原发性肝癌手术与射频消融治疗前后IGF—Ⅱ、VEGF与CD4＋／CD8＋的变化

目的比较手术与射频消融两种治疗方法对小肝癌的治疗效果及对细胞免疫功能影响的差别。方法2004年1月至2008年1月本院原发性肝癌患者58例，随机分为射频消融组与手术组，手术治疗组行肝癌根治术，射频消融治疗组采用经皮穿刺进行射频消融治疗，观察两组治疗前后血清胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅱ（IGF-Ⅱ）、血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）和甲胎蛋白（AVe）与CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞的变化情况。结果射频组与手术组治疗前后血清IGF-Ⅱ、VEGF和AFP含量明显下降，与手术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.但射频组与手术组治疗后血清IGF-Ⅱ、VEGF和AFP含量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。射频组治疗前后CD3＋、CD4＋T细胞比例上升，CD8＋T细胞比例下降，其治疗前后CD4＋／CD8＋比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。手术组治疗前后CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞比例上升，其治疗前后CD4＋／CD8＋比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。射频组与手术组CD4＋／CD8＋比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）.结论射频消融在清除肿瘤的作用方面与手术治疗无明显差异，但在保护与改善免疫功能的作用方面强于手术治疗方法。     

射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的围手术期护理

目的：探讨射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的围手术期护理。方法：对30例原发性肝癌围手术期患者射频消融治疗前后行整体护理。结果：通过围手术期护理能有效地减少射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的术后并发症。结论：射频消融是治疗原发性肝癌的微创新技术，而做好围手术期护理是手术成功的关键。     

原发性肝癌射频消融研究进展

原发性肝癌(PHC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,占全球肿瘤相关死亡的第三位[1]。目前最有效的治疗方法仍是外科手术切除[2],但因患者就诊时大多属于中晚期,又因肝癌的多中心起源、肿瘤临近大血管和胆管以及合并肝硬化导致肝脏储备功能差等因素,使根治性手术切除率低,术后肿瘤复发率高[3]。     

射频消融在原发性肝癌手术中的应用

目的研究射频消融在原发性肝癌手术中的应用效果,为肝癌患者谋求更安全、更有效的治疗方法。方法选取阜阳市人民医院2012年12月至2014年12月收治的23例原发性肝癌患者为研究对象,根据患者在射频消融辅助下行手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性总结,分析其临床治疗效果。结果患者术后均未发生严重并发症,治疗前后甲胎蛋白水平比较差异有统计学意义(t=24.5825,P0.0001),随访1年患者的生存率为78.3%。结论射频消融辅助下的肝癌手术在临床实践对肝癌患者尤其是晚期肿瘤伴肝内转移瘤无法行根治性手术的患者,治疗效果显著,具有可靠、安全性高、创伤性相对较小、并发症少等优点,为肝癌患者提供了一种更安全、有效的治疗方法,值得在临床实践中广泛的应用和推广。     

冷循环射频消融治疗肝癌的手术配合

目前肝癌治疗的首选方法为手术治疗,然而肝癌的手术切除率仅为20%左右[1],其余病人只能采取化疗、放疗等措施.     

冷循环射频消融治疗肝癌的手术配合

目前肝癌治疗的首选方法为手术治疗,然而肝癌的手术切除率仅为20％左右,其余病人只能采取化疗、放疗等措施。本院自2001年7月至2002年2月运用B超定位下行冷循环射频消融(cool-tiapRFA)技术治疗肝癌病人共30例,临床疗效满意。现将有关治疗的手术配合报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 男28例,女2例,年龄35～76     

肝动脉栓塞化疗结合射频消融治疗原发性肝癌

目的：研究肝动脉栓塞化疗(HAC)结合射频消融(RFA)对不宜手术切除的原发性肝癌疗效。方法：选择18例临床不宜手术切除的原发性肝癌病例分为2组：A组(10例)仅接受HAC的治疗；B组(8例)为HAC加RFA治疗的病例．观察两组的疗效，并将它们与同期手术切除组(C组．31例)对比。结果：CT片示术后6个月A组肿瘤瘤体完全坏死率14％，B组为69％；AFP转阴率A组(37．5％)低于B组(71．4％)和C组(73．1％)；1年生存率A组50％明显低于B组75％和C组81％．B组与C组无显差异。结论：肝动脉栓塞结合射频消融治疗不宜手术切除肝癌疗效明显优于单纯肝动脉栓塞，并能取得相当手术切除的效果。     

CT导向下射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的围手术期护理

2003年5月-2005年8月，我科在CT导向下射频消融治疗原发性肝癌患者共46例，效果显著，现报道如下。     

原发性肝癌术后肝内复发射频消融治疗的护理配合

目的：探讨经皮射频消融（percutaneous radiofrequency ablation，PRFA）治疗原发性肝癌术后肝内复发的护理配合要点。方法：回顾性分析48例原发性肝癌术后肝内复发患者行PRFA治疗的前后护理。结果：本组无消融治疗相关性死亡病例，治疗后1周复查肝功能，与治疗前比较全部患者均无显著变化，患者均顺利出院。结论：充分的术前准备、针对性的护理及密切观察患者术后并发症，是PRFA治疗成功和提高生活质量的重要因素。     

射频消融治疗非手术适应证小肝癌疗效分析

目的评价超声引导下射频消融(RFA)作为治疗非手术适应证原发性小肝癌(SHCC)的临床疗效。方法53例≤3cm的HCC行超声引导下RFA,肿瘤平均大小2.5cm,同期行手术切除治疗的34例<3cm的HCC作为对照组。肿瘤平均大小2.6cm。回顾性分析RFA组与手术切除组治疗小肝癌的疗效及生存率。采用t检验及χ2检验分析两组间数值的差异性,用Kaplan-Meier法计算两组病例的生存率。结果平均生存时间RFA组为(54.9±3.8)个月,手术组为(55.6±5.0)个月;1、2、3、4年总生存率RFA组分别为95.9%、87.0%、74.5%和61.9%,手术组为94.1%、87.8%、75.3%和70.7%(P=0.743);1、2、3年无瘤生存率分别为RFA组82.8%、70.1%、57.5%,手术组85.1%、69.7%、57.1%;二者间均无明显差异(P=0.935)。RFA组3年以上总生存率较手术组略低;RFA组局部复发率为4.8%(4/84灶)。结论RFA因用时短、损伤小、并发症少等优势成为非手术适应证的SHCC病人的首选治疗方法,并可获得接近手术治疗的生存率。     

CD4~＋ CD25~＋细胞和CD8~＋ CD28~-调节性T细胞在原发性肝癌患者外周血中的水平变化

目的研究原发性肝癌（HCC）患者外周血中CD4＋ CD25＋细胞和CD8＋ CD28-调节性T细胞的表达及意义。方法采用流式细胞仪测定93例HCC患者和24名健康人外周血中的CD4＋ CD25＋细胞和CD8＋ CD28-调节性T细胞水平。结果 HCC患者外周血中的CD4＋ CD25＋细胞[（14.39±4.58）%]和CD8＋ CD28-调节性T细胞[（24.05±5.64）%]表达均显著高于对照组[（8.37±1.73）%、（15.93±4.84）%,P〈0.05];CD8＋CD28-调节性T细胞与HCC的分期呈正相关（r=0.463,P〈0.001）。结论 CD4＋ CD25＋细胞和CD8＋ CD28-调节性T细胞在HCC患者外周血中呈高表达,且CD8＋ CD28-调节性T细胞与HCC的病情及预后相关。     

超声引导下多电极射频治疗原发性肝癌

目的探讨超声引导下多电极射频疗法对原发性肝癌的治疗效果。方法在超声引导下,对５４例原发性肝癌患者行多极射频治疗,观察治疗前后肿瘤声像图表现、大小、血流频谱、ＡＥＰ水平及生存率变化。结果多电极射频治疗后,肿瘤区由术前等或低或略高回声转变强弱不等点状回声,术后１～２周４６例病灶内动静脉血流频谱几乎消失。术后２～６周３８例ＡＦＰ阳性患者转阴３１例,下降４例,有效率９２．１％。术后３个月复查超声或ＣＴ显示     

Evaluation using contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography after radio frequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma: sonographic-histopathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of contrast-enhanced harmonic wideband gray scale sonographic images obtained after radio frequency-induced coagulation necrosis, we compared the morphologic and histopathologic characteristics of the ablated tumors with sonographic images of the tumors. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with 72 hepatocellular carcinomas with a maximal diameter of 3 cm or less were treated percutaneously using radio frequency ablation. Six treated tumors in 4 patients were resected 1 month after ablation; the remaining 66 treated tumors were evaluated by a biopsy procedure performed with an 18-gauge fine needle 1 month after ablation. The excised tumors and biopsy specimens were then examined by histopathologic methods, and the findings were compared with those obtained on contrast-enhanced harmonic wideband gray scale sonography. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained specimens were inconclusive as to whether cellular viability remained; therefore, cell viability was determined by a positive result after histochemical (lactate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase) staining. RESULTS: Contrast-enhanced harmonic wideband gray scale sonography after radio frequency ablation showed residual tumor enhancement in 5 (6.9%) of the 72 tumors; the histopathologic results for these 5 tumors were also positive for tumor residue. The remaining 67 tumors (93.1%) did not show any residual tumor enhancement when examined by sonography; however, only 66 tumors did not reveal tumor residue when examined histopathologically. Contrast-enhanced harmonic wideband sonographic imaging provided results that were comparable with histopathologic findings, the criterion standard for diagnosis; the sensitivity and specificity of the sonographic images for the detection of residual tumor tissue in ablated tumors were 83.3% (5 of 6) and 100% (66 of 66), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced harmonic wideband gray scale sonography is a potentially useful technique for evaluating the therapeutic effects of radio frequency ablation on hepatocellular carcinoma.     

肝癌射频消融联合脾切除治疗小肝癌合并肝硬化、脾功能亢进

目的 探讨肝癌射频消融联合脾切除治疗小肝癌（病灶直径≤3 cm）合并肝硬化、脾功能亢进的疗效。方法 自2004年6月至2006年6月,中山大学附属第三医院肝胆外科共收治原发性小肝癌合并肝硬化、脾功能亢进患者184例。184例患者均联合行脾切除术,根据术中对肝癌的处理方式不同,将184例患者分为两组：肝癌切除组89例,射频消融组95例。分析两组的术中、术后情况。结果 两组间年龄、肿瘤大小、病理分期、术前肝功能分级、术后1年肿瘤复发转移率及生存率的比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。肝癌射频消融组的手术时间、术中失血量及输血量明显少于肝癌切除组（P〈0.05）。肝癌切除组术后再出血、顽固性腹水、肝功能衰竭等并发症发生率明显高于射频消融组（P〈0.05）,ICU监护时间和住院时间长于射频消融组（P〈0.05）。结论 肝癌射频消融联合脾切除对肝功能影响小,并发症少,疗效与手术切除相近,适合于合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的肝癌。     

CD4+CD25+ T cells regulate virus-specific primary and memory CD8+ T cell responses

Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells appear important to prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. This article demonstrates that the magnitude of a CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response to an acute viral infection is also subject to control by CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg). Accordingly, if natural Treg were depleted with specific anti-CD25 antibody before infection with HSV, the resultant CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant peptide SSIEFARL was significantly enhanced. This was shown by several in vitro measures of CD8+ T cell reactivity and by assays that directly determine CD8+ T cell function, such as proliferation and cytotoxicity in vivo. The enhanced responsiveness in CD25-depleted animals was between three- and fourfold with the effect evident both in the acute and memory phases of the immune response. Surprisingly, HSV infection resulted in enhanced Treg function with such cells able to suppress CD8+ T cell responses to both viral and unrelated antigens. Our results are discussed both in term of how viral infection might temporarily diminish immunity to other infectious agents and their application to vaccines. Thus, controlling suppressor effects at the time of vaccination could result in more effective immunity.     

The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the selection of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma for radio frequency ablation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in selecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for radio frequency ablation (RFA). METHODS: One hundred seventy-nine patients with HCC were divided into 2 groups before receiving RFA: a CEUS group and a control group. The patients were concatenated and alternately apportioned into these 2 groups. In the CEUS group, 92 patients underwent pre-RFA CEUS using the contrast agent sulfur hexafluoride and enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging before RFA for selecting suitable cases for RFA, and in the control group, conventional ultrasonography and enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 87 patients for selecting patients. RESULTS: In the CEUS group, 9 patients (9.8%) were excluded for RFA therapy by CEUS. The other 83 patients (90.2%), with a total of 114 lesions, were treated by RFA. In the control group, 5 patients (5.7%) were excluded for RFA. The other 82 patients (94.3%), with a total of 107 lesions, were treated by RFA. During the follow-up period of 18 to 50 months, the primary technique effectiveness rates in the CEUS and control groups were 94.7% and 87.9%, respectively (P = .1182). The local tumor progression rate, the new HCC rate, and the repeated RFA rate of the CEUS group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P = .033, .004, and .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-RFA CEUS provides important information for selecting suitable patients for RFA. The use of CEUS in selecting patients with HCC can decrease post-RFA local tumor progression and improve the efficacy of RFA therapy.     

Small hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic effectiveness of percutaneous radio frequency ablation therapy with a LeVeen needle electrode.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of percutaneous radio frequency ablation of small (< or =3-cm) hepatocellular carcinoma with a LeVeen needle electrode. METHODS: Thirty patients (mean age, 65.7 years) with 32 hepatocellular carcinomas (range, 1.2-3.0 cm; mean, 2.3+/-0.5 cm) underwent percutaneous radio frequency ablation to the center of the hepatocellular carcinoma after expansion of the inner needles. The manufacturer's recommended radio frequency ablation protocol was used. Posttreatment contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and fine-needle biopsy were performed to assess the radio frequency ablation-induced coagulated necrosis. RESULTS: Severe intratreatment pain made us abort radio frequency ablation in 2 patients. Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in 1 treatment session with 1 needle electrode insertion in 28 (93.4%) of 30 nodules (28 patients). We found no residual focus on both color Doppler sonography and computed tomography after any of the sessions. In follow-ups ranging from 3 to 15 months (mean, 8.4 months), no local recurrence was found in cases with complete tumor ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Radio frequency ablation with the LeVeen needle electrode was effective, obtaining complete coagulated necrosis with a safety margin when used for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas.     

CD4~+/CD8~+ T细胞在维持性血液透析患者血管钙化发生中的作用

目的探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者CD4+T、CD8+T细胞表达变化及其在腹主动脉血管钙化和不良心血管事件中的作用。方法选择30例血液透析方式和透析器均相同的MHD患者为试验组,以侧腹部X射线平片评价腹主动脉钙化情况,再分为钙化组(男8例,女7例)和非钙化组(男7例,女8例),选择同期健康体检者10例为对照组(男女各5例)。分别用流式细胞技术检测两组患者静脉血淋巴细胞亚群表达,免疫比浊法检测血超敏C反应蛋白(sCRP)。以t检验和卡方检验进行数据统计学分析。结果 MHD两组患者年龄、血压、血钙、血磷、血sCRP和血清甲状旁腺素(iPTH)以及CD3+T细胞和CD4+CD3+T细胞百分数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。钙化组CD8+CD3+T细胞百分数为(23.54±4.62)%,较非钙化组的(39.22±7.21)%明显下降(P<0.01);钙化组CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值为(1.81±0.30),较非钙化组的(1.26±0.39)上升(P<0.01),其中CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值在1.5以上及1.5以下血管钙化发生率分别是73%和20%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值在1.5以上和以下其不良心血管事件发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MHD患者存在CD4+/CD8+T细胞表达变化,CD4+/CD8+T细胞参与血管钙化的发生,但CD4+/CD8+T细胞在血管钙化及不良心血管事件发生中的作用需要进一步研究。     

Clonal analysis of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in a patient with aplastic anemia.

T cell clones were established from peripheral blood of a patient with severe aplastic anemia. 8 of 18 individual clonal T cell populations stably coexpressed CD4 and CD8 molecules, a phenotype characteristic for thymocytes and a minor subpopulation of circulating T lymphocytes. Analysis of T cell receptor genes revealed identical rearrangements of T cell receptor beta chain genes, suggesting clonality of these T cells. CD4+/CD8+ T cells clones were found to be efficiently cytotoxic towards autologous lymphoblasts. Autocytotoxicity could be blocked by a CD3 MAb, a MAb specific for monomorphic MHC class II determinants, and particularly, by an MHC-DP-specific MAb, suggesting specificity for autologous DP molecules. Perhaps more important, CD4+/CD8+ T cell clones inhibited differentiation of autologous progenitor enriched bone marrow cells in vitro by a direct cell-mediated mechanism. These data suggest that circulating cytotoxic CD4+/CD8+ T cell clones specific for autologous MHC-DP determinants may be involved in hematopoietic failure in some cases of aplastic anemia.     

CD4+CD25+和CD8+调节性T细胞的作用机制

调节性T细胞（Treg）主要在机体免疫系统中发挥负向调节作用,既能抑制不恰当的免疫反应,又能限定免疫应答的范围、程度及作用时间,对CD4^＋和CD8^＋效应性T淋巴细胞的增殖起抑制作用,因此在移植物抗宿主病、自身免疫病、过敏性疾病等的发病机制和临床治疗中有潜在的应用价值.本文重点介绍CD4^＋CD25^＋Treg和CD8^＋Treg的作用机制,并简述调节性T细胞研究面临的挑战与展望.