TIPSS术后肝性脊髓病（附5例报告）

目的：报告5例经颈静脉途径肝内分流术（TIPSS）后肝性脊髓病（HM）的临床表现。资料和方法：5例均有乙型肝炎和静脉曲张破裂出血病史。TIPSS术前影像学检查显示肝萎缩明显，术后分流道通畅。曾做脊髓MRI4例，1例做脊柱CT和脊髓造影。5例均行腰椎穿刺。结果：5例于TIPSS后4周－4个月出现进行性下肢痉挛性瘫痪，1例伴上肢无力，1例伴有尿失禁。5例术后有1次以上（1－6次）HE发作史。体验发现患者腱反射亢进，踝阵挛阳性，浅感觉正常，1例深感觉减退，除1例外，其余无明显肌莓缩表现。受累节段椎管影像学检查及腰椎穿刺脑脊液检查均无异常。5例均有术后持续高血低蛋白血症。结论：TIPSS术后出现进行性下肢痉挛性瘫痪、不伴有感觉障碍者应考虑HM。与TIPSS相关HM的高危因素有术前明显肝萎缩、术后持续高血氨及肝性脑病。     

Cardiac Perforation and Tamponade During Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement

A patient developed acute severe hemodynamic compromise during a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure for intractable ascites. Rapid clinical and radiographic evaluation of the patient disclosed pericardial blood and cardiac tamponade as the cause, probably due to right heart perforation from guidewire and catheter manipulation. The tamponade was successfully treated percutaneously, and the patient survived. Cardiac tamponade should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who develop hypotension during TIPS placement.     

Transcaval Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Preliminary Clinical Results

Objective

To determine the feasibility of transcaval transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in patients with unusual anatomy between the hepatic veins and portal bifurcation, and inaccessible or inadequate hepatic veins.

Materials and Methods

Transcaval TIPS, performed in six patients, was indicated by active variceal bleeding (n=2), recurrent variceal bleeding (n=2), intractable ascites (n=1), and as a bridge to liver transplantation (n=1). The main reasons for transcaval rather than classic TIPS were the presence of an unusually acute angle between the hepatic veins and the level of the portal bifurcation (n=3), hepatic venous occlusion (n=2), and inadequate small hepatic veins (n=1).

Results

Technical and functional success was achieved in all patients. The entry site into liver parenchyma from the inferior vena cava was within 2 cm of the atriocaval junction. Procedure-related complications included the death of one patient due to hemoperitoneum despite the absence of contrast media spillage at tractography, and another suffered reversible hepatic encephalopathy.

Conclusion

In patients with unusual anatomy between the hepatic veins and portal bifurcation, and inaccessible or inadequate hepatic veins, transcaval TIPS creation is feasible.     

经颈静脉肝内门-体静脉分流术应用疗效观察

本文报告经颈静脉肝内门-体静脉分流术(TIPSS)14例,成功12例。术后食道静脉曲张明显减轻乃至消失、门脉主干血流速度显著增加、门脉压力平均下降1.48kPa、血小板有所升高、白细胞变化不大、脾脏体积缩小30-60％。本组临床应用结果表明:TIPSS创伤性小,降低门脉压可靠,是治疗门脉高压症的有效方法;此技术成功的关键是术前了解肝静脉与门静脉的空间关系。     

Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Procedure in a Swine Model

A new method is described for guiding hepato-portal venous puncture using a longitudinal side-view intravascular ultrasound (L-IVUS) transducer to assist in the performance of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in three Australian swine. Simultaneous L-IVUS with an AcuNav® 5–10 MHz 10 Fr transducer (Acuson Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA) and fluoroscopy guidance was used to image and monitor the hepatic to portal venous puncture, dilatation of the tract, and deployment of the TIPS stent. Flow through the shunt could be demonstrated with both L-IVUS and angiography. TIPS was successful in all swine. The time for portal vein puncture once the target portal vein was identified was reduced at each attempt. The number of portal vein puncture attempts was 2, 1, and 1. No post-procedural complication was evident. L-IVUS-guided TIPS is practical and has the potential to improve safety by permitting simultaneous ultrasound and fluoroscopic imaging of the needle and target vascular structures. This technique allows for a more streamlined approach to TIPS, decreasing the fluoroscopic time (hence, decreasing the radiation exposure to the staff and patient) and anesthetic time. In addition, there are improved safety benefits obviating the need for wedged portography, facilitating avoidance of bile duct and hepatic arterial puncture, and minimizing hepatic injury by decreasing liver capsular puncture and the attendant risks.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a patient with cavernomatous portal vein occlusion

A 23-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis secondary to primary sclerosing cholangitis was referred to us for the treatment of recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices that had been refractory to endoscopic sclerotherapy. Her portal vein was occluded, associated with cavernous transformation. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed after a preprocedural three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography evaluation to determine feasibility. The portal vein system was recanalized and portal blood flow increased markedly after TIPS. Esophageal varices disappeared 3 weeks after TIPS. Re-bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy were absent for 3 years after the procedure. We conclude that with adequate preprocedural evaluation, TIPS can be performed safely even in patients with portal vein occlusion associated with cavernous transformation.     

Percutaneous Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts

Purpose To assess the role of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). Methods Between January 1999 and September 2004, 6 patients with HCC and TIPS were treated with either TACE (n = 3) or TACE in combination with PEI (n = 3). One patient had a known advanced, untreated HCC prior to TIPS. In the remaining 5 patients HCC was diagnosed 14, 17, 51, 69, and 76 months respectively after elective TIPS. TACE was performed using a mixture of 30–60 mg of epirubicin and 10 ml of lipiodol following superselective catheterization of tumor-feeding vessels. PEI was performed under CT guidance. Methods The mean follow-up time after treatment of HCC was 26.2 months (range 7–46 months). During follow-up, all patients were free of rebleeding. Two patients died 7 and 38 months after one session of TACE and PEI (77 months after TIPS) and three sessions of TACE (91 months after TIPS), respectively. The cause of death was liver failure (Child-Pugh class C) and peritonitis, respectively. A third patient underwent liver transplantation 24 months after TIPS and several sessions of TACE. In the remaining 3 patients, the HCC is well controlled 13, 30, and 46 months after repetitive percutaneous treatment without signs of hepatic deterioration or metastasis. Conclusion Transcatheter arterial superselective chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection seems to be beneficial even in HCC patients treated with TIPS, provided that the liver function is adequate.     

Efficacy of a Dexamethasone-Eluting Nitinol Stent on the Inhibition of Pseudointimal Hyperplasia in a Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: An Experimental Study in a Swine Model

Objective

We wanted to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using a dexamethasone (DM)-eluting nitinol stent to inhibit the pseudointimal hyperplasia following stent placement in the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt tract (TIPS) of a swine.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen stents were constructed using 0.15 mm-thick nitinol wire; they were 60 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter. The metallic stents were then classified into three types; type 1 and 2 was coated with the mixture of 12% and 20%, respectively, of DM solution and polyurethane (PU), while type 3 was a bare stent that was used for control study. In fifteen swine, each type of stent was implanted in the TIPS tract of 5 swine, and each animal was sacrificed 2 weeks after TIPS creation. The proliferation of the pseudointima was evaluated both on follow-up portogram and pathologic examination.

Results

One TIPS case, using the type 1 stent, and two TIPS cases, using the type 2 stent, maintained their luminal patency while the others were all occluded. On the histopathologic analysis, the mean of the maximum pseudointimal hyperplasia was expressed as the percentage of the stent radius that was patent, and these values were 51.2%, 50% and 76% for the type 1, 2, and 3 stents, respectively.

Conclusion

The DM-eluting stent showed a tendency to reduce the development of pseudointimal hyperplasia in the TIPS tract of a swine model with induced-portal hypertension.     

经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术：附22例分析

经颈静脉肝内门－腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）是用非外科手段治疗肝硬化、门脉高压，胃、食管静脉曲张的新技术，具有创伤小，技术成功率高，并发症少的优点。自１９９３年３月５日以来我们完成了２２例（包括２例急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ），成功率为９５．４５％（２１／２２）。分流道的直径为１０ｍｍ。术后平均门脉压力从术前的４．０４±０．６６ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２０ｃｍＨ＿２Ｏ）降到２．４４±０．６２ｋＰａ，绝大多数患者腹水吸收，静脉曲张减轻或消失。我们的初步经验：ＴＩＰＳＳ能安全、有效地降低门脉压，控制静脉曲张破裂出血，消除腹水。ＴＩＰＳＳ的长期临床效果有待进一步观察。     

经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术治疗门脉高压症

本文采用经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术(TIPSS)治疗8例反复食管胃底静脉曲张出血的肝硬变门脉高压症(CPH),术中使用8～10mm金属内支架在门静脉和肝静脉之间形成人工通道,达到降低门脉压力、防止上消化道再出血、缩小脾脏、减少腹水的目的。TIPSS术后,症状均得到有效的控制或明显改善。笔者认为:TIPSS是一种有效而可靠的降低门脉压力的非手术疗法,具有疗效确切,创伤性小等优点,因此,应成为治疗CPH消化道大出血的首选方法、同时对Child分级较好的中早期CPH患者也可以起到预防出血的作用。     

经左颈静脉肝内门腔静脉支架分流术（附12例报告）

为解决肝硬变门脉高压患者在经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉支架分流术中右颈静脉窄或闭的难题，我们做了经左颈静脉途径完成肝内门腔分流术的尝试。自１９９３年７月至１９９５年８月，共１７８例ＴＩＰＳＳ操作中发现１２例右颈静脉狭窄或闭塞。其方法为经左颈内静脉穿刺、插管入路。     

Late Intrahepatic Hematoma Complicating Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Late intrahepatic hematoma is a rare complication of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure. We describe a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) who presented with a large intrahepatic hematoma 13 days after TIPS. Review of the literature revealed only 2 previous cases, both occurring in patients with BCS and presenting after a similar time interval. This potentially serious complication appears to be specific for TIPS in BCS.     

Patency and reintervention rates during routine TIPSS surveillance

Purpose: To assess the medium-term outcome of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunts (TIPSS) by measuring the incidence of shunt obstruction or failure during routine surveillance and the number of interventions performed. Methods:This is a retrospective study covering a 4-year period, from 1992 to 1996, during which 102 TIPSS procedures were performed. Indications for treatment were variceal bleeding (76%) and refractory ascites (24%). Follow-up protocol after TIPSS included transfemoral or transjugular portal venography and measurement of portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG) at 3 months, 12 months, and then at yearly intervals. The results of the first 155 venograms on 62 patients (mean follow-up 14 months) have been reviewed and Kaplan-Meier analysis performed. Results: One hundred and thirty-seven of 155 (88%) examinations showed patent shunts. Fifty-six of 137 (41%) of the patent TIPSS had elevated PPG with signs of stenosis. The majority (41/56) of shunt stenoses with elevated pressure gradients were related to neointimal hyperplasia in the hepatic venous aspect of the shunt. Interventions used to reduce the pressure gradient or to restore patency included: angioplasty (62/102 interventions), additional stents (21/102), a second TIPSS procedure (2/102), and thrombolysis or thrombectomy (4/102). The primary patency rate was 66% at 1 year (52% at 2 years). Primary assisted patency was 72% at 1 year (58% at 2 years). Secondary patency was 86% at 1 year (63% at 2 years). Conclusion: The majority of TIPSS shunts will remain patent when regular portal venography, with appropriate intervention, is undertaken. Although there is a high reintervention rate this mainly takes the form of balloon angioplasty.     

直接腔静脉途径建立肝内门腔分流的适应证与临床结果

目的评估在肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常时，经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉分支完成肝内门腔静脉分流术(TIPS)操作的可行性和安全性，探讨其临床意义。资料与方法65例肝硬化门静脉高压患者行经肝段下腔静脉直接穿刺门静脉完成TIPS。结果65例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS均获成功，技术成功率100％，未出现与术中技术相关并发症，1年内再狭窄率明显低于常规TIPS，3例肝性脑病需限流支架置入得以控制。结论经肝段下腔静脉TIPS技术用于肝静脉与门静脉间解剖异常病例是安全、有效的，同时由于肝内分流道曲度较小，1年内支架开通率明显提高。     

Late Intrahepatic Hematoma Complicating Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Late intrahepatic hematoma is a rare complication of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure. We describe a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), who presented with a large inrahepatic hematoma 13 days after TIPS. Review of the literature reveals only two previous cases, both occurring in patients with BCS and presenting after a similar time interval. This potentially serious complication appears to be specific for TIPS in BCS.     

经颈内静脉肝内门腔分流术远期疗效分析

目的:探讨经颈静脉肝内门脉分流术(TIPS)后病人的远期分流道通畅率,生存期和生活质量。材料及方法:51例TIPS术后病人,随访时间平均为16.8±12.8月(1天-49月),用Kaplan-Meier法分析TIPS后病人的远期生存率,和分流道通畅率。用COX模型将生存期和通畅率与Child～Pugh肝功能分级和主要症状作相关分析,并预测影响生存期和分流道通畅率的因素。用SF～36问卷评估病人的生活质量。结果:1-4年累计生存率分别为65％,56％,32％,19％。累计原发通畅率分别为65％,56％,32％,19％。42个月原发再次通畅率为94％,18个月4继发通畅率为7l％。肝功能Child-Pugh分级与累积生存率有显著性差异。影响TIPS术后90天生存率的相关因素有:酒精性肝硬化,腹水,急性出血,分流腔道直径,静脉曲张需栓塞者,肝性脑病,分流通道再狭窄及再发出血。TIPS术后生活质量的所有9项指标均较术前提高,其中4项有显著性差异。结论:TIPS对控制出血,腹水及改善近期生活质量有肯定的疗效,但是对病人远期生活率的确切作用尚有待于进一步的研究。     

Risk of Hernia Incarceration following Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement

PurposeHernia complications after creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) have been reported, although the incidence of this complication is unknown. This study was designed to determine the incidence, morbidity, and outcome of hernia complications in patients with preexisting abdominal or inguinal hernias after TIPS creation.Materials and MethodsThe medical records of 244 consecutive patients undergoing TIPS creation between 1999 and 2007 at a single institution were reviewed. The study population was 57 patients (23%) with a preprocedural abdominal or inguinal hernia. The investigated outcome was small bowel obstruction or postprocedural incarceration of a preexisting hernia. Demographic and procedural variables were evaluated for an associated increased risk of hernia complications.ResultsHernia complications developed in 25% of patients (14 of 57) after TIPS creation at a mean presentation of 62 days (range, 2–588 d). Thirteen complications (93%) required emergent surgery, of which four (29%) required bowel resection for necrosis. There were no resulting deaths. Ninety-eight percent of patients with a hernia complication had the procedure to treat refractory ascites. The indication of refractory ascites was significantly associated with the risk of a hernia complication (P = .002).ConclusionsA 25% incidence of hernia complications following TIPS creation in patients being treated for refractory ascites is higher than expected; emergent surgery is required in most cases. Further investigation to formulate a plan for elective management is warranted.     

经颈静脉途径肝内门-腔静脉分流术后肝性脑病的原因及其预防

目的:分析诱发经颈静脉途径肝内门-腔静脉分流术(TIPSS)后肝性脑病(HE)的潜在因素,探讨预防措施。资料和方法:1993年3月～1997年3月间行TIPSS264例,分析与HE相关的因素有:患者性别、年龄,肝功能分级,肝硬化及肝萎缩程度,急诊或择期分流,所使用支架类型及直径,术中有否栓塞胃冠状静脉,术后门一腔静脉梯度压(PCG),血氨浓度,Doppler超声波显示的血流方向。结果:HE发生率为16.03％(33/212),其中术前存在HE症状、术后加重2例,术后无其它诱发因素、新出现HE症状31例。HE的发生率与肝功能分级之间呈高度相关(γ=0.86)。内支架直径与HE的关系:直径8mm组HE发生率为7.31％(3/41)。直径10mm组发发率为17.54％(31/171),两组之间差别有显著性(P<0.01)。Doppler超声显示门静脉属完全离肝型、部分离肝性及向肝血流型HE发生率分别为60.0％(21/35)、13.56％(8/59)、3.38％(4/118),三组之间差别有显著性(P<0.01)。统计结果还表明,术后HE的其它高危因素有明显肝萎缩、分流道较直、术后PCG明显降低(≤10mmHg)、急诊病例、术后血氨持续增高及术中未栓塞曲张的胃冠状静脉。多元回归分析结果提示,在与HE相关的诸多因素中,作用最大者为肝功能分级,其次为所用内支架直径、术后门静脉的血流方向。患者的年龄、性别、所使用支架的类型与术后HE的发发率无相关性。结论:TIPSS后HE的高危因素主要有肝硬化肝功能失代偿、所用内支架的直径较大及术后门静脉呈离肝血流。从严掌握适应证、用直径≤8mm支架及术中栓塞胃冠状静脉可减少HE的发生率。     

经颈静脉肝内门腔分流术的临床研究

对ＴＩＰＳＳ的临床应用资料进行分析和总结，评价其近，中期临床应用效果，以寻求进一步提高疗效的途径。材料与方法；分析４０例ＴＩＰＳＳ的临床应用结果，比较及统计了各项术前，术后资料，评价其近，中期疗效。结果；ＴＩＰＳＳ对门脉高压出血有可靠的止血效果。     

Irreversible Electroporation of a Hepatocellular Carcinoma Lesion Adjacent to a Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Stent Graft

We report in a 65-year-old man hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent-graft which was successfully treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE). IRE is a new non-thermal tissue ablation technique which uses electrical pulses to induce cell necrosis by irreversible membrane poration. IRE proved to be more advantageous in the ablation of perivascular tumor with little injury to the surrounding structures.