颈部肿大淋巴结活检经验分析(附110例报告)

目的 探讨颈部淋巴结肿大的常见病因,明确诊断以指导临床治疗.方法 对110例颈部淋巴结肿大病例进行淋巴结切取活检,明确病理诊断.结果 110例颈部淋巴结肿大病例,淋巴结反应性增生15例,淋巴瘤5例,淋巴结结核70例,淋巴结钙化6例,转移癌14例.结论 手术中对肿大淋巴结的判断和正确处理是避免其它器官损伤的关键.     

淋巴结常见良性病变的针吸细胞学特点及其诊断

观察良性淋巴结病变的针吸细胞学涂片特点和诊断价值。方法；对有活检对照地７２例针吸涂片进行细胞成分计量观察。结果：上皮样细胞和干酪性坏死物在淋巴结结核涂片上多见，朗罕巨细胞少见，淋巴细胞，转化中心样细胞和浆细胞是淋巴结反应性增生的涂片细胞成分。结论：针吸细胞学检查可以作为淋巴结结核和反应性增五简便快速的筛选诊断方法。     

TNF-α及TSGF在淋巴结反应性增生疾病中的表达及意义

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及特异性生长因子(tumor specific growth factor,TSGF)在淋巴结反应性增生中的表达,为临床能早期做出正确诊断提供实验依据.方法 选择20例淋巴结反应性增生标本组织蜡块,以同期住院患者的颌面部恶性肿瘤行颈部淋巴结清扫术后的阴性和阳性淋巴结标本组织蜡块各20例作为对照组.采用免疫组化SP法检测TNF-α和TSGF在淋巴结反应性增生疾病中的表达.结果 TNF-α和TSGF表达皆定位于细胞质内.TNF-α在反应性增生淋巴结中的阳性表达明显低于在颌面部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结清扫术后阳性淋巴结中的表达(P＜0.001),与颌面部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结清扫术后阴性淋巴结中的阳性表达无差异(P＞0.05);TSGF在反应性增生淋巴结中的阳性表达明显低于在颌面部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结清扫术后阳性淋巴结中的表达(P＜0.001),与颌面部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结清扫术后阴性淋巴结中的阳性表达无差异(P＞0.05).结论 两种细胞因子的检测可用于肿大淋巴结的辅助鉴别诊断,为临床能早期做出正确诊断提供实验依据.如两种细胞因子均呈强阳性,可高度提示恶性肿瘤可能.     

Ig/TCR基因重排分析联合EBER原位杂交检测在原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤诊断中的应用

目的 探讨Ig/TCR基因重排分析联合EBER原位杂交检测在原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤(gastrointestinal lymphomas,GIL)中的诊断价值.方法 选取常规石蜡包埋的GIL病理标本35例(包括成熟B淋巴细胞肿瘤29例,成熟T淋巴细胞和NK细胞肿瘤6例),淋巴结反应性增生病变10例,提取DNA,应用BIOMED-2引物系统进行Ig/TCR基因重排的克隆性分析,并采用原位杂交方法检测EB病毒编码的小RNA(EBER).结果 35例GIL中,共检测出34例克隆性重排.其中29例成熟B细胞淋巴瘤均扩增出Ig克隆性重排,敏感性为100%,且联合应用IgH与IgK引物Ig单克隆性重排的检出率最高;6例成熟T淋巴细胞和NK细胞肿瘤中5例扩增出TCR克隆性重排,敏感性为83.3%;10例淋巴结反应性增生病例均未检测到Ig及TCR克隆性重排条带,其检测特异性为100%.29例成熟B细胞淋巴瘤及10例淋巴结反应性增生组织经EBER原位杂交检测均为阴性,6例成熟T淋巴细胞和NK细胞肿瘤中2例EBER原位杂交检测阳性,且均为鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤.结论 BIOMED-2标准化的基因重排分析系统检测石蜡包埋组织中Ig基因和TCR基因克隆性重排的敏感性和特异性均很高,对GIL的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床应用价值,EBER原位杂交检测对基因克隆性重排阴性的淋巴瘤也具有一定的辅助诊断作用.     

细胞块免疫组化在淋巴结细针穿刺诊断中的应用

目的探讨细胞块免疫组化在淋巴结细针穿刺诊断(fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)中的应用。方法采用淋巴结FNAC与细胞块免疫组化联合应用方法,进行淋巴结肿大原因的分类。结果通过117例淋巴结FNAC与细胞块免疫组化的联合应用,临床诊断符合率达94.68%(89/94),效果优于单独使用涂片诊断的方法(P0.01)。结论淋巴结FNAC与细胞块免疫组化联合应用方法可大大提高诊断符合率。     

应用组织芯片研究clusterin在恶性淋巴瘤中的表达

目的探讨clusterin表达在淋巴瘤诊断分型中的意义。方法应用组织芯片和免疫组化技术检测clusterin在8例反应性增生淋巴结、175例非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,NHL)及18例霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin’s lymphoma,HL)组织中的表达情况。结果clusterin在193例淋巴瘤中有25例呈阳性表达,其中,18例间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(anaplasia large celllymphoma,ALCL)中有13例呈阳性表达(72·2%),83例弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)中有12例呈阳性表达(14·5%);clusterin在HL、其他类型NHL和反应性增生淋巴结中均未见表达。结论clusterin可能成为ALCL诊断的新指标,对ALCL的诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的意义。     

Retrospective analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic value of video-mediastinoscopy for disease of mediastinum

为了探讨电视纵隔镜对纵隔淋巴结肿大及纵隔疾病的诊断和治疗价值,对20例电视纵隔镜手术检查患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.20例患者均获得病理诊断,其中结节病8例,结核2例,小细胞肺癌2例,胸腺囊肿2例,肉芽肿性炎1例,淋巴结增生1例,肺腺癌1例,纵隔囊肿1例,胸腺癌1例,霍奇金淋巴瘤1例.出血1例,无手术死亡及其他并发症发生.初步研究结果提示,电视纵隔镜对纵隔淋巴结肿大及纵隔疾病的诊断和治疗安全准确.     

细针吸取细胞学在HIV感染者体表肿大淋巴结和肿块诊断中的应用

目的 探讨细针吸取细胞学(fine needle aspiration cytology,FNA)对HIV感染者体表肿大淋巴结和肿块诊断的应用价值.方法 采用"友谊式"细针穿刺器,对72例HIV感染者进行FNA检查.获得组织用于制备涂片或细胞块,进行HE染色、抗酸染色、六胺银染色、PAS染色,特殊病例进行细菌培养、免疫组织化学染色和PCR检测.结果 在72例HIV感染者中,穿刺淋巴结65例(90.3%)和体表肿物7例(9.7%).淋巴结病例包括:结核30例(42%),非结核分支杆菌感染5例(7%)、HIV相关性反应性增生14例(19%)、淋巴瘤7例(10%)、化脓性淋巴结炎5例(7%)、隐球菌感染2例(3%)和马尔尼菲青霉菌感染2例(3%).体表肿块包括:皮肤及软组织4例(5.6%)、乳腺2例(2.8%)和甲状腺1例(1.4%),其中恶性肿瘤2例,分别为乳腺淋巴瘤和甲状腺乳头状癌.诊断后多数感染治疗有效.结论 对于HIV感染者进行FNA操作安全、容易执行,诊断可靠、用时较短.取材充分即能够明确多数淋巴结肿大和体表肿块的病因.在本组研究中患者年龄多是20～40岁的男性,结核感染是淋巴结肿大最常见的病因,高级别的恶性淋巴瘤是最多见的恶性肿瘤.     

甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学漏诊与误诊15例分析

目的探讨甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学(fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)诊断甲状腺良、恶性病变漏诊率与误诊率。方法收集980例甲状腺患者在超声引导下行FNAC检查,并分析15例甲状腺FNAC检查漏诊与误诊的原因,以及195例穿刺后行手术患者的FNAC诊断结果与术后病理诊断的一致性。结果FNAC结果提示恶性检出率为11.4%(112/980),穿刺后行手术的患者195例,术后病理诊断良性128例,FNAC诊断符合率为91.40%(117/128)。术后病理诊断,乳头状癌60例,FNAC诊断符合率为92.22%(56/60);FNAC检查误诊11例,漏诊4例。结论超声引导下甲状腺FNAC检查对甲状腺术前良、恶性病变的诊断,尤其对乳头状癌的诊断有一定的漏诊率和误诊率,存在一定的局限性。随着细胞学研究的不断深入,联合基因学及免疫组化协助诊断,更好地提高甲状腺FNAC的诊断水平。     

LAT和CD99在T淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤中的表达及意义

目的 探讨LAT和CD99在T淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤(precursor T lymphoblastic lymphoma,T-LBL)中表达的价值.方法 对37例T-LBL应用免疫组织化学EnVision二步法进行LAT和CD99标记.同时选取15例其他病例作为对照:3例B淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤,4例非特殊类型外周T细胞淋巴瘤,3例结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,5例淋巴结反应性增生.结果 37例T-LBL均表达LAT和CD99;4例外周T细胞淋巴瘤及3例鼻型结外NK/T细胞淋巴瘤弥漫表达LAT,不表达CD99;3例B淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤均表达CD99,但不表达LAT;5例反应性增牛淋巴结的T细胞区LAT阳性,淋巴结皮、髓质区均不表达CD99.结论 联合检测LAT和CD99有助于T-LBL的诊断和鉴别诊断.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy: An analysis of 2,418 cases

During a period of 5 yr, 2,418 fine-needle aspirations (FNA) were performed on 2,216 patients with superficial lymphadenopathy. Chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis was the commonest inflammatory lesion followed by tuberculosis. Among malignant lesions, metastatic tumors were most common followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The FNAC findings were correlated with subsequent histopathological diagnosis in 1,041 cases. The sensitivity rates of FNAC in tuberculosis, metastatic tumors, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were found to be 83.3, 97, 30, and 80.3%, respectively, the specificity being 94.3, 98.9, 98.6, and 95.4% in the same order. Immunocytochemical tests performed on the aspirated material helped in classifying the metastatic poorly differentiated tumors and confirming the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Effects of FNA on subsequent biopsy in 81 lymph nodes with benign hyperplasia were studied and showed that aspiration does not interfere with subsequent histologic assessment. Thus FNAC is a simple, inexpensive procedure, and when complemented by appropriate immunocytochemical studies is accurate and reliable for routine diagnosis of lymphadenopathy. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15:382–386. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Tuberculous lymphadenitis: Extended cytomorphologic features

In tuberculous lymphadenitis, FNAC smears sometimes reveal only caseous necrosis without epithelioid cell granuloma. They pose a diagnostic problem, if AFB staining is negative. the diagnostic clue noticed in these cases was presence of multiple pink, homogenous structures with irregular shape and well-defined margins: “eosinophilic structures” (ES). the purpose of the present study is to find out the nature of ES and their role in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Seventy FNAC smears from documented cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis were classified according to their cytomorphological features. the association and relation of ES with other morphological criteria was noted. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed to find out the reactivity of ES to tuberculous antigen. Its intensity of positivity was compared with epithelioid cell granuloma and degenerating granuloma. It was concluded that ES are degenerated granuloma and thus form an extended diagnostic criterion. Diagn Cytopathol 1995;12:23-27.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in lymphadenopathy of HIV-positive patients

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of 32 HIV-positive cases presenting with lymphadenopathy was performed to evaluate its role in this group of patients. For each case air-dried smears were stained with Leishman, hematoxylin and eosin, and Zeihl-Neelsen stains for acid fast bacilli (AFB). The results were tuberculous (TB) lymphadenopathy (15), reactive lymphadenopathy (10), acute lymphadenitis/abscess (5), and suspected malignancy (2). In seven cases of TB lymphadenitis findings were suggestive of TB since no AFB was demonstrable on the cytology smears. In TB lymphadenitis, two additional patterns besides necrotising granulomatous (4) and granulomatous (2) were observed. These were necrotising (6) and necrotising suppurative (3) patterns. FNAC is a simple, inexpensive, rapid investigative procedure which can reduce surgical excisions and provide definite guidelines about further management.     

Application of PCR from the fine needle aspirates for the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem worldwide. A definitive and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervical lymphadenopathy is important because satisfactory results can be achieved with chemotherapy alone, obviating surgery. Recently, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has provided an alternative and easy procedure for collection of material for cytomorphologic and bacteriologic examination. But the detection rate for M. tuberculosis from the aspirate material is still low with Ziehl-Neelson stain and even with culture. The authors therefore performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mycobacterial DNA sequences in 31 cases of cytodiagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis and compared conventional bacteriologic methods. Ziehl-Neelson staining for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) was positive in 3 cases (10%) in direct smears, and the cultures for M. tuberculosis were positive in 6 cases (19%). In 19 (61%) among 31 samples, mycobacterial DNA fragments were detected, using the PCR method. With combined conventional and PCR method, the rate of detection was increased to 68 percent high. In conclusion, PCR is the most sensitive technique in the demonstration of M. tuberculosis in patient with clinically suspected as tuberculosis, who have AFB stain or culture negative cytology. Combined conventional and PCR methods as well as cytologic findings are of further help in the detection and characterization of M. tuberculosis.     

Rapid culture diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis from a tertiary care centre in an endemic nation: Potential and pitfalls

In spite of low sensitivity and specificity, standard diagnostic algorithm recommends fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and direct microscopic screening for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) for the routine diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy (LNTB). In this study, the diagnostic utility of liquid broth based automated culture (BacT/ALERT 3D) technique was assessed in comparison with conventional techniques in 89 clinically suspected tubercular lymphadenitis patients. 60% (n = 53) were positive by FNAC and 38.4% (n = 34) demonstrated AFB in smear examination. BacT/ALERT yielded isolation in 43.1% (n = 38) aspirates, confirming tubercular aetiology. We also found six paediatric culture-positive cases which showed negative outcome by both FNAC and smear. Thus, we conclude that culture by BacT/ALERT, may be used for faster yield of Mycobacteria in LNTB, especially in children. Additionally, this could also be used as a platform for further differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection and for testing of anti-tubercular chemotherapeutic agents whenever drug resistance is suspected.     

Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis

The need for a rapid diagnosis of the cervical lymphnodes presenting to the surgeon in the out patient department resulted in this study. A total of 123 cases were studied to evaluate Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology as a diagnostic procedure and a diagnostic accuracy of 89.77 per cent was achieved in tubercular lymphnodes. FNAC along with Mantoux test and Erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR) gave an over all diagnostic accuracy of 97.72 per cent. Thus the role of FNAC as a safe, quick and reliable procedure in the diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis was established.     

Comparative evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology, culture, and PCR in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis

In developing countries, where tuberculosis (TB) is still rampant, tuberculous lymphadenopathy (TB LAP) is one of the most common causes of LAP. Rapid diagnosis and adequate treatment are very important. As a primary diagnostic tool, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has provided an efficient alternative to excision. Cytologic diagnosis can be made with cytomorphologic features of well-formed epithelioid granulomas and the presence of caseous necrosis. However, bacteriological confirmation is essential because of the presence of various granulomatous inflammation. This study was performed to evaluate and compare the role of FNAC, mycobacterial culture, and PCR in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis. FNA material was collected from 50 patients and was subjected to analysis by cytomorphology, ZN stain, M. tuberculosis culture, and PCR. Out of 50 cases, 36 cases showed cytological features consistent with TB. The most common cytomorphological pattern was epithelioid cell granulomas along with necrosis seen in 17 cases (34%), followed by necrosis only in 13 cases(26%). TBLAP was correctly diagnosed by acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear in 26 cases, by culture in 30 cases and by PCR in 30 cases. Overall sensitivity of AFB smear was 76.47% and that of culture as well as PCR was 88.23%. In conclusion, presence of granulomas and caseation necrosis are highly suggestive of tubercular etiology, especially in scenario of developing countries where incidence of TB is high. Cytomorphology can be supplemented with AFB smear and culture wherever required and PCR should be kept as a reserve method for equivocal cases.     

Immunohistochemistry using a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex specific antibody for improved diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.

The clinical and histological criteria used to diagnose lymphadenitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms have poor specificity. Acid-fast staining and culture has low sensitivity and specificity. We report a novel method for diagnosis of tuberculosis that uses immunohistochemistry to detect the secreted mycobacterial antigen MPT64 on formalin-fixed tissue biopsies. This antigen has not been detected in non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of IS6110 from DNA obtained from the biopsies was used as a gold standard. Fifty-five cases of granulomatous lymphadenitis with histologically suspected tuberculosis obtained from Norway and Tanzania were evaluated. Four known tuberculosis cases were used as positive controls, and 16 biopsies (12 foreign body granulomas and four other non-granulomatous cases) as negative controls. With immunohistochemistry, 64% (35/55) and with PCR, 60% (33/55) of granulomatous lymphadenitis cases were positive. Using PCR as the gold standard, the classical tuberculosis histology had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 92, 37, 60, and 81%, respectively, and immunohistochemistry had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 90, 83, 86, and 88%, respectively. The observed agreement between PCR and immunohistochemistry was 87% (kappa = 0.73). Immunohistochemistry with anti-MPT64 antiserum is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for establishing an etiological diagnosis of tuberculosis in histologic specimens. Immunohistochemistry has the advantages over PCR of being robust and cheap, and it can easily be used in a routine laboratory.     

Fine-needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping in diagnosis and classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in comparison to histopathology

This prospective study aimed to compare the value of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology (FNAC) and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) with histopatopathology (HP) in the diagnosis and classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Twenty-nine excised lymph nodes suspected of NHL were evaluated using FNAC, FCI, and HP. Specimens were divided into two equal parts; one for HP and the other for FNAC and FCI. Results were compared in terms of diagnosis (malignant, benign or reactive, and metastatic) and NHL class. With combined FNAC/FCI, 11 (37.9%) cases were diagnosed as NHL, 11 cases (37.9%) as reactive lymph node, six cases (20.6%) as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and one case (3.4%) as metastasis. HP revealed nine cases (31%) of NHL, five cases (17.2%) of reactive lymph nodes and all the diagnosed metastatic and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Considering histology as a gold standard method in diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of FNAC/FCI in differentiate malignant and benign lesion were 73.9%, 83.3%, 94.4%, and 45.5%, respectively and in differentiate NHL from others were 75%, 93.8%, 90%, and 83.3%, respectively. Cytology and HP in addition to FCI and HP are significantly different from determination of NHL lesions point of view (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). However, FCI can be considered as an adjunctive method for Cytology especially because Cytology is not competent enough to differentiate between benign lesions and Lymphoma. Additionally, FCI is shown to be an accurate method in classifying NHL.     

人免疫缺陷病毒感染者/艾滋病患者浅表淋巴结肿大与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的相关性

目的 探讨人免疫缺陷病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（简称HIV感染者/AIDS患者）浅表淋巴结肿大的病理改变及其与CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的相关性。方法 对1066例HIV感染者/AIDS患者浅表淋巴结肿大的发生情况及其外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞计数进行分析;并对浅表淋巴结肿大患者行淋巴结活检。结果 在1066例HIV感染者/AI...