学龄期儿童社会能力和适应行为的分析

目的初步探讨学龄期儿童社会能力和适应行为特点。方法在南昌市6～16岁儿童中随机抽取228名儿童,采用徐韬园教授的Achenbach`s儿童行为量表(CBCL)(家长用)和学龄期儿童适应行为评定量表(家长版)进行测评。结果男女儿童社会能力和适应技能没有显著差异(t=1.481,-1.554,-0.991,-1.746,-1.065,-0.794,-0.470,-1.931;P0.05);男女儿童行为问题总粗分没有显著差异(t=1.250,P0.05),就具体行为问题因子而言,多动(χ2=8.216,P=0.008)、违纪(χ2=6.493,P=0.024)、攻击性(χ2=5.298,P=0.043)男童明显多于女童,抑郁(χ2=31.002,P=0.000)、体述(χ2=8.016,P=0.008)女童明显多于男童。结论男女儿童社会能力和适应行为没有显著的差异,但都存在一些行为问题。     

宁夏农村留守儿童行为问题影响因素的Logistic回归分析

目的了解宁夏农村留守儿童心理行为问题现况及其影响因素。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法,应用一般情况调查表、父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ儿童版)、Piers-Harri儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL家长版),对宁夏南部山区所抽取班级的1905名中小学生进行调查。结果①儿童行为问题总检出率为18%(343/1905);留守与非留守儿童行为问题检出率分别为20.9%和16.0%,两者比较有显著统计学差异(χ2=7.66,P=0.006);汉族留守与非留守儿童行为问题检出率分别为17.0%和11.2%,两者比较有显著统计学差异(χ2=6.64,P=0.010);回族留守儿童行为问题检出率为25.1%显著高于汉族留守儿童检出率17.0%(χ2=7.51,P=0.006);②多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示父母外出打工情况(OR=1.239)、内外向人格(OR=0.807)、神经质人格(OR=1.310)、父亲过度保护(OR=1.727)、母亲拒绝否认(OR=1.561)和自我意识总分(OR=0.613)最终进入方程,可以直接预测留守儿童心理行为问题的发生,其中情绪不稳定、父亲过度保护、母亲拒绝否认以及父母均外出打工是危险因素,而性格外向(高分特征)和自我意识良好是保护因素。结论宁夏农村留守儿童行为问题发生率较高,影响因素较多,应从社会、家庭、个性塑造等方面着手进行预防。     

4～6岁儿童行为发展与母亲人格特征的关系

目的:了解4~6岁儿童行为现状,探讨母亲人口学因素及人格特质与儿童行为发展的关系。方法:选取深圳市幼儿园1329名4~6岁儿童及其母亲为被试,使用Achenbach(4~16岁)儿童行为量表(父母问卷)和艾森克人格量表(成人版)分别对4~6岁儿童行为及其母亲人格特征进行评定。结果:本样本儿童行为问题检出率为7.5%,不同性别儿童行为问题检出率不同(χ2=9.69,P0.01),男童行为问题检出率(9.4%)高于女童(4.9%)。非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,在儿童行为发展过程中,母亲受教育程度(OR=0.21,P0.05)是保护因素,而其人格维度中情绪稳定性是危险因素(OR=1.13,P0.05)。结论:学龄前儿童行为发展可能与母亲受教育程度及人格有一定相关,母亲受教育程度高、情绪稳定的人格特征可能是儿童行为健康发展的保护因素。     

父母教养行为在儿童2岁和7岁时的差异及与儿童抑制性的关系

目的：考察父母教养行为在儿童2岁和7岁时的差异及其与儿童抑制性的关系。方法：采用实验室观察法对56名儿童2岁时的抑制性进行评价,用问卷法对父母在儿童2岁和7岁时的教养行为分别进行测量。结果：（1）儿童2岁时母亲的情感表达控制和惩罚评分都低于父亲（2.9±0.7/3.4±0.8,t=-4.47,P=0.000;2.8±0.6/3.1±0.8,t=-2.31,P=0.020）,7岁时母亲的惩罚高于父亲（3.3±0.6/3.0±0.8,t=2.17,P=0.030）。（2）7岁时测量得到的母亲的担忧（3.7±0.8/4.4±0.7）、接纳（4.7±0.5/4.9±0.5）评分较2岁下降,惩罚评分增加（3.3±0.6/2.8±0.6）且有统计学意义（F（1,53）=10.98,F（1,53）=6.89,F（1,53）=20.58,P〈0.01）,7岁时父亲的担忧评分较2岁时也下降（3.7±0.8/3.9±0.6,F=5.63（1,53）,P〈0.01）。（3）两次测量中,母亲对三种抑制类型儿童情感表达的控制都存在显著差异（F（2,53）=2.96,P=0.050）。（4）测量与抑制性对母亲的拒绝和排除限制的鼓励独立存在交互作用（F（2,53）=3.39,F（2,53）=4.20,P〈0.05）。结论：父亲的教养行为比较稳定,母亲的教养行为变化较多且母亲的拒绝和鼓励独立方面与儿童的抑制性有更多的关联,母亲对抑制型儿童的教养表现出较多消极的行为和行为的变化。     

1120名学龄前儿童心理行为问题现状分析

目的了解从化市3～6岁学龄前儿童心理行为问题的现状及相关因素,促进儿童心理健康发展。方法制订学龄前儿童心理行为问题筛查表,以问卷形式对1120名3～6岁学龄前儿童父母进行调查。结果儿童心理行为问题的检出率为37.23%,居前3位的心理行为问题是好发脾气、多动问题和进食问题。心理行为问题在男女间和各年龄组间比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.05）。家庭经济状况、教育方法、主要带养人对儿童心理行为影响具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论儿童心理行为问题的发生率较高,应引起家长及教育工作者的足够重视。要大力宣传和普及儿童心理卫生知识,消除和减少不良影响因素,重视家庭环境和教养方法对儿童心理健康的影响,促进儿童身心健康发展。     

留守流动儿童与城乡儿童的行为问题比较

目的比较留守儿童、流动儿童与城乡儿童行为问题的差异,为其干预研究提供参考依据。方法分层整群抽取广西8所农村小学和3所城郊结合部小学3~6年级学生2499人,采用自编问卷和Rutter儿童行为问卷(教师版)进行现场调查。结果儿童行为问题阳性率18.29%,"N行为""A行为""M行为",男童行为问题阳性率均显著高于女童(χ2=41.468,P0.05),男女儿童均以"N行为"为主。农村非留守组儿童行为问题阳性率最低(9.55%),且与农村留守组(18.45%)、城市流动组(22.82%)、城市非流动组(24.58%)差异显著(χ2=16.012,40.654,72.451;P0.001)。结论农村非留守儿童行为问题低于留守儿童,城市流动儿童与非流动儿童行为问题差异不显著;男童行为问题明显高于女童。     

6～11岁肥胖儿童行为问题调查

目的：调查6～11岁肥胖儿章行为问题。方法：采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表（CBCL），对安徽省安庆市与铜陵市111名调查对象进行问卷调查。结果：肥胖儿童行为问题发生率为36．94％，男、女分别为40．38％和33．90％，性别间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。4～16岁正常儿童青少年行为问题总发生率为12．97％（男童13．44％、女童12．52％），肥胖儿童整体及按性别比较，行为问题发生率均较高（u分别为7．52、5．70和4．96，P均〈0．01）。男童行为问题各因子发生率由高到低依次为：强迫行为34．62％、分裂焦虑23．08％、抑郁19．23％、体诉15．39％、交往不良13．46％、社交退缩9．62％、多动9．62％、攻击性9．62％和违纪表现5．77％，各因子发生率差异有统计学意义（X^2=25．25，P〈0．05）；女童行为问题各因子发生率依次为：分裂强迫23．73％、抑郁11．86％、多动10．17％、性问题10．17％、体诉848％、攻击性8．48％、社交退缩6．78％、残忍表现6．78％和违纪表现5．09％，差别有统计学意义（X^2=15．59，P〈0．05）。男、女童共有的6个行为问题因子：社交退缩、多动、体诉、违纪表现、攻击性、抑郁，无性别差异（P均〉0．05）。结论：肥胖儿童行为问题发生率远远高于全国4～16岁儿童青少年，肥胖男童主要表现在强迫行为、分裂焦虑、抑郁、体诉、交件不良，女童主要表现在分裂强迫、抑郁、多动、性问题。     

儿童社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量的关系

目的:探讨2~3岁儿童社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量的关系,以期为儿童社会退缩行为的干预提供依据和指导。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取深圳市404名儿童及其家长,通过Achenbach儿童行为量表、中国人婚姻质量量表对儿童退缩行为、父母婚姻质量进行调查。结果:儿童社会退缩行为异常的检出率为23.51%,男童检出率(27.12%)与女童的检出率(18.45%)差异具统计学意义(χ2=4.908,P0.05)。具有社会退缩行为儿童的父母婚姻质量总分及父母性格相容、夫妻交流、化解冲突、经济安排、业余活动、子女与婚姻、亲友关系、生活观念8个因子的均值均低于无社会退缩行为儿童的父母(P0.05)。同时,社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量总分及其除情感与性生活、家庭角色外的其余8个因子均呈负相关(P0.05);多因素分析结果显示,业余活动以及亲友关系对儿童社会退缩行为有影响(t=-4.726,-2.698;P0.01)。结论:儿童早期社会退缩行为与父母婚姻质量有关,婚姻质量高的父母其子女退缩行为检出率较低。     

综合干预对受虐待小学生行为问题和社会能力的影响

目的探讨综合干预措施对小学生受虐待现象及其行为问题的影响作用。方法采取整群抽样的方法对徐州市某区小学179名小学生进行儿童期虐待史自评量表（PRCA）和Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）的调查。把179名小学生按班级随机分为干预组（88人）与对照组（91人）。对干预组进行2个月的综合干预,干预方法包括教师干预、家长干预、学生干预和媒体宣传。干预结束半年后,对两组小学生重测儿童期虐待史自评量表和Achenbach儿童行为量表。结果与对照组相比,干预组小学生的受虐待率和行为问题减少较明显（33.8%对20.5%,χ^25.13,P〈0.05;17.6%对8.2%,χ^24.56,P〈0.05）。重复测量的方差分析发现,综合干预对社会能力得分改变值没有明显影响（P〉0.05）。回归分析表明,影响活动情况和社交情况得分改变值的因素有性别和干预前社会能力（Beta值=-0.127,P〈0.05;Beta值=0.629～0.752,P〈0.001）。结论综合干预能减少小学生受虐待现象和行为问题的发生,可以促进小学生行为能力的发展,但短期内难以改善儿童社会能力的发展状况。     

贵州省城乡老年人轻度认知功能损害的流行现状

目的：了解贵州省城乡60岁及以上老年人轻度认知功能损害（MCI）的流行现状。方法：采用整群抽样,通过问卷询问和体格检查结合的方法,对贵州省的贵阳市及正安县农村4535名≥60岁的老人进行现况调查,收集相关资料,用简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）进行认知功能评定。MCI诊断参照Frisoni等提出的标准。结果：MCI检出率为15.4%,城市检出率高于农村（16.3%/13.2%,χ^2=6.71,P=0.01）,男性检出率低于女性（13.1%/17.0%,χ^2=12.88,P〈0.001）,按城乡分层后男性检出率仍低于女性（城市：14.2%/17.6%,农村11.0%/15.4%,P均〈0.05）。MCI检出率随着年龄、受教育程度的变化而变化,但差异无统计学意义。独居老人MCI检出率高于在婚老人（17.5%/14.4%,χ^2=7.47,P=0.006）。结论：MCI检出率城市高于农村,性别和婚姻状况对MCI的影响较大。对MCI人群应重点监测和及时干预,以降低发生痴呆的可能性。     

Self-reported sleep patterns, sleep problems, and behavioral problems among school children aged 8–11 years

Objectives

Investigation of sleep patterns, sleep problems, and behavioral problems in 8- to 11-year-old children.

Methods

A total of 330 children (age: M=9.52; SD=0.56; range=8–11 years; 47.3% girls) in the 4th grade of elementary school in Salzburg (Austria) completed a self-report questionnaire (80 items) to survey sleep patterns, sleep problems, and behavioral problems.

Results

Children aged 8–11 years slept approximately 10 h and 13 min on school days (SD=47 min) as well as on weekends (SD=81 min); girls slept significantly longer on weekends than boys. Most common self-reported sleep problems were dryness of the mouth (26.6%), sleep onset delay (21.9%), bedtime resistance (20.3%), and restless legs (19.4%). There was a significant association between watching TV as well as playing computer games prior to sleep with frightful dreams. Daytime sleepiness indicated by difficulty waking up (33.4%) and having a hard time getting out of bed (28.5%) was also very prominent. However, children in Salzburg seemed to be less tired during school (6.6%) or when doing homework (4.8%) compared to other nationalities. Behavioral problems (e.g., emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and inattention, conduct problems, peer problems) and daytime sleepiness were both significantly associated with sleep problems: the more sleep problems reported, the worse behavioral problems and daytime sleepiness were. Moreover, we could show that sharing the bed with a pet was also related to sleep problems.

Conclusions

Self-reported sleep problems among 8- to 11-year-old children are very common. There is a strong relationship between sleep disorders and behavioral problems. Routine screening and diagnosis as well as treatment of sleep disorders in school children should, therefore, be established in the future.     

浙江省苍南县城乡儿童行为问题比较

目的 :通过调查浙江城镇与农村儿童行为问题发生情况及影响因素 ,探讨城乡区域等环境因素在其发生中的影响。方法 :采用分层随机整群抽样法抽取 6～ 12岁儿童 1983人 ,用Rutter儿童行为父母问卷和自编相关因素调查表。结果 :问卷回收率 94 3 % ,农村检出率 12 8% ,城镇 7 7%。多元相关分析显示 ,引起农村城镇儿童行为问题的危险因素除了打骂或放纵管教方式和考试压力外 ,其它各不相同 ,农村与母亲不良因素有关、城镇与自身状况及父亲问题有关。结论 :应针对城乡儿童行为问题相关因素不同而采取综合防治措施     

2—3岁儿童的气质,环境因素与儿童行为的相互影响

采用问卷法对西安市部分入托儿童的行为、气质结构以及它们与生长环境之间的相互关系进行探讨。发现:①2～3岁儿童的气质类型以 E 和 I—E 型居多。②2～3岁儿童行为障碍的发生率是12.7%,社会退缩及攻击行为相对较多。③行为障碍发生率及气质分类与性别无关。④仅以行为总分异常与否诊断行为障碍是很不合适的。⑤气质特征、环境因素对儿童行为均有显著影响,气质的影响相对较大,在环境因素中,教育方法是影响儿童行为的主要因素。⑥在制定儿童异常行为和心理障碍的干预措施时,应认真考虑儿童的气质特征;幼教工作也应针对儿童的气质特征制定相应的教育方案。     

Schooling of the child and teenager suffering from sickle-cell disease in 2004, Brazzaville, Congo

A case-control transversal study has been carried out in March 2004 in the paediatric unit of the Brazzaville teaching Hospital to assess the impact of the sickle cell disease on school-age children. School-age children and teenagers of both sex were distributed in 228 homozygote sickle cell children (group I) aged of 5 years old and 8 months old to 21 and 245 children recruited in state schools aged of 5 years old and 6 months to 19 years old. In the group I, 78 children suffering from sickle cell disease are ahead in their school achievement, 59 have a normal education and 91 meet some difficulties with no significant difference; in the group II, 122 children are ahead in their school achievement, 81 have a normal education and 42 meet difficulties (p < 0,001). The average of children having school difficulties was 2,4 +/- 1,5 years in the group I with extremes ranging from 1 to 3 years. By comparing both groups in primary school, no difference was to be found in children doing well at school and children having a normal education: 54 children of the group II are reported being ahead in their school achievement (39, 7%) and 81 children in the group II (55, 1%); normal education for 38 children of the group 1 (28%) and 58 children in the group II (39, 5%). On the other hand, 44 children are having school difficulties in the group I (32, 3%) against 8 children in the group II (5, 4%) (p < 0,001). As a matter of form we have observed that ahead schooling is to be found in 24 sickle cell children at HbF < 10% (41, 4%) and 54 sickle cell children at HbF < 10% (34, 2%) (p < 0,05); normal education in 14 children with sickle cell disease at HbF > 10% (24, 1%) and 45 children with sickle cell disease at HbF < 10% (25, 9%) and school difficulties in 20 children with sickle cell disease at HbF > 10% (34, 5%) and 71 children with sickle cell disease at HbF < 10% (39, 9%).     

长沙市一所小学和中学6-15岁学龄儿童抽动障碍现状调查

目的 :了解长沙市小学生及中学生抽动障碍流行特点、伴发的行为和情绪问题。方法 :对我市育华小学和雅礼中学的 80 5例 6-15岁学龄儿童进行抽动障碍现状调查。结果 :共检出抽动障碍患者 10 3例 ,现患 5 4人 ,抽动障碍时点患病率为 6 78% ,终身患病率为 12 9%。其中短暂性抽动障碍、慢性运动或发声抽动障碍和Tourette氏综合征的终身患病率分别是 7 70 %、 4 72 %和 0 3 7%。抽动障碍伴发不少行为和情绪问题。Tourette氏综合征抽动严重程度 >慢性运动或发声抽动障碍 >短暂性抽动障碍。结论 :6-15岁学龄儿童的抽动障碍患病率较高 ,部分可以伴有行为和情绪问题。     

THE EFFECTS OF HEAD START DURATION ON THE BEHAVIORAL COMPETENCE OF SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN

This study examined the influence of Head Start duration on teacher‐reported children's approaches to learning, behavioral problems, and cooperative classroom behaviors at the end of kindergarten. Propensity score matching was used to create comparable samples of children who experienced different durations of Head Start. Analysis of the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey showed that children who attended 2 years of Head Start showed a higher level of approaches to learning (effect size [ES] = .53), cooperative classroom behaviors (ES = .35), and fewer problematic behaviors (ES = ‐.43) in kindergarten. The effects of 2 years of attendance of Head Start were most prominent for children raised in families with high‐risk factors and for Black children, particularly with improvement in approaches to learning. This finding supports the argument that a longer exposure from an earlier age to a preschool program may contribute to improving school readiness for children from economically disadvantaged families.     

Do places matter? Socioeconomic disadvantage and behavioral problems of children in Canada

This study evaluated the influence of neighborhoods and socioeconomic disadvantage on behavioral problems rated by parents and teachers in a nationally representative sample of children ages 4 to 11 years living in Canada. Between-neighborhood variation accounted for 7.6% and 6.6% of parent and teacher ratings, respectively. About 25.0% of this neighborhood variation could be explained by socioeconomic variables evenly divided between neighborhood and family-level measures. Family socioeconomic status, lone-parent family status, and percentage of lone parents in neighborhoods were strong, reliable predictors of behavioral problems. Ratings were contextualized: Fewer behavioral problems were assessed in children from well-off families living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, whereas more problems were assessed in children from poor families living in advantaged neighborhoods.     

昆明市儿童行为问题教师检出率及危险因素研究

目的探讨本市学龄儿童行为问题主要危险因素。方法应用Rutter儿童行为教师量表对昆明市926名儿童进行了调查。结果儿童行为问题检出率为14．08％,男女检出率之比为3．13：1;经与20项有关因素Logistic回归分析表明：城乡结合部儿童行为问题主要危险因素依次为性别、伙伴关系、父母教育儿童时间、花在儿童身上的金钱、家庭和睦情况．结论儿童行为问题是多种因素所至,行为问题随年龄增长呈增加趋势,应采取综合措施进行防治。     

Self-care and deviance in elementary school-age children

Fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade students were surveyed to investigate whether self-care was related to self-reports of behavioral or attitudinal deviance, liking for school, or both. The Child Self-Care Measure (CSCM), a multiscale self-report instrument, measured self-care as a developmental task with four major dimensions: temporal, physical, structural, and psychological. Self-care in general was not linked to deviance. However, increases in psychological self-care were strongly correlated with reductions in children's liking for school. Additionally, children in self-care who cared for younger siblings for more than a year reported more deviant behaviors than those without responsibility for younger siblings; children in the care of older siblings less than 16 years old for more than 4 years reported more tolerance for deviance than peers in self-care without older sibling caregivers. Findings support earlier speculations that children in self-care may not be developmentally ready to take responsibility for elementary school-aged siblings. Results also indicated that although girls in self-care manifest problems earlier than boys, long term self-care may be more problematic for boys than girls. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 629–643, 1998.