引起骨壁广泛破坏的上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿

目的探讨上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿的发病机制、诊断及治疗.方法报告引起上颌窦骨壁广泛破坏的胆固醇肉芽肿1例,并复习有关文献.结果胆固醇肉芽肿是肉芽组织反应的一种特殊类型,好发于乳突及颞骨的气房,但发生于上颌窦者少见.结论此病的病因可能是上颌窦口阻塞,窦腔内出血或渗出致胆固醇在窦腔内或囊肿内沉积.确诊需依靠病理,建立永久的窦口鼻道通气可根治.     

上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿(附3例报告)

目的 :探讨上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿的临床特征及治疗方法。方法 :结合文献复习 ,报告 3例上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿患者的临床资料。结果 :3例经 Caldwell- L uc手术 ,术后结合类固醇激素及抗变态反应药物治疗 ,疗效良好 ,随访 0 .5～ 2年未见复发。结论 :上颌窦浆细胞肉芽肿是一种炎症反应性病变 ;CT检查多见上颌窦骨壁侵犯 ,有类似恶性肿瘤的影像学表现。本病患者预后大多良好。     

上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿5例分析

目的：探讨上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿的病因、发病机制以及治疗方法。方法：所有患者均行上颌窦根治术。结果：所有患者均病理诊断为鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿,随访2个月～12年,均未见复发。结论：本病病因为高血脂症,含气腔通气受阻,引流障碍。确诊需要病理检查,治疗上应对高脂血症进行干预与治疗,手术可以根治。     

CT拟似恶性征象的上颌窦良性肿块4例分析报告

目的 探讨ＣＴ对上颌窦肿的诊断价值。方法 报告ＣＴ显示上颌窦骨壁垒破坏而拟似恶性肿瘤的上颌窦肿块４例。结果 ３例行上颌窦根治术,术后病理分别是上颌窦息肉、囊肿及修复性巨细胞肉芽肿。１例行上颌骨部分切切除术,病理为上颌血管瘤。结论 上颌窦肿块的定性诊断必须依靠病理检查,而ＣＴ仅作参考。     

上颌窦穿刺器下鼻道开口置管引流治疗化脓性上颌窦炎

对230例化脓性上颌窦炎患者，在通畅或扩大上颌窦自然开口的基础上，用上颌窦穿刺器经下鼻道钻入上颌窦。经鼻窦内窥镜检查，对可逆性的窦内粘膜炎症，在拔除上颌窦穿刺器之前，经穿刺器套管放入直径为4mm的塑料管，用于上颌窦引流、冲洗、注药，可一次置管至脓液消失。在拔除置管后，下鼻道可形成窦道，起到了类似下鼻道开窗术的作用。于3～6个月后随访，治愈率为85．7％。表明，此方法具有组织损伤小、操作简便快速、出血少、反应轻，以及病人痛苦小等优点。用之治疗化脓性上颌窦炎，行之有效。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎合并胆固醇肉芽肿

目的探讨合并胆脂瘤型中耳炎的胆固醇肉芽肿发病原因。方法回顾分析12例合并胆脂瘤型中耳炎的胆固醇肉芽肿患者的影像检查、手术探查及术后随访等临床资料。结果12耳颞骨CT均显示上鼓室、鼓窦、乳突蜂房内软组织影,听小骨周围软组织影,听骨链残缺或显示不清;12耳手术探查可见鼓窦入口均被袋状胆脂瘤完全阻塞,但咽鼓管均通畅;随访2～3年,临床观察无胆脂瘤或胆固醇肉芽肿复发。结论胆脂瘤型中耳炎与胆固醇肉芽肿二者并存时,形成胆固醇肉芽肿的原因主要是机械性阻塞。乳突-鼓窦-鼓室含气系统内任何位置的阻塞都有可能造成其后的部位形成胆固醇肉芽肿,而不仅限于咽鼓管功能不良。对于这类患者,在保证咽鼓管通畅的前提下,行乳突根治术的同时可以考虑同期行鼓室成形术以重建听力。     

上颌窦出血坏死性息肉的误诊

上颌窦出血坏死性息肉是发生于上颌窦,以出血坏死为特征的息肉或黏膜慢性炎症.由于其病变隐匿,临床症状和影像学检查又类似于上颌窦恶性肿瘤,常有将其误诊为恶性肿瘤,给手术方式的选择带来一定的困难.为进一步提高对本病的认识,探讨有效的诊断和治疗方法,现对我院1988年以来收治的19例上颌窦出血坏死性息肉患者临床资料进行探讨.     

上颌窦出血坏死性息肉的CT和MRI特点

目的 探讨上颌窦出血坏死性息肉的CT和MRI特点,提高术前诊断准确率。 方法 回顾复习近3年收治的14例上颌窦出血坏死性息肉患者的影像学资料,分析总结其术前鼻窦CT和MRI的特点并讨论其与相似疾病的鉴别要点。 结果 上颌窦出血坏死性息肉CT主要表现为单侧上颌窦膨胀性病变,常突入中鼻道,可伴有上颌窦多个骨壁的破坏。MRI表现为T₁WI等信号、T₂WI高信号为主的混杂信号,T₂上的高信号病变主体被低信号包绕或分割。T₁WI增强上则表现为特征性的“胚胎样”结构。部分病例CT表现与一部分真菌性鼻窦炎、内翻乳头状瘤以及上颌窦癌有相似之处。但这些病的MRI表现各异,可资鉴别。 结论 相较于单一的鼻窦CT检查,CT结合MR影像可提供更多的诊断信息以提高上颌窦出血坏死性息肉的术前诊断准确性,有助于术前预估内镜下手术方案,有利于与患者沟通病情。     

应用消痔灵改进上颌窦血管瘤的治疗

上颌窦血管瘤在青少年中并不罕见［1］。其特点为反复出血，压迫破坏上颌窦各壁，治疗以手术为主，手术易发出血，出血凶猛的病例可导致休克，使手术无法进行或切除不彻底。找们利用中药制剂消痔灵改进了治疗方法取得了良好的效果，现报告如下。临床资料例1、男，17岁．左鼻堵，反复易出血7年。面颊部隆起1年。曾2次因大量鼻翩致贫血需行输血治疗。1987年6月入院，见左鼻腔增满暗红色质脆易出血的肿物。CT扫描示；左上颌窦、鼻腔、筛赛及眼球后肿物，CT值问～79Hu。上颌窦腔内、前、后墨，鼻中隔，筛窦纸样板均明显破坏。疑为上领窦肉瘤。…     

上颌窦出血坏死性鼻肉34例

目的 探讨上颌窦出血坏死性息肉的发病机理和临床诊治。方法 报告３４例上颌窦出血坏死性息肉的临床资料和诊治情况。结果 ３４例闰人经上额窦探查术（柯－陆术式）治愈,随访６月～５年未见复发。结论 本病多先形成息肉,继发出血坏死,宜命名为上颌窦出血坏死性息肉。     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

A case of cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum is presented, the eighth reported case in the ENT literature. It is postulated that a maxillary antral cholesterol granuloma could be associated with obstruction of the antral ostia, hemorrhage into polypoidal mucosal disease or that an antral cyst may have developed a cholesterol granuloma in its walls as a result of cholesterol precipitation. A review of the literature on cholesterol granuloma suggests that it is a condition which arises in a closed space with poor ventilation or drainage, with long-standing inflammation with effusion or hemorrhage contributing to the formation of free cholesterol crystals derived from tissue or blood breakdown products. The foreign body granuloma produced in this way is then self-perpetuating and requires complete removal for cure rather than a simple drainage procedure.     

Cholesterol granuloma and aspergilloma of the maxillary sinus

Cholesterol granuloma (CG) of the paranasal sinuses is rare. The proposed mechanisms of initiation are haemorrhage, impaired drainage and obstruction of ventilation. To the best of our knowledge, association of CG with a specific infection has not been described before. We have recently observed CG and aspergilloma of Aspergillus flavus type from the left maxillary sinus of a 58-year-old male patient presenting with nasal obstruction, headache and postnasal discharge. Any causative relationship between the two findings is obscure. The suspected mechanisms underlying aspergilloma and CG of the paranasal sinuses seems similar, since there is obstruction of ventilation and drainage. The cholesterol accumulation cannot be attributed to cellular components or breakdown products of the aspergillus as the major sterol of the plasma membranes of fungi is ergosterol, not cholesterol. Received: 15 February 2000 / Accepted: 31 October 2000     

Nasal obstruction: an alternative to ostiomeatal complex dysfunction in sinus disease

OBJECTIVES: Ostial patency is thought to be essential to the function of the maxillary sinus. Ostiomeatal complex dysfunction has been implicated as a major factor in the pathogenesis of sinus disease. However, recent work in our laboratory has indicated that other factors may also contribute to this process. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nasal obstruction in maxillary sinus gas composition, independent of its effect on ostial ventilation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective controlled animal study. METHOD: Independent models of nasal obstruction and ostial occlusion in contralateral sinuses were established. Ipsilateral models of nasal obstruction and ostial occlusion were also created. Gas samples from each of the manipulated sinuses were analyzed on a gas chromatogram and compared. RESULTS: Results revealed a dramatic and highly significant increase in antral carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the sinuses ipsilateral to either an occluded ostium or an obstructed nostril, compared with the controls. These effects on CO2 concentrations were additive when ipsilateral nasal obstruction and ostial occlusion were created. Furthermore, the effect of nasal obstruction in modulation of antral CO2 levels was found to be beyond its effect on hypoventilation of the sinus and to be independent of ostial functional status. CONCLUSIONS: We have established independent models of nasal obstruction and ostial occlusion in the same animal. Our findings suggest that ostiomeatal complex dysfunction might not be the sole underlying factor in the pathogenesis of sinus disease in all individuals. Integrity of nasal airflow seems to have a significant effect on the maintenance of the aerobic antral environment, essential to the maintenance of normal sinus function. Modulation of maxillary sinus gas composition by nasal airflow, independent of ostial patency, may be explained by the possible presence of flow-sensitive receptors in the upper respiratory tract mucosa. Work to identify such receptors is currently in progress.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus

Cholesterol granuloma (CG) of the maxillary sinus is very rare. In this study, the searching of the literature was performed with the keywords of cholesterol granuloma and maxillary sinus. All retrieved literature were reviewed throughout to identify and analyze all individual characteristics. Two additional cases in our hospital were also included. The result showed that, in the overall 37 cases, the ratio of male to female was about 3:1. Caucasian (14/37) and Turkish (10/37) were reported more frequently. CG of maxillary sinus had an opposite sex predilection compared with the fungus balls of the maxillary sinus. In addition, the comorbidity of these two diseases was found only in one patient in the literature. These results suggested that the different mechanisms other than poor aeration of the maxillary sinus played a role in the formation of CG of maxillary sinus. The diagnosis for CG of the maxillary sinus before operation is difficult, but the clear golden yellow rhinorrhea and hemorrhagic signs may provide a good diagnostic evidence. The symptoms were vague and about half of the patients presented with non-specific symptoms. Therefore, it seemed reasonable that CG of the maxillary sinus was under diagnosed in the clinical practice. Treatment consists of complete excision via Caldwell–Luc or endoscopic approach and provides a good prognosis. Bilateral involvements are rare but possible in this disease entity.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus resembling an invasive,destructive tumor

The case of a maxillary sinus cholesterol granuloma posing as a malignant tumor is presented. The patient was referred to the authors clinic with symptoms typical of maxillary sinusitis, but physical examination suggested the presence of neoplasm. Radiology also resulted in confusing, tumor-like pictures. Histological examination of a preoperative tissue sample identified the process as a cholesterol granuloma, which was removed by a classic Caldwell-Luc operation. The patient has been symptom free since the operation. The pathogenesis of cholesterol granuloma is described, and the problems of establishing a diagnosis without preoperative histology are discussed.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

The cholesterol granuloma is a particular form of granulation tissue developing as part of a variety of tissue reactions, Cholesterol granuloma is not related to cholesteatoma which may be regarded as an epidermoid cyst of the middle ear or temporal bone. Cholesterol granulomas are rarely associated with such cases (Friedmann, 1976; Gherini et al., 1985). Microscopically, the cholesterol granuloma consists of dense masses of cholesterol crystals which appear as clefts. They are surrounded by foreign body giant cells, foam cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes. There is frequently some fresh blood and some blood pigment (Wilhelm, 1977; Beales, 1979; Gibb, 1979). It seems probable that inflammation and prolonged obstruction of a bony cavity that is normally aerated, are the main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in the paranasal sinuses. It could be expected to be relatively frequent in the maxillary and frontal sinus, but only a few cases have been reported in the literature and only nine cases affecting the maxillary sinus have been published over the last 22 years (Milton and Bickerton, 1986). We have recently found a cholesterol granuloma arising in the maxillary antrum.     

鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿24例

目的探讨鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿患者的病因、发病机理以及治疗方法。方法回顾性总结分析1996年3月至2003年3月经手术和病理证实的24例鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿患者的临床资料。结果24例患者中，术前诊断为慢性鼻窦炎10例，鼻窦黏液囊肿8例，鼻息肉或出血坏死性鼻息肉5例，考虑可能为胆固醇肉芽肿者仅l例。主要症状有鼻塞(20／24)、鼻漏(18／24)、嗅觉减退(10／24)、头痛(7／24)、眼眶痛(5／24)、复视(2／24)等。鼻窦CT及MRI提示为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻窦囊肿以及鼻息肉和(或)黏膜息肉样变。所有病例均因保守治疗无效而采取外科手术治疗，即鼻内镜术或Caldwell-Luc术，仅l例行鼻侧切开术。23例手术效果良好，随访1年以上无复发；仅l例Caldwell-Luc术后2年复发，再次行鼻内镜术，术后3年未复发。结论鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿的病因主要有三：含气腔通气受阻、引流障碍、含气腔出血。鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿似乎与鼻窦慢性炎性疾病关系密切，尤其是鼻窦黏液囊肿。术式的选择应根据病变范围和程度来决定，其原则是彻底清除病变，保持鼻窦通畅引流。     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus presenting as sinonasal polyp

Cholesterol granuloma is usually found in chronic middle ear diseases. However, it rarely occurs in the sinonasal regions and only a few case reports can be found in the literature. The etiology of sinonasal cholesterol granuloma is not yet known, and the clinical manifestations are nonspecific. Most patients presented with nasal discharge. Our patient is the only reported case presenting with nasal obstruction and facial pain. Here we present a patient with cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus with a nasal polyp, whose clinical, imaging, and histological characteristics were unique. The tumor was excised via the transnasal endoscopic sinus approach without recurrence after 3 years of follow-up.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary and frontal sinuses

5 cases of cholesterol granuloma are described, 3 within the maxillary sinuses and 2 within the frontal sinuses. The lesions arise from the mucosa and can be recognized on plain films and tomograms of the sinus as opacity, sometimes resembling a mucocele. Radical operation seems to give absolute cure without any recurrence. The pathogenesis is hemorrhage and/or filtration. The closed cavities of the paranasal sinuses provide favorable conditions for cholesterol to become dissociated from the lipoprotein complex and to precipitate and to give rise to a granulomatous reaction.