覆膜支架置入胸主动脉时有意封闭左锁骨下动脉:危险性及关联性

腔内覆膜支架治疗胸主动脉疾病越来越受到关注.与传统手术对比,介入治疗具有更小的创伤和减少截瘫发生的风险.介入手术要求有合适的近远端"锚定区"以固定覆膜支架.理想情况下,需要2cm的正常主动脉壁长度以满足锚定的要求,尽管利用了近端裸支架,但还是常常累及到左锁骨下动脉(left subclavian artery, LSA)开口.在覆膜支架置入前进行LSA与左颈总动脉转流术,是保证上肢血液灌注的一种措施,但是这样做便将多种不同情况的病人皆归到开放性手术.本研究回顾性分析在降主动脉置入覆膜支架后的临床预后和介入手术后行左锁骨下动脉转流术的需要.     

胸主动脉病变腔内修复术合并“烟囱”支架置入术后内漏情况分析

目的:探讨Standford B型主动脉病变在近端锚定区不足时,置入覆膜支架行胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)合并"烟囱"支架处理受累的左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉时,术中发生内漏的情况及其与病变位置之间的关系、手术疗效及预后。方法:回顾性分析2011-09至2015-07我院收治的Standford B型主动脉病变在近端锚定区不足的患者32例,采用置入覆膜支架行TEVAR合并"烟囱"支架治疗,观察术后即刻左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉显影、神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状、内漏情况,并术后随访3~46个月神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状、内漏情况。结果:32例患者TEVAR合并"烟囱"支架均成功。术后即刻左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉均显影良好,患者均未出现神经系统并发症及左上肢严重缺血症状,主动脉弓发生内漏7例,其中病变位于主动脉弓大弯侧6例,病变位于主动脉弓小弯侧1例。术后随访3~46个月,主动脉覆膜支架形态良好,"烟囱"支架内血流通畅,7例发生内漏患者中5例内漏逐渐减小、消失,2例持续存在。结论:Standford B型胸主动脉病变在近端锚定区不足时,"烟囱"支架可延长锚定区并保持左颈总动脉或左锁骨下动脉通畅,更为安全地拓展了胸主动脉病变腔内治疗的适应证,达到微创、安全、有效的目的,但当破口位于主动脉弓大弯侧时,"烟囱"支架可能增加内漏发生几率。     

预开窗胸腔血管内修复术治疗胸主动脉病变的临床疗效

目的探讨预开窗胸腔血管内修复术(PF-TEVAR)在近端锚定区不足时左锁骨下动脉(LSA)的处理方法及疗效。方法选择2017年4月至2018年11月深圳市孙逸仙心血管医院,心血管外科收治近端锚定区不足的51例胸主动脉病变患者,所有患者均采取PF-TEVAR技术进行治疗,观察脑及上肢缺血并发症发生情况。术后评价支架有无内漏、移位和3分支显影情况等。结果 51例患者,术中对位失败1例(2.0%),围手术期内漏6例(11.8%),死亡1例(2.0%)。术后随访1～20个月,随访期间失访6例(11.8%),死亡1例(2.0%)。患者复查CT血管成像,主动脉覆膜支架形态良好,无支架移位,支架内血流通畅。LSA狭窄或闭塞5例。结论胸主动脉病变近端锚定区不足时,PF-TEVAR技术可延长锚定区并保持LSA通畅,拓展了胸主动脉病变腔内治疗的适应证。     

单分支主动脉支架在锚定区不足的胸主动脉腔内修复术中的应用

目的：研究单分支主动脉支架在锚定区不足的胸主动脉腔内修复术的应用。方法：回顾性分析2019年10月至2021年10月，于内蒙古医科大学附属医院心脏大血管外科收治的18例锚定区不足的主动脉疾病患者临床资料。结果：男性14例，女性4例，年龄（57.1±13.5）岁，体质量（78.6±5.1）kg，包括急性Standford B型主动脉夹层10例，主动脉穿透性溃疡6例，胸主动脉假性动脉瘤2例。手术时间（2.6±0.4）h，成功率100%，无内漏，无围术期死亡，无神经系统及上肢缺血并发症。随访时间12个月，所有患者主动脉及分支支架通畅率为100%，支架近端无明显内漏，假腔均出现血栓化，无神经系统及左上肢缺血表现。结论：对近端锚定区不足的主动脉疾病患者应用单分支主动脉支架行胸主动脉腔内修复安全有效，左锁骨下动脉重建效果良好，中长期效果需要继续评估。     

整体式分支型覆膜支架治疗Debakey Ⅲ型主动脉夹层

目的:探讨整体式分支型覆膜支架治疗DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的临床疗效。方法:对16例De-bakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层患者进行血管腔内覆膜支架修复。所有患者都进行了16排螺旋CT增强扫描,确诊夹层原发破裂口位于左锁骨下动脉开口以远,距左锁骨下动脉开口平均距离1.2(0.5～1.8)cm。患者发病平均时间为7.6(2～15)d。所有患者都采用整体式分支型覆膜支架修复夹层破裂口,经股动脉顺序置入支架于左锁骨下动脉和主动脉弓降部。支架主干直径34～46mm,分支直径12～16mm,支架长度110～120mm。结果:16例支架均一次释放成功,夹层破口完全封闭,真腔血流正常,左锁骨下动脉血流通畅。术后平均随访1～2年,无并发症发生,无手术死亡。结论:采用整体式分支型覆膜支架治疗DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层,可在急性期行覆膜支架置入术,当近段锚定区小于2cm时,可保持分支动脉血流通畅,近期效果良好,长期结果仍需进一步观察。     

LSA完全重建与开口部分覆盖腔内技术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层短期预后比较

目的比较分支型覆膜支架完全重建左锁骨下动脉(LSA)与直管型覆膜支架部分覆盖LSA治疗近LSA破口的Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者短期疗效。方法回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年3月陆军军医大学新桥医院接受胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗的125例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料, 根据LSA处理方式的不同分为LSA完全重建组(n=25)和LSA部分覆盖组(n=100)。比较两组患者一般情况资料、手术相关指标及术后住院期间不良事件发生情况。随访术后1年间不良事件的发生情况, 分析两组患者术后不良事件发生率差异, 并应用Kaplan-Meier生存分析及log-rank检验比较组间累积生存率的差异。结果相较于LSA部分覆盖组, LSA完全重建组近端破口距LSA距离较短[(8.69±2.32)mm 比(13.77±1.71)mm]、住院费用较高[17.54(16.60～18.99)万元比 14.37(13.81～15.18)万元]、平均支架长度[200.00 mm 比 150.00(150.00～150.00)mm]及手术时间较长[155.00(140.00～170.00)mi...     

右位主动脉弓伴DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的手术治疗

目的:总结右位主动脉弓、右位降主动脉、迷走左锁骨下动脉伴DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层的外科治疗经验.方法:4例右位主动脉弓、右位降主动脉、迷走左锁骨下动脉伴DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层患者,经右后外侧切口,分别行部分胸降主动脉切除人工血管替换术或部分胸降主动脉切除人工血管替换加远端胸降主动脉成形术,并根据迷走左锁骨下动脉在头部及上肢血供中起的作用大小,重建左锁骨下动脉或缝闭其开口.结果:所有患者均痊愈出院,无头部及左上肢缺血症状,无神经系统并发症.结论:右位主动脉弓、右位降主动脉、迷走左锁骨下动脉伴DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层采用右后外侧切口可获得良好的显露,根据降主动脉扩张范围行部分胸降主动脉切除人工血管替换术或部分胸降主动脉切除人工血管替换加远端胸降主动脉成形术可获得良好效果,迷走左锁骨下动脉的适当处理是避免左上肢坏死及锁骨下动脉窃血综合征的关键.     

JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架在胸主动脉腔内治疗中的应用

目的：总结JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架在胸主动脉疾病腔内治疗中的应用经验.方法：自2009年2月至2012年9月,共有70例患者采用JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架行胸主动脉腔内治疗,男性67例,女性3例,年龄32～ 82岁,平均（57.3±10.8）岁.39例为Standford B型主动脉夹层,25例为主动脉穿通性溃疡并壁间血肿,2例为主动脉假性动脉瘤,4例为胸主动脉瘤.65例采用外科切开股动脉置入,5例为完全穿刺下置入.11例因近端锚定区不足覆盖左锁骨下动脉,其中9例采用“烟囱”技术.30例覆膜支架覆盖主动脉的长度＜230mm,定义为A组;40例覆膜支架覆盖主动脉长度≥230mm,定义为B组.术后1,3,6及12个月,之后每年均行主动脉CTA复查,观察有无内漏、病变是否隔绝完全.比较两组围手术期及随访期病死率、内漏发生率及围手术期均无脊髓缺血发生.结果：所有患者均成功的置入覆膜支架,技术成功率100％.除5例置入2枚覆膜支架外,其余均仅置入1枚覆膜支架,共置入75枚覆膜支架.支架锥形头撤除困难2例;支架打折12例;术后即刻内漏17例,内漏发生率为24.3％（17/70）.A、B两组患者围手术期均无脊髓缺血发生.随访2～40个月,随访期间病死率为1.43％ （1/70）,死因为再发Standford A型主动脉夹层.结论：长段胸主动脉病变,尤其是主动脉穿通性溃疡伴（或不伴）壁间血肿,为应用JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架的最佳适应症,并不增加脊髓缺血的发生率.     

覆膜支架腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征

目的 评价覆膜支架腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征的有效性和安全性。方法 2001年5月至2005年12月应用覆膜支架治疗57例急性胸主动脉综合征患者,其中急性主动脉B型夹层45例,穿透性粥样硬化性溃疡（PAU）或假性动脉瘤9例,创伤性胸主动脉瘤3例。建立数据库,分析其临床特点、疗效及随访结果。结果 57例患者覆膜支架置入技术成功率100％。5例有近端内漏,1例术中出现升主动脉夹层,未予特殊处理,随访结果良好;1例术后7天出现升主动脉夹层并发心包填塞死亡。5例PAU或主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者,在应用覆膜支架成功完全封闭破口后立即行冠状动脉介入治疗成功。1例出现术后一过性双下肢无力,经静脉滴注山莨菪碱和甘露醇2天后痊愈。1例支架覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口导致左椎动脉缺血,嗜睡2天后自行好转。术后重症监护病房时间1～8（平均3．5）天,术后平均住院10天。术后30天内死亡2例,1例死于升主动脉夹层破裂,1例死于急性肾衰竭。术后30天内死亡率3．5％。术后平均随访（25．3±13．1）（13—55）个月。1例于术后3个月死于大咯血,1例死因不明。1例因近端内漏行二次腔内修复术。5例患者因降主动脉覆膜支架远端再发现破口,行二次腔内修复术。术后截瘫发生率为0,无支架移位、狭窄等并发症。术后住院及随访期内总死亡率为7．0％。与传统手术相比,腔内治疗急性胸主动脉综合征具有创伤小、严重并发症少、住院时间较短的优势。结论 覆膜支架是治疗急性胸主动脉综合征优良且有效的方法,也可用于外科手术高风险患者,近中期随访结果良好,远期结果有待于进一步随访。     

国产覆膜血管内支架置入术治疗老年Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床疗效观察

目的探讨国产覆膜血管内支架置入术对老年Stanford B型主动脉夹层治疗的临床疗效及安全性。方法对7例Stanford B型的老年主动脉夹层患者进行增强CT扫描或MRI检查明确诊断，并行主动脉造影，应用QCA血管定量分析软件进行测量，选取合适型号支架，置人大血管内封堵主动脉夹层原发破口，重复造影观察支架位置，检查有无内漏。术后1w及6个月行CT随访，观察内漏情况、支架移位和假腔变化。结果本组7例老年患者支架置入全部获得成功，成功率100％，无严重并发症及死亡病例。术后即刻造影：全部患者夹层近端破口封闭，恢复真腔血流，1例见少量近端内漏，1例累及左锁骨下动脉开口病例应用国产覆膜血管支架也成功完成手术，即封堵夹层破口同时也封堵了左锁骨下动脉开口，未行旁路移植，但也未出现相应部位缺血的表现。全部患者行CT随访，3例主动脉夹层消失，余者假腔内血栓形成。结论国产覆膜支架置入术治疗老年Stanford B型主动脉夹层安全可行，并具有创伤小、并发症少、治疗费用较低等优点，近期疗效满意。     

Management of left subclavian artery in endovascular stent-grafting for distal aortic arch disease.

BACKGROUND: Although the left subclavian artery (LSA) is simply covered to exclude distal aortic arch aneurysm during endovascular stent-grafting, this technique is potentially harmful. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2001 and April 2005, 40 cases of stent-grafting were performed for distal aortic arch diseases. For all 31 elective cases, the LSA occlusion test using a balloon catheter was preoperatively performed to predict critical complications secondary to LSA coverage by a stent graft and this revealed 2 cases in which the LSA was crucial for brain circulation (6.5%). The LSA was saved by using a hand-made fenestrated stent graft without bypass-grafting to the LSA in 22 cases. Bypass-grafting to LSA was performed in 5 cases. The LSA was simply occluded in 13 cases. Hospital mortality rates for the elective and emergency cases were 3.2% and 30.0%, respectively. One elective patient had a cerebral infarction (2.5%). LSA patency was successfully maintained in all 22 cases using a fenestrated stent graft. CONCLUSION: The LSA plays an important role in brain circulation in some patients and so a preoperative LSA occlusion test is helpful when aortic stent-grafting is proposed. Fenestrated stent graft saved the LSA in more than 50% of the present cases.     

Management of the left subclavian artery during endovascular repair of the thoracic aorta.

Endovascular repair is rapidly becoming the treatment of choice for thoracic aortic disease, which oftentimes involves or lies in close proximity to the left subclavian artery (LSA). In order to extend the proximal landing zone for the stent-graft and obtain an adequate seal, the LSA ostium is often covered, with or without concomitant subclavian artery revascularization. In this article, we review the LSA anatomy and consequences of LSA coverage as a backdrop for a discussion of the ramifications of LSA coverage during endovascular thoracic aortic repair (TEVAR). Early series reported high rates of LSA revascularization as an adjunct to endovascular repair for aortic pathology adjacent to the LSA ostium. Initial reports of low morbidity associated with simple LSA ostium coverage are not supported by contemporary literature, which suggests revascularization reduces the risks of cerebrovascular accident and spinal cord ischemia. Coverage of the LSA without revascularization may be justified only in emergency situations or when thorough investigations of cerebral and vertebrobasilar circulation have concluded that the risk to brain and spinal cord is low. Subclavian revascularization should be considered in the presence of a dominant left vertebral artery, bilateral carotid artery disease, an occluded/stenosed right vertebral artery, presence of a left internal mammary artery graft, or when a long length of thoracic aorta is covered.     

Single-branch endograft for treating stanford type B aortic dissections with entry tears in proximity to the left subclavian artery.

PURPOSE: To present a preliminary experience with a single-branch endograft for excluding Stanford type B aortic dissections with entry tears adjacent to the left subclavian artery (LSA). METHODS: From February to August 2004, 16 symptomatic patients (15 men; mean age 57.8 years, range 41-73) having a Stanford B aortic dissection with a proximal tear <15 mm from the LSA orifice were treated with a single-branch thoracic endograft constructed of Z-shaped nitinol stents to which a Dacron graft had been sutured. The tubular main stent-graft had a branched segment connected to it for implantation in the LSA. The deployment method is the same as for a straight endograft except that the branch is deployed first in the LSA to stabilize the entire device. The main body of endograft is then deployed into the descending aorta to seal the tear, block flow from entering the false lumen, and enlarge the true lumen. RESULTS: Sixteen branched endografts were deployed to seal the entry tears, with a technical success rate of 94% (15/16). One case was converted to surgery when the branch became trapped in the LSA at the left thoracic outlet. Two proximal endoleaks were treated with additional tubular endografts. All the proximal tears were sealed by the stent-grafts, and the compressed true lumens were widened. No paraplegia or distal organ or limb ischemia was noted, nor was there any mortality or complications. By 3 months post treatment, symptoms had abated, thrombosis had formed in the false lumen, and the true lumen had resumed its normal diameter in 15 of the 16 stent-graft patients. One patient has a distal re-entry at the level of the visceral arteries that is being observed. CONCLUSIONS: The single-branch thoracic aortic endograft provides a simpler, safer, and more effective means of treating aortic dissections with entry tears in proximity to the LSA.     

“象鼻”手术治疗覆膜支架腔内修复术后近端逆行剥离新发破口

目的:探讨覆膜支架腔内修复术(TSGP)后支架近端逆行剥离、新发破口的手术方式和治疗经验。方法:2009年3月至2011年5月,6例TSGP术后支架近端逆行剥离、新发破口的患者,于北京安贞医院接受手术治疗。6例患者均为男性,年龄32～62岁,均为TSGP术后随访期慢性病例。其中1例行传统象鼻手术;其余5例行支架象鼻手术。2例合并主动脉弓夹层的患者同期行主动脉弓替换。结果:术后均痊愈出院,无住院死亡。无脑部及脊髓等神经系统并发症。1例患者因术前肾功能不全,术后出现急性肾衰竭,术后透析后痊愈。随访1～26个月,1例采用传统软象鼻手术技术的患者,软象鼻远端和介入支架仍有血流逆行灌注假腔,引起假腔持续增大。2年后,于软象鼻内再次置入介入支架闭合假腔破口。其余5例采用支架象鼻手术技术的患者,破口完全闭合,假腔内血栓形成,术后效果好。结论:象鼻手术是治疗TSGP术后支架近端逆行剥离、新发破口的有效方法;其中支架象鼻手术优于传统软象鼻手术方式;如合并主动脉弓夹层,同期行主动脉弓替换术。     

Digital embolization due to partially uncovered left subclavian artery post TEVAR: management with amplatzer vascular plug occlusion.

PURPOSE: To describe the use of the Amplatzer vascular plug to treat a partially uncovered left subclavian artery (LSA) causing digital embolism following thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man presented with digital ischemia of the left index and middle fingers due to embolism from a partially covered LSA orifice during thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair for a type I thoracic aortic aneurysm. The orifice was successfully occluded using the vascular plug, supplemented by a left carotid-subclavian bypass to treat ongoing arm and hand claudication. The patient has had no further embolic episodes. CONCLUSION: A partially uncovered LSA during thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair poses a risk of thromboembolism, with resultant upper limb claudication or tissue loss. If recognized at the time of the procedure, this should be treated by proximal extension; otherwise, proximal LSA occlusion using an Amplatzer occluder may be a safe and effective option in preventing further embolic episodes.     

主动脉夹层腔内修复术后逆行性A型主动脉夹层4例临床分析

【摘要】 目的 分析造成逆行性A型主动脉夹层的原因，为临床预防提供参考。方法 回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2017年6月收治的234例B型主动脉夹层腔内治疗的临床资料。结果 4例发生逆行性A型主动脉夹层，1例死亡，1例2017年3月行胸腹主动脉置换术，存活2例均采用保守治疗，并定期复查，目前病情无进展。结论 主动脉血管自身病变、近端锚定区不足、支架头端裸支架对血管壁的损伤是发生逆行性A型主动脉夹层的高危因素，值得我们关注     

Troubleshooting techniques for the EndurantTM device in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair with the Endurant^TM stent-graft system has been shown to be safe and effective in high-risk surgical patients with complex suprarenal and/or infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm anatomy. The wireformed M-shaped stent architecture and proximal springs with anchoring pins theoretically permit optimal sealing in shorter and more angulated proximal aneurysm necks even under off-label conditions. Nonetheless, extremely difficult anatomical situations and inherent graft system-related limitations must be anticipated. Herein, we describe our techniques to overcome the capture of the tip sleeve within the suprarenal bare-stent anchoring pins, other endograft segments, and native vessels.     

Human IgG1 and IgG4: the main antibodies against Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) salivary gland proteins

The Triatoma infestans salivary gland proteins (TSGP) can induce local and systemic hypersensitivity reactions in humans. IgG antibodies against TSGP were present in higher levels in sera of Chagas disease patients, and in individuals living in triatomine-infested areas than in controls living in triatomine-free areas. TSGP-specific IgG1 was found in sera of Chagas patients, and of individuals living in triatomine-infested rural areas, and uniquely specific IgG4 was present in sera of Chagas patients living in triatomine-infested areas, reactive against TSGP. Unique specificities were not detected in sera of individuals reacting against the ubiquitous mosquito Culex quinquifasciatus saliva proteins (CSGP). In conclusion, IgG1 reactive against TSGP is the main antibody present in individuals living in the triatomine-infested study areas. Also, IgG4 is found in the sera of insect-transmitted Chagas disease patients living in study areas.     

Subclavian artery stenosis: An unusual cause of periprocedural myocardial infarction following the surgical myocardial revascularization

The introduced case report explains the atypical periprocedural myocardial infarction following the surgical myocardial revascularization. 60-year-old man has undergone the coronary bypass surgery with arterial graft of left mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending artery (LAD) and venous graft to posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery. Early in the post-surgery period a perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) developed, with laboratory correlation of cardio-specific enzymes elevation and ECG changes in terms of ischaemia in the diaphragmatic region. Echocardiography showed akinesia of the apex, apical septal and apical inferior segments accompanied by the decrease in ejection fraction (EF) of the left ventricle. Selective coronarography was performed showed the proper functionality of arterial as well as venous graft, however, examination also showed severe stenosis of the left subclavian artery (LSA) with limitation of flow through LIMA. Percutaneous angioplasty of the LSA and implantation of the stent was performed in the emergency regime with optimal results. In severe stenosis of the LSA, the progression of the so-called coronary-subclavial steal syndrome is developed, with retrograde flow into LIMA resulting in ischaemia of the supplied part of the myocardium. Nevertheless, steal phenomenon with reverse flow in LIMA is not an absolute requisite for development of the myocardial ischaemia. In some cases stenosis of the LSA manifests in similar fashion as the proximal stenosis of LIMA, which was the case of with the patient shown here.