20 years after their infertility treatment. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted. RESULTS: The childlessness had had a strong impact on all the women's lives and was for all a major life theme. The effects were experienced both on a personal level and on interpersonal and social levels. Half of the women were separated, and in all but one, sexual life was affected in negative and long-lasting ways. The effects of childlessness were especially increased at the time the study was conducted, as the women's peer group was entering the 'grandparent phase'. Many coped with their childlessness by caring for others, such as the children of friends or relatives, elderly parents or animals. CONCLUSION: These findings represent a small sample, but they point towards the need for developing models of counselling and support that stimulate self-reflection and strengthen personal resources and empowerment for individuals and couples experiencing involuntary childlessness.     

金属正畸托槽粘结强度的研究

目的 体外评价金属网底托槽与牙面间的粘结强度,研究其影响因素。方法 以国内外两种金属网底托槽为研究对象,进行体外粘结强度测试,观察托槽底面结构状态,采用显微硬度测试技术进行硬度测试,采用能谱分析对托槽进行组成元素分析。结果 （1）两种托槽的体外粘结强度值相差较大;（2）样品底面结构有明显差异;（3）两样品硬度值基本接近;（4）两种托槽的组成元素及相对含量基本相同。结论 网底托槽的底面结构对其粘结强度有较大的影响。     

Psychological functioning across stages of treatment for infertility

Psychological functioning was examined for a cross section of 104 couples in different stages of medical investigation for infertility. Couples were separated into three stages based upon the length of time they had been pursuing medical treatment for infertility: year 1, year 2, and year 3 and beyond. Emotional strain was moderately elevated during the first year, returned to more normal levels during the second year, and showed marked increases beyond year 3. Indices of marital adjustment and sexual satisfaction were stable across the first two stages but deteriorated after the third year. These data suggest that the stage of treatment may exert a major influence upon psychological functioning for infertile couples pursuing medical assistance. The results are consistent with a model of psychological strain that reflects an acute stress reaction to the initial diagnosis and treatment overlaid with a chronic strain response to longer-term treatment.Research was aided by a grant-in-aid of research from Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, a research fellowship from the University of South Carolina, and NIMH Institutional Training Grant MH-15930.     

Psychological treatment dropout among pathological gamblers

Premature dropout from treatments for pathological gambling is potentially of significant importance, if it occurs before substantial progress has been made in addressing the problem. A systematic review of current research on dropout from psychological treatments for pathological gambling identified 12 studies from five countries. Dropout ranged from 14% to 50%, with a median of dropout 26%. Overall, 31% of the participants dropped out of treatment. Few studies distinguish between dropouts at different stages of participation. The evidence on specific variables that predict dropout is limited or inconsistent, and is characterised by a lack of a coherent, gambling-specific model and by methodological problems. Two studies that attempted to apply motivational and compliance-enhancing techniques were found. Both showed promising effects on reduction of dropout and improvement of short-term impact of treatment, but inconsistent results on longer-term outcomes were obtained. The review highlighted a need for more rigorous investigation of the extent of dropout and of variables associated with dropout from pathological gambling treatment programs. Further research on interventions to enhance retention and reduce dropout from psychological treatment is also required.     

How adolescents compare AIDS with other diseases: implications for prevention

Four hundred ten adolescents, ages 14-16 years, completed a questionnaire concerned with their understanding of the social and emotional consequences of AIDS and 5 other illnesses (lung cancer, German measles, chicken pox, asthma, and diabetes). Pupils distinguished between the diseases on all measured items, but younger pupils were more likely to believe that individuals were personally responsible for the onset of AIDS, lung cancer, and diabetes. The data are discussed in terms of the implications for health education campaigns.     

Psychological and Social Concomitants of Sickle Cell Anemia in Adolescents

Based on the hypothesis that adolescents with sickle cell anemiaexperience difficulty in mastering the normal developmentaltasks of adolescence because of the characteristics of theirdisease, this study examined body satisfaction, depression,and social withdrawal in 24 adolescents with sickle cell anemia.They were compared to 24 healthy adolescents matched on sex,race, age, and socioeconomic status. As predicted, the sicklecell anemic adolescents reported less satisfaction with theirbodies and more symptoms of depression than their healthy peers.In addition, they were found to spend less time in social andnonsocial activities. These results support the hypothesis thatadolescents with sickle cell anemia are at risk for psychosocialadjustment problems and suggest at least three areas of adjustmentthat may be affected.