大蒜素对青光眼滤过术后兔眼滤过泡瘢痕化的抑制作用

目的　探讨大蒜素对青光眼滤过术后兔眼滤过泡瘢痕化的抑制作用。方法　取健康同品系大白兔36只72眼,随机分成大蒜素组、丝裂霉素组、生理盐水组,每组24眼,均行小梁切除术。各组分别将浸有大蒜素（1.112 kg·L^-1）、丝裂霉素（0.3 g·L^-1）、生理盐水的棉片放置于结膜囊-巩膜瓣-巩膜床层间,5 min后完全取出棉片,充分冲洗。术后各组分别测眼压,观察滤过泡的形态,计算滤过泡面积并行眼前节照相。术后28 d处死各组兔,行HE染色及Masson染色对比观察各组结膜下瘢痕增生情况。结果　术后第1天3组眼压较术前降低,随后眼压逐渐回升。各组不同时间内的眼压差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。术前及术后1 d、4 d、7 d、14 d两两比较中除术后4 d丝裂霉素组眼压比生理盐水组低（P=0.025）外,其余各时间眼压两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。术后28 d生理盐水组眼压高于大蒜素组和丝裂霉素组（均为P<0.05）,大蒜素组和丝裂霉素组相比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后1~4 d 3组滤过泡面积分别达到最大值,之后滤过泡面积逐渐减小。统计学分析结果示3组滤过泡面积减小量在不同的时间点上是不同的（P<0.05）。不同分组之间的滤过泡面积减小量有明显差异（P<0.05）。术后大蒜素组与丝裂霉素组滤过泡面积减小幅度相同,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,生理盐水组比大蒜素组和丝裂霉素组的滤过泡面积减小速度更快,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。术后28 d各组结膜上皮均完整无破损及增厚。HE染色显示大蒜素组和丝裂霉素组兔眼瘢痕组织较少,滤过通道较宽;生理盐水组兔眼瘢痕组织较多,滤过通道狭窄。Masson染色显示大蒜素组和丝裂霉素组可见少量炎性细胞浸润,滤过区成纤维细胞及胶原纤维疏松,结膜及巩膜间隙较宽;生理盐水组可见大量炎性细胞浸润,滤过区成纤维细胞及胶原纤维致密,结膜及巩膜间隙较窄,形成大量的瘢痕组织。术后 28 d 根据胶原纤维占整个结膜和巩膜空间总面积的百分比分析,大蒜素组［（58.13±5.33）%］比丝裂霉素组［（62.42±2.95）%］胶原纤维少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,大蒜素组和丝裂霉素组均比生理盐水组［（89.75±3.91）%］胶原纤维少,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。结论　大蒜素和丝裂霉素有着相同的功效,可通过抑制小梁切除术后滤过泡瘢痕化,对功能性滤过泡有一定的维持作用。     

Synophthalmia and cyclopia: A histopathologic,radiographic, and organogenetic analysis

This paper presents the results of a detailed gross and histologic examination of the eyes and brain in a case of synophthalmia as well as radiographic studies of the skull. Data on 34 other cases of synophthalmia-cyclopia on file in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), are also summarized. In synophthalmia-cyclopia, the median ocular structure is symmetrical and displays two gradients of ocular organization: (1) The anterior segments are usually paired and comparatively well differentiated, whereas, posteriorly, a single, more disorganized compartment is present; (2) the lateral components show more advanced differentiation than the medial. There is invariably a single optic nerve and no chiasm. The brain, the nose, and the bones and soft tissues of the upper facial region, while malformed, are symmetrical and show a similar gradient of organization in that the lateral parts are better developed than the medial. The constant occurrence of a profound cerebral malformation along with the ocular deformity suggests a widespread abnormality of the anterior neural plate from which both the eyes and brain emerge. The data indicate that the defect occurs at or before the time of closure of the neural folds when the neural plate is still labile. The probability of fusion of two ocular anlagen in synophthalmia-cyclopia seems less likely than the emergence of incomplete bicentricity in the ocular fields of the neural plate during the period when the eye primordia are initially induced by the mesoderm. Embryologic studies in experimental animals provide insight into possible mechanisms by which inperfect eye and brain primordia are established. Nonetheless, once established, the eye and brain primordia in synophthalmia-cyclopia are capable of and do complete each step of the usual sequence of ocular and cerebral organogenesis in an orderly manner. The resulting eyes and brain are organogenetically incomplete but histogenetically mature. Ancillary facial and osseous defects result from the faulty migration of neural crests and development of embryonic facial processes secondary to the abnormal ocular and cerebral rudiments.The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.Presented in part at the annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology in Sarasota, Florida, April 28, 1975, and at the biennial meeting of the AFIP-Ophthalmic Pathology Alumni Meeting in Washington, D.C., June 18, 1976.From the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington, D.C. This work was supported in part by Training Grant EY-00032 from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, PHS/DHEW, Bethesda, Md. 20014.     

优势眼分型及临床研究进展

根据检查方法不同,优势眼可以分为注视性优势眼、运动性优势眼和知觉性优势眼。注视性优势眼主要与视觉方向及定位相关,运动性优势眼主要与双眼注视视差及融合功能相关,知觉性优势眼主要与双眼竞争相关。前两者主要是定性概念,而知觉性优势眼可以通过心理物理学方法对双眼优势差异进行量化研究。优势眼检查方法结果相互之间缺乏一致性,原因目前尚未得知,推测可能大部分正常人群本来就不具有稳定的优势眼。有研究推测单眼视疗法的成功与否不在于选择注视性优势眼矫正看远或看近,而可能取决于双眼知觉性优势差异的大小。关于不同类型优势眼在单眼视疗法中所起的作用,以及优势眼与屈光不正,特别是近视发展的关系,还需要进一步研究证实。     

Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in corneal organ cultures

Incorporation of [³H]-glucosamine into glycosaminoglycans in rabbit corneas in tissue culture has been investigated. Autoradiography showed that the label was available to the stroma even in the presence of epithelium and endothelium. The acid glycosaminoglycans were isolated by protease digestion and ECTEOLA-chromatography and were identified by sequential degradation with specific enzymes and nitrous acid. The main part of the glycosaminoglycans could be accounted for as chondroitin sulphates, dermatan sulphate, N-sulphated and N-acetylated heparan sulphate, and keratan sulphate but an undegraded fraction remained. This contained galactosamine and corresponded to about 10–15% of the total incorporation.The pattern of synthesis changed with incubation time. The proportion of labelled keratan sulphate decreased and the proportion of labelled chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate increased when incubations were extended from 2 to 48 hr. This change in biosynthesis was not due to swelling of the corneas during the incubation since it still occurred when swelling was prevented by the presence of dextran in the medium.The total incorporation and distribution of label between the different glycosaminoglycans in 48-hr incubations were approximately the same in intact corneas and in corneas that had been gently freed from epithelium, endothelium or both, thus indicating that the glycosaminoglycans are synthesized mainly in the stroma.A deep dissection of epithelium and/or endothelium which also injured the subepithelial layer and Descemet's membrane had a pronounced effect on the incorporation pattern. When both limiting layers were removed there was a drastic decrease in total incorporation. Injury to the antierior layer led to an increased proportion of labelled chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate and a decreased proportion of the keratan sulphate-rich fraction. Injury to the posterior layer had the opposite effect. This asymmetry in the biosynthesis was confirmed in experiments where anterior and posterior parts of the cornea were investigated separately.The anterior part synthesized mostly the keratan sulphate-rich fraction and the posterior part mostly chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate. Human corneas with keratitis and to a certain degree rabbit corneas with keratoconus-like syndrome showed incorporation patterns similar to that displayed by corneas with injury to the anterior layer.Incubation of corneas with 10^?7m-10^?5m ouabain led to a dose-dependent drop in total incorporation. At the highest drug concentration an increase in the proportion of hyaluronate and a decrease in the proportion of dermatan sulphate were observed. Thus this drug, which is frequently used to inhibit transport in the limiting cell layers also interferes with the normal functions of the stromal cells.     

Innervation of the uvea by galanin and somatostatin immunoreactive axons in macaques and baboons

The neuropeptide galanin has not been localized previously in the primate uvea, and the neuropeptide somatostatin has not been localized in the uvea of any mammal. Here, the distribution of galanin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons in the iris, ciliary body and choroid of macaques and baboons using double and triple immunofluorescence labeling techniques and confocal microscopy was reported. In the ciliary body, galanin-like immunoreactive axons innervated blood vessels and the ciliary processes, particularly at their bases. In the iris, the majority of these axons was associated with the loose connective tissue in the stroma. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons were found in many of the same areas of the uvea supplied by cholinergic nerves. In the ciliary body, there were labelled axons within the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle. They were also found alongside blood vessels in the ciliary stroma. In the iris, somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons were abundant in the sphincter muscle and less so in the dilator muscle. A unilateral sympathectomy had no effect on the distribution of somatostatin-like or galanin-like immunoreactive axons, and these axons did not contain the sympathetic marker tyrosine hydroxylase. They did not contain the parasympathetic marker choline acetyltransferase, either. The galanin-like immunoreactive axons contained other neuropeptides found in sensory nerves, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and cholecystokinin. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive axons did not contain any of these sensory neuropeptides or galanin-like immunoreactivity, and they were neither labelled with an antibody to 200kDa neurofilament protein, nor did they bind isolectin-IB(4). Nevertheless, they are likely to be of sensory origin because somatostatin-like immunoreactive perikarya have previously been localized in the trigeminal ganglion of primates. Taken together, these findings indicate galanin and somatostatin are present in two different subsets of sensory axons in primate uvea.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the monkey eye in miosis and mydriasis.

The structure of the iris, trabecular meshwork and the course and insertion of the zonular fibres have been examined in extreme miosis and maximal mydriasis of the monkey eye, using scanning electron microscopy. The iris showed pronounced differences in its posterior surface and in the shape of the posterior epithelial pupillary edge; in the course of the fibroblast-and melanocyte-processes in the pupillary area; and in the shape of the posterior epithelial layer and the course of vessels and melanocytes in radial as well as in tangential sections. Some difference was noticed in the width of the gaps at the anterior iris surface but no difference was seen in shape and density of the stromal collagen fibres. The trabecular sheets are spaced wider apart in miotic than mydriatic eyes, as seen through pores of meshworks that were left intact or meshworks that had been cut either circumferentially or meridionally; but a difference in the shape of the lamellar holes was not apparent. The ciliary processes frequently show a single crest in mydriasis and twin crests in miosis. The zonular fibres originate from the pars plana and insert into the lens by means of but two sets of fibres, anterior and posterior zonular fibres. These fibres do not cross; most fibres pass the ciliary processes though some fibres may adhere to valleys or crests being presumably vestigial of artefactual. The posterior zonular fibres insert into the posterior capsule forming a single circular rim, in front of the insertion of the anterior hyaloid membrane. The anterior zonular fibres insert circumferentially into the anterior capsule in two or three rows. All fibres insert axially to the equator of the lens and so-called equatorial fibres do not exist. With the present method, no difference could be demonstrated between the zonular fibres in miosis and mydriasis.     

Total sulfhydryl by Raman spectroscopy in the intact lens of several species: Variations in the nucleus and along the optical axis during aging

The sulfhydryl concentration in the central nucleus of rat and mouse lenses falls precipitously with age. However in the lenses of man and water buffalo, the sulfhydryl decreases at a much slower rate with age. This difference between the two groups appears to be correlated with the derivation of albuminoid: in the rodents it is chiefly γ-crystallin which gives rise to albuminoid while in human and bovine lenses albuminoid is related to α-crystallin. The sulfhydryl concentration profiles along the visual axis of human, rabbit and chicken lenses of several ages show that these species have profiles unlike those of rat and mouse lenses; the rabbit lens is more like the human lens while the chicken lens is in a class by itself due to the predominance of δ-crystallin in the nucleus and the consequent extremely low concentration of sulfhydryl. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to changes in the aging lens.     

The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine on the Dopaminergic Cells in the Rat Retina. An Immunocytochemical and Neurochemical Study

There is a growing consensus that the development of the eye is affected by prenatal exposure to cocaine. Considering that the retina is affected by prenatal cocaine exposure, that this drug affects the dopaminergic systems, that the dopaminergic cells in the retina show a well-defined pattern of development and that they can be specifically stained in wholemounts by the antibody anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), this study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of in utero cocaine exposure on the dopaminergic cells of the rat retina. Pregnant Wistar rats were given 60mg (kg body weight)⁻day⁻¹of cocaine hydrochloride, subcutaneously, from gestational days 8 to 22. Control groups of pregnant rats were pair-fed. At PND14, 30 and 90, male offspring from different litters were perfused with fixative and the retinas processed as wholemounts and immunostained with the antibody anti-TH. Rats from other groups were decapitated at the same post-natal ages, the retinas dissected and processed by neurochemical techniques to measure the concentrations of dopamine, its metabolites and the turnover of dopamine. There was a significant increase of the retina surface area between PND14–30 in the control group, which was not found in the cocaine group. The density of the immunostained small TH cells was lower in the cocaine groups. No drug-effects were detected in the density of the large TH cells. The densities of the total large and small cells in the superior, inferior and nasal hemiretinas were similar to those found in the whole retinas; however, in the temporal hemiretinas of the cocaine groups, the density of the large TH cells was higher and of the small TH cells was lower than in controls, resulting in an absence of effects on the total density of TH-cells in this hemiretina. A transient increase in the level of dopamine metabolite (DOPAC) and of the turnover of dopamine at PND14 was detected in the cocaine groups. All quantitative parameters reached normal values, in all groups, at PND90. These results show that, during the critical periods in which catecholamines can influence the development of neurons, cocaine transiently affects the pattern of dopaminergic neurons in the retina. This may have functional importance due to the role of this neurotransmitter as a regulatory and/or trophic factor in developing neuronal circuitries.     

Immunofluorescent study of a chick lens fiber cell membrane polypeptide.

A water-insoluble membrane rich fraction was isolated from the lenses of three-month-old chickens and subjected to electrophoresis on 5·13% polyacrylamide gels containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The major polypeptide (mol. wt. 26 000 daltons) was removed from several gels and used to immunize rabbits. The specific antiserum was used for the indirect immunofluorescent detection of the first appearance and localization of the major membrane polypeptide in embryonic and post-embryonic chick lenses. The membrane antigen was first detected after four days of incubation in the forming lens fibers just beneath the epithelium and it was restricted to the cell membranes. Thereafter, a positive reaction in the fiber membranes was found throughout the lens fiber mass but never in the epithelium. The lens cell membranes were seen to first become positive in the equatorial zone as the cells began to elongate and form fibers.     

Long-term behavior and intra-individual stability of the direct current electroretinogram and of the standing potential in the albino rabbit eye

The direct current electroretinogram (ERG) and the standing potential (SP) were studied in seven albino rabbits under general anesthesia. Identical experiments were performed on 2 consecutive days. After 30 min of dark adaptation, repeated light stimuli of maximal intensity of the system were presented to the eyes. The interstimulus interval was 70 s, and stimulus duration 10 s. Each experiment lasted for almost 3 h. In the first experiment, the b- and c-wave amplitudes measured in response to the second light stimulus were markedly reduced compared to those recorded in response to the first stimulus. Both amplitudes then recovered. The b-wave attained a peak about 20 min after the start of light stimulation. The peak was followed by a trough about 20 min later, and the amplitude then slowly increased. Following the minimum recorded during the second light stimulus, the c-wave amplitude reached a peak about 14 min after the start of stimulation. A trough in the amplitude occurred 20 min later. The amplitude then slowly increased to the end value, which was higher than the initial level. The a-wave behaved similarly to the b-wave, but the changes in most cases did not attain statistical significance. A minimum in the SP occurring at the second light stimulus was followed by a peak about 13 min after the start of light stimulation, and then by a trough about 17 min later. In the second experiment, performed one day after the first, the development of the a-, b-, and c-wave amplitudes and of the SP was similar to that observed during the first experiment, and no statistically significant differences between the two experiments were found. The reactions of the ERG and the SP were thus very stable between identical experiments performed on two consecutive days.     

The detection of motion in chromatic stimuli: first-order and second-order spatial structure

This study provides evidence for the existence of a low-level chromatic motion mechanism and further elucidates the conditions under which its operation becomes measurable in an experimental stimulus. Observers discriminated the direction of motion of amplitude modulated (AM) gratings that were defined by luminance or chromatic variation and masked with spatiotemporally broadband luminance or chromatic noise. The size and retinal location of the stimuli were varied and the effects of broadband noise and grating masks were both compared with the cohort of stimuli. Some significant disparities in the published literature were well explained by the results. In conclusion, evidence for a chromatically sensitive motion mechanism that evades the, detrimental effects of a luminance mask was found only at the fovea and only when the stimulus was small and centrally placed.     

Age-related changes in vitreous mobility as measured by video B scan ultrasound

Many vitreoretinal disorders increase in incidence with age. The vitreous is known to liquefy and separate from the retina in aging patients. Liquefaction and partial vitreous separation alter the biomechanics of the vitreous and change the tractional forces exerted by the vitreous on the retina. These forces may play a role in the development of a variety of vitreoretinal pathologies including retinal tears, cystoid macular edema, and macular holes. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the biomechanical properties of the vitreous change with aging and can be quantified by analysis of kinetic B scan ultrasound recordings. Kinetic B scan ultrasound recordings were made of the vitreous gel of 38 subjects from ages 18 to 91 during standard eye motions. The recordings were graded for speckle density (hyperreflective areas on ultrasound) and were examined for the presence or absence of posterior vitreous detachment. Tracking of the speckles on a polar grid allowed for the calculation of the angle travelled by the speckle relative to the angle travelled by the eye. The recordings were also analysed for "overshoot time", or the amount of time that the speckles continued to travel after the cessation of eye movement.The vitreous of subjects of age less than 46 years demonstrated significantly less speckle density (P < 0.001), less overshoot time (P < 0.001), and less angle travelled by the speckle relative to the angle travelled by the eye when compared to older subjects (P = 0.006). The presence or absence of PVD as diagnosed by kinetic ultrasound was not a significant predictor for speckle density, overshoot time, or ratio of angular motions. The results indicate that aging affects the biomechanics of the vitreous in ways which can be quantified with kinetic ultrasound analysis using the grading system described above.     

前房注射卡波姆建立大鼠高眼压模型的观察

目的　前房注射卡波姆建立大鼠高眼压模型，观察卡波姆升眼压效果及对大鼠眼前节和视网膜的影响。方法　随机选取30只SD大鼠，注射前3 d早晚测量基线眼压。右眼定为实验眼，左眼定为对照眼，右眼放出房水后将30 μL的5 g·L^-1卡波姆混悬液注入前房，每日早10时、晚22时在大鼠清醒状态下测量眼压。每周进行双眼眼前节照相并对比。4周末处死26只大鼠（另4只持续观察眼压变化至注射后9周）并取双眼眼球行HE染色，观察实验眼与对照眼视网膜形态，对比视网膜厚度及房角形态。结果　注射前，实验眼白天和夜间眼压分别为（11.10±0.90）mmHg（1 kPa=7.5 mmHg）和（11.92±1.07）mmHg，对照眼分别为（11.22±1.07）mmHg和（11.76±1.08）mmHg；实验眼与对照眼相比，白天、夜间眼压差异均无统计学意义（均为 P＞0.05）；白天与夜间眼压相比，实验眼、对照眼差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。卡波姆在前房中呈现出弥散型和沉积型两种存在方式，弥散型和沉积型大鼠1周内眼压分别为（17.83±3.54）mmHg和（13.00±1.55）mmHg，两者相比差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。注射后第1天至第19天，实验眼与对照眼白天眼压相比差异均具有统计学意义（均为P＜0.05）；注射后第1天至第27天，实验眼与对照眼夜间眼压相比差异均具有统计学意义（均为P＜0.05）。实验眼视网膜形态发生改变，注射后4周视网膜厚度为（254.70±21.80）μm，与对照眼的（346.73±24.63）μm相比，差异有统计学意义（P=0.00）。实验眼前房充满卡波姆及虹膜的混合成分，紧贴角膜内皮并延伸至房角，堵塞小梁网结构，正常虹膜形态消失；对照眼房角形态正常。结论　前房注射卡波姆建立大鼠高眼压模型，可维持高眼压4周以上，昼夜眼压差异较为明显，夜间眼压较白天更高，4周后视网膜出现高眼压损伤后的表现。     

Functional domains of rhodopsin

The energetic coupling between the retinal binding site domain and the hydrophilic surface domain of rhodopsin has been studied by measuring the effect of papain proteolysis on the Meta_I-Meta_II transition kinetics and the ability of rhodopsin to participate in the light activation of the ROS phosphodiesterase. While proteolysis had little effect on the Meta_I-Meta_II transition kinetics, it had appreciable effects on the level of phosphodiesterase activity. These results support the idea that the hydrophobic retinal binding and hydrophilic surface domains are functionally distinct. It is suggested that light driven conformation changes in the retinal binding site generate the formation of the enzyme interaction site in the hydrophilic domain.     

Comparison of flashed and moving probes in the flash-lag effect: evidence for misbinding of abrupt and continuous changes

In the flash-lag effect, a flash displayed at the same position as a moving object is perceived to lag the moving object. Current accounts of the illusion make different predictions about how the size of the lag would change if participants compared the position of a moving object to the onset position of a moving probe instead of a flash. We compared the lag effect with a moving probe relative to a flashed probe at motion onset, during ongoing motion, and at motion offset. At motion onset and offset, the lag effect was larger with a moving than with a flashed probe, but there was no difference during ongoing motion. Our results are best explained by the assumption that abrupt changes are erroneously bound to continuous changes following the occurrence of the abrupt change. Typically, the abrupt onset of the flash is misbound to continuous target motion, resulting in the flash-lag effect. With moving probes, abrupt changes of the target (onset, offset) may also be misbound to continuous motion of the probe which increases the lag.     

Functional implications of short‐term retinal detachment in porcine eyes: study by multifocal electroretinography

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the type and magnitude of detectable changes in pig multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) induced by the vitreoretinal surgical procedures necessary to gain access to the subretinal space. Methods: Twenty pigs underwent posterior segment surgery. Six animals had a vitrectomy (V), six had in addition a retinal bleb detachment (V + B); five had in addition a retinal diathermia on the bleb (V + B + D) and three received a retinotomy in the diathermized retinal area (V + B + D + R). mfERG evaluation was performed at baseline and 1 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Selected eyes were enucleated for histological evaluation. Results: The retinal detachments blebs all reattached spontaneously. All four surgical sequences resulted in slight, non‐significant changes in the mfERG peaks. A trend towards an amplitude reduction of the mfERG peaks N1, P1 and N2 were observed within the first postoperative week. After 6 weeks, all amplitudes had normalized. Of the implicit times only that of peak N1 (after retinal diathermia) was prolonged significantly at 1 week (P = 0.037). However, it returned to the preoperative level after 6 weeks. Histologically, the retinal detachment bleb was characterized by transient double layering of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and loss photoreceptor outer segments. Conclusion: Access to the subretinal space in pigs can be gained without permanent detectable changes in the mfERG. A short‐term retinal detachment was found to cause only reversible electrophysiological and histological changes in the outer retina, which suggests that this procedure is tolerated well in the porcine retina. The size of the known destructive lesion (retinotomy) was too small to be detected, given the spatial resolution of the mfERG method applied. In the future, the presented protocol can be used to assess the functional outcome of surgery and transplantation in the subretinal space in pigs.     

原发性开角型青光眼非穿透小梁手术患者深层巩膜瓣及小梁膜的病理学观察

目的 研究原发性开角型青光眼患者(POAG)非穿透小梁手术的解剖学基础,探讨POAG患者房水外流的阻力部位及其病理改变。方法 选择行非穿透小梁手术的POAG患者12例(18只眼),取术中切除的深层巩膜瓣及撕除的外层小梁膜进行光镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜观察。结果 光镜观察标本见：深层巩膜瓣前端为少许深层角膜基质,并可见Schlemm管外壁单层内皮细胞。扫描电镜观察见：深层巩膜瓣内侧可见被打开的Schlemm管管腔和狭长的积液管开口;撕除膜小粱面可见角巩膜小粱的网状结构,排列致密,网眼较小,近管腔侧呈致密的板状结构。透射电镜观察见：Schlemm管外壁周围散在高电子密度物质;撕除膜包括Schlemm管内壁,邻管组织(内皮网)和部分角巩膜小梁,邻管组织细胞减少,细胞外基质增多,可见大量致密斑块沉积;角巩膜小粱网胶原板层结构增厚,弹力纤维增多,细胞体积增大,尤以细胞核增大明显。晚期患者的角巩膜小梁网内有致密斑块沉积,阻塞了小梁间隙。结论 非穿透小梁手术的深层巩膜瓣包括Schlemm管外壁,撕除膜包括邻管组织和部分角巩膜小梁。邻管组织和部分角巩膜小梁是POAG患者房水外流的主要阻力部位,同时Schlemm管外壁也是其重要构成部分。     

细胞因子Ⅱ在遗传性视网膜色素变性的转基因小鼠视网膜的表达研究

目的 探讨细胞因子Ⅱ(ealpain Ⅱ)在视网膜色素变性过程中表达的变化。以此窥视遗传性视网膜色素变性的转基因小鼠(rds小鼠)发病的某些可能因素。方法 以C3B小鼠为对照，选择不同生长时期的rds小鼠的视网膜组织，用免疫组化方法检测CalpainlI在不同生长阶段的小鼠模型视网膜中的是否表达及表达情况。结果 1周即可见CalpainlI在rds小鼠视网膜神经节细胞层的表达，2周左右内核层也见表达，4周后外核层也开始出现由强至弱的ealpainⅡ强阳性表达，最终至全部视网膜剩余组织中均可见ealpainⅡ的表达。结论 只有高钙才能激活ealpainⅡ的表达，研究中ealpainⅡ参与了rds小鼠视网膜细胞的变性死亡。因此，高钙是rds小鼠视网膜变性的一个可能因素。     

Movement of cysteine in intact monkey lenses: the major site of entry is the germinative region

Monkey lenses were incubated with 35S-L-cysteine for various times and the movement of label within the lens followed by autoradiography. Cysteine appeared to enter primarily at the germinative region of the lens. No evidence was found for major transport through either the anterior or posterior faces of the lens. The movement of cysteine within different parts of the lens was followed over time. The data suggest that, for cysteine, the major pathway for transport within the lens involves entry at the germinative region followed by movement along the fibre cells. The data were consistent with orthogonal movement across the fibres in the equatorial plane but little or no movement across the fibres at the anterior pole or posterior faces of the lens. Such a scenario is in accord with the distribution of connexons, indicating that this pattern of entry may also be observed for other small molecules. The finding of high permeability at the lens germinative region is in accord with the anatomy of the eye, since this is the lens surface in contact with the posterior chamber. Thus, cysteine secreted by the ciliary body into the aqueous humor would come into contact initially with the region of the lens best able to absorb this amino acid. Although this aspect was not addressed in the current study, the same phenomenon may also be observed with other lens nutrients.