单剂量与多剂量口服复方奥美沙坦酯片的药动学研究

目的:研究健康受试者口服复方奥美沙坦酯片后的药动学。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定单剂量与多剂量口服复方奥美沙坦酯片后氢氯噻嗪与奥美沙坦的血药浓度,并利用DAS药动学软件计算药动学参数。结果:单剂量给药后氢氯噻嗪与奥美沙坦的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(9.7±3.4)、(6.3±2.0)h,Cmax(69.7±19.8)、(635.1±237.7)μg.L-1,AUC0～48(737.8±110.6)、(4 438.4±1 058.1)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞(760.4±128.2)、(4 467.0±1 115.6)μg.h.L-1;多剂量给药后氢氯噻嗪与奥美沙坦的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(11.4±2.8)、(5.8±2.0)h,Cmax(82.3±26.4)、(694.3±251.2)μg.L-1,AUC0～48(753.2±147.4)、(4 701.3±1 196.6)μg.h.L-1,AUC0～∞(789.3±172.2)、(4 735.0±1 235.1)μg.h.L-1。结论:复方奥美沙坦酯片2组分在健康受试者体内的吸收速率和消除速度不随连续给药变化,连续给药后药物在体内蓄积不明显。     

尼莫地平健康人体药动学和相对生物利用度研究

目的　研究尼莫地平胶囊在健康人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法　 9名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服尼莫地平胶囊标准参比制剂和待测试剂 12 0mg ,采用HPLC法测定不同时间的血药浓度。 结果2种制剂的体内过程均符合一房室开放模型。AUC分别为 (113 3± 9 2 ) μg .h .L-1和 (10 8.3± 8.7) μg .h .L-1、Cmax分别为 (76 .9± 3.3) μg .L-1和 (73 4± 6 .5 ) μg .L-1、Tmax分别为 (0 77± 0 0 8)h和 (0 75± 0 0 0 )h .待测制剂的相对生物利用度为 (96 1± 10 2 ) %。经双向单侧t检验证明 ,2种制剂的AUC、Cmax相比 ,差异均无统计学意义。结论　 2种制剂具有生物等效性     

克拉维酸钾/羟氨苄青霉素(1∶4)分散片生物等效性的研究

目的　18名男性健康受试者采用随机交叉给药方法 ,单剂量口服试验制剂阿莫西林 克拉维酸钾分散片 (4∶1)和参比制剂阿莫西林 克拉维酸钾片 ,阿莫西林 5 0 0mg,克拉维酸钾 12 5mg,进行人体生物利用度和药代动力学比较。 方法 　用HPLC二极管阵列检测器同时测定阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾血药浓度。 结果 　试验制剂和参比制剂中阿莫西林的Tmax 分别为 1 2 5± 0 38h和 1 2 5± 0 38h ,Cmax 分别为 14 49± 1 42 μg/ml 和14 46± 1 40 μg/ml,AUC0 -Tn 分别为 5 2 87± 5 32 μg·h/ml和 5 2 79± 5 38μg·h/ml,AUC0 -inf分别为 5 5 36±5 2 3μg·h/ml和 5 5 41± 5 43μg·h/ml;试验制剂中羟氨苄青霉素的相对生物利用度 (F) :F (AUC(0 -Tn) )为10 0 2 0 % ,F(AUC(0 -inf) )为 99 97%。试验制剂和参比制剂中克拉维酸钾的Tmax分别为 0 92± 0 2 4h和 0 94±0 2 8h ,Cmax 分别为 2 2 7± 0 34 μg/ml和 2 2 6± 0 32 μg/ml,AUC0 -Tn 分别为 4 74± 0 85 μg·h/ml和 4 71±0 77μg·h/ml,AUC0 -inf分别为 4 92± 0 86 μg·h/ml和 4 89± 0 77μg·h/ml,试验制剂中克拉维酸钾的相对生物利用度 (F) :F(AUC(0 -Tn) )为 10 0 46 %、F(AUC(0 -inf) )为 10 0 5 7%。 结论 　两种制剂的     

米屈肼胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的耐受性和药动学

目的:研究中国健康志愿者单剂量和多剂量口服米屈肼胶囊的耐受性和药动学。方法:健康志愿者40名,按随机区组设计,分为5组,每组男女各4名,分别单次口服米屈肼胶囊250,500,1 000,1 250mg和1 500mg,进行耐受性和单剂量药动学试验。经过1周洗脱期后,单剂量试验中500mg剂量组的受试者,进行多次给药药动学试验,8名受试者每天服药3次,每次500mg,连续服药13 d。试验期间通过观察药品不良反应,监测生命体征实验室数据的变化,评估药物的安全性和耐受性。血药浓度采用HPLC-MS法测定,以计算其主要药动学参数并进行统计学分析。结果:试验期间未发生严重不良事件。单次口服米屈肼胶囊250,500,1 000,1 250mg和1 500mg后,其主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.2±0.3),(1.0±0.4),(1.2±0.6),(1.2±0.4)h和(1.0±0.4)h;t1/2分别为(3.6±0.7),(5.3±1.2),(6.1±0.5),(6.1±0.4)h和(6.6±0.9)h;MRT0-24分别为(7.3±0.9),(8.4±1.1),(8.7±1.5),(8.7±0.7)h和(9.0±1.1)h;V/F分别为(39±7),(54±12),(66±9),(68±7)L和(71±14)L;CL/F分别为(7.6±1.2),(7.2±1.1),(7.5±1.1),(7.8±1.0)L.h-1和7.5±1.3L.h-1;Cmax分别为(5.9±0.9),(13.8±3.2),(30.4±6.3),(35.5±13.1)μg.mL-1和(46.3±14.1)μg.mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(32±6),(68±7),(128±17),(155±20)μg.h.mL-1和(193±36)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(34±5),(71±10),(135±19),(164±21)μg.h.mL-1和(206±38)μg.h.mL-1,方差分析结果表明各剂量的主要药动学参数t1/2,tmax和AUC0-24等性别间差异均无统计学意义,但t1/2和MRT0-24随服药剂量的增加而延长。多次口服米屈肼胶囊后,t1/2为(14.6±2.5 h),MRT0-24为(21.4±3.5)h,tmax为(1.0±0.3)h,CSmSax为(24±4)μg.mL-1,CSmSin为(9.3±1.6)μg.mL-1,C珚SS为(12.9±2.2)μg.mL-1,血药浓度波动度DF为(1.2±0.2),蓄积系数R为(3.3±0.5),AUCS0S-8为(116±20)μg.h.mL-1。统计分析结果显示多次给药后t1/2,tmax,Cmax,C珚SS,DF和AUCS0S-8等性别间差异均无统计学意义。但t1/2和MRT0-24与单次给药500mg剂量给相比明显延长,AUCS0S-8与单次给药500mg剂量组的AUC0-∞相比约增加了60%。结论:米屈肼在中国健康受试者中耐受性良好。单次口服米屈肼胶囊250,500,1 000,1 250mg和1 500mg后,呈非线性药动学特征,多次给药后在人体内有明显的蓄积作用。根据多剂量组的研究结果,其t1/2延长为14.6 h,对于长期用药的患者推荐每日服药2次。     

人工合成胸腺素α1静脉注射或皮下注射在小鼠和大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的:研究人工合成胸腺素α1(sTα1)静脉注射或皮下注射在小鼠和大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法:取小鼠45只(sTα1,1mg·kg-1)、大鼠3只(sTα1,0.5mg·kg-1),尾静脉注射相应药物,分别于注射前及注射后6h内小鼠眼眶静脉采血和大鼠心脏采血;另取小鼠180只,随机分为高、中、低(sTα1,5、1、0.32mg·kg-1)剂量组,取大鼠9只,随机分为高、中、低(sTα1,2.5、0.5、0.16mg·kg-1)剂量组,皮下注射相应药物,分别于注射前及注射后10h内小鼠眼眶静脉采血和大鼠心脏采血,用酶联免疫吸附法检测各时间点的血药浓度,并计算其药动学参数。结果:sTα1静脉注射在小鼠体内的t1/2β为0.68h、AUC0～∞为554.32μg·h·L-1,在大鼠体内的t1/2β为(1.87±0.50)h、AUC0～∞为(1602.91±360.41)μg·h·L-1;sTα1高、中、低剂量组皮下注射在小鼠体内的t1/2分别为0.76、0.54、0.268h,AUC0～∞分别为3222.95、417.67、366.60μg·h·L-1,在大鼠体内的t1/2分别为(1.23±0.23)、(1.40±0.37)、(1.99±0.94)h,AUC0～∞分别为(22436.74±5641.94)、(1539.63±203.30)、(729.60±320.0)μg·h·L-1。结论:sTα1在大鼠和小鼠体内静脉注射的药动学过程属于一级二室开放模型,皮下注射的药动学过程属于一级一室开放模型。     

125Ⅰ标记重组人血小板生成素在大鼠体内的药动学

目的用125Ⅰ标记重组人血小板生成素(125Ⅰ-rhTPO),研究大鼠单剂量皮下注射125Ⅰ-rhTPO的药动学特性.方法将SD大鼠随机分成3组,分别予125Ⅰ-rhTPO 0.5,2及8ug·kg-1,sc,于不同时相取血测放射性计数,计算相应的血药浓度及药动学参数.结果在大鼠体内均可以用二室模型拟合血药浓度的动态变化.低、中、高3个剂量的cmax分别为(0.43±0.07),(1.29±0.10),(4.44±1.17)ug·L-1;tmax分别为(16.80±6.57),(11.60±0.55),(8.40±2.19)h;AUCo→t分别为(24.43±1.32),(62.93±6.96),(233.80±56.22)ug·h·L-1;MRT分别为(41.69±3.07),(36.00±1.64),(38.22±2.80)h;T1/2(β)分别为(32.30±4.20),(27.27±5.54),(30.05±3.81)h.经统计分析,T1/2(β)在3个剂量组间无统计学差异(P＞0.05);tmax,MRT有统计学差异(P＜0.05);cmax和AUCo→t随剂量增加而显著增加(P＜0.01).125Ⅰ-rhTPO 2ug·kg-1,sc后,在大鼠体内分布广泛,96h后经尿和粪排泄的放射活性及甲状腺组织富集的碘达80%.结论125Ⅰ-rhTPO的tmax,MRT,cmax,AUC0→t在3个剂量组间有统计学差异,而T1/2(β)无统计学差异;2ug·kg-1sc后,血中分布明显高于其他组织;大部分放射性经泌尿系统排出.     

单剂量加替沙星口服在Beagle犬体内药代动力学研究

目的探讨加替沙星口服后在Beagle犬体内药代动力学。方法将18只Beagle犬分为3组,分别灌服34,17,8.5mg/kg加替沙星,于给药后0.5,1,2,4,6,8,12,24,36,48,60h取血,以高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3P97程序分析。结果高、中、低剂量组动物吸收相半衰期(t1/2ka)分别为(0.82±0.96),(0.78±0.77),(1.33±0.43)h,消除相半衰期(t1/2ke)分别为(7.33±1.79),(6.32±3.28),(5.34±2.60)h,达峰时间(tmax)分别为(6.32±2.32),(3.95±2.18),(5.77±1.62)h,峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(6.31±2.66),(2.67±0.64),(0.64±0.30)mg/mL。药时曲线下面积(AUC0→60)分别为(110.86±43.76),(41.93±5.58),(8.58±2.70)μg·h/mL。结论加替沙星口服易吸收,血药浓度高,代谢慢,临床使用方便。     

两种剂量盐酸地尔硫Chuo缓释胶囊在健康人体药动学及参数相关性

目的研究盐酸地尔硫芯卓缓释胶囊在人体内药动学特性及其两种不同剂量的药动学参数变化规律。方法健康志愿者12名,随机分组,单剂量口服60,120mg盐酸地尔硫芯卓缓释胶囊,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间的血药浓度,经3P87程序拟合,求算药动学参数。结果60、120mg地尔硫芯卓缓释胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学参数为Ka(2.2±2.1),(1.6±1.2)h-1;K(0.045±0.0078),(0.054±0.015)h-1;T1/2Ka(0.60±0.36),(0.7±0.4)h;T1/2K(15.8±2.7),(13.9±4.4)h;V(33.2±11.9),(29.8±11.8)L.kg-1;Cl(1.4±0.37),(1.5±0.5)L.h.kg-1;Tmax(4.8±0.9),(4.6±1.0)h;Cmax(28.9±10.8),(65.6±24.8)ng.ml-1;AUC(751.2±211.1),(1487.4±533.1)μg.h.     

家犬口服单剂量与多剂量阿昔洛韦缓释胶囊的药物动力学研究

目的　研究健康家犬口服单剂量与多剂量阿昔洛韦缓释胶囊的药物动力学。方法　采用HPLC测定口服药物后的血药浓度 ,计算药动学参数。结果　单剂量时阿昔洛韦缓释胶囊的Tmax、Cmax、AUC0 -τ和AUC0 -∞ 分别为 4.6 7± 0 .41h、1.2 0± 0 .14μg.ml-1、11.34± 1.38μg·h·ml-1和 13.5 8± 2 .0 2 μg·h·ml-1.普通片的上述参数分别为3.5 0± 0 .78h、2 .19± 0 .19μg .ml-1、12 .76± 1.0 1μg·h·ml-1和 13.0 1± 1.16 μg·h·ml-1。多剂量达稳态时阿昔洛韦缓释胶囊的Cmax、Cmin、AUC0 -τ、AUC0 -∞ 、峰谷比 (R)和波动系数 (DF)分别为 1.42± 0 .6 3μg·ml-1、0 .93± 0 .3 6 μg·ml-1、12 .76± 1.0 1μg·h·ml-1、13.0 1± 1.16 μg·h·ml-1、1.5 2± 0 .15和 46 .6 1%± 2 9.34 %;普通片的上述参数分别为(1.72± 0 .2 2 ) μg .ml-1、0 .44± 0 .18μg·ml-1、4.0 0± 0 .46 μg·h·ml-1、4.43± 0 .2 9μg·h·ml-1、4.6 4± 2 .2 8和 12 9.6 9%± 31.2 4%。结论　阿昔洛韦缓释胶囊在健康家犬体内具有明显的缓释作用 ,多剂量达稳态后 ,血药浓度的波动系数显著低于普通片剂。     

国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊(抗艾滋病药)在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊300mg,用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间的血浆浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数。结果国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(1.72±0.42),(1.53±0.27)h;tmax分别为(0.86±0.42),(0.88±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(1.60±0.61),(1.60±0.55)μg.mL-1;AUC0～8分别为(2.06±0.37),(2.08±0.34)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(2.11±0.37),(2.12±0.34)μg.h.mL-1。国产齐多夫定胶囊相对生物利用度F为(99.02±5.02)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.