瑞芬太尼控制性降压对胃癌根治术患者脑氧代谢的影响

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼控制性降压对胃癌根治术患者脑氧代谢的影响.方法 择期行胃癌根治术患者42例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄30～64岁,性别不限,体重指数<30 kg/m2,随机分为3组(n=14):对照组(C组)、瑞芬太尼控制性降压组(R组)和硝普钠控制性降压组(N组).麻醉诱导:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼5 μg/kg、维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg和异丙酚2 mg/kg,气管插管后行间歇正压机械通气,潮气量8～10 ml/kg,呼吸频率12次/min,吸呼比1:1.5,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压30～35 mm Hg.麻醉维持:静脉输注异丙酚50～100 μg·kg-1·min-1和瑞芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1,吸入异氟醚(呼气末浓度1.1%),间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.04 mg/kg.开腹膜时C组瑞芬太尼输注速率不变;R组瑞芬太尼输注速率每分钟增加0.05 μg·kg-1·min-1;N组静脉输注硝普钠1 μg·kg-1·min-1,1 min后每分钟增加0.5 μg·kg-1·min-1.R组和N组MAP降至麻醉诱导前的70%但不低于50 mm Hg.记录控制性降压诱导时间和血压恢复时间;于麻醉诱导前、降压前即刻、降压达目标血压10、30 min和停止降压20 min时,记录MAP和HR;采集桡动脉和颈内静脉球部血样行血气分析,计算动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、静脉血氧含量(CjvO2)、动脉.静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO2)、脑氧摄取率(CERO2)和动脉-静脉乳酸含量差(Da-jvL).结果 R组控制性降压诱导时间和血压恢复时间长于N组,但血压较N组稳定(P<0.05);与C组比较,R组Da-jvO2、CERO2和Da-jvL降低,N组CERO2和Da-jvL升高(P<0.05).结论 胃癌根治术患者瑞芬太尼控制性降压效果良好,可降低脑组织氧耗.     

芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学

目的 探讨芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学.方法 择期拟行鼻内镜下增殖体刮除术的息儿26例,年龄5～8岁,体重15～30 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.麻醉诱导:吸入8%七氟醚(氧流量6 L/min),静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg(经30 s注射完),气管插管后行机械通气,随后静脉注射芬太尼抑制麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动,采用改良的序贯法确定静脉注射芬太尼的剂量.第1例患儿静脉注射芬太尼的剂量为4μg/kg,相邻剂量差值为0.5μg/kg,以患儿苏醒后易激惹且难以安慰作为判断躁动发生的标准.麻醉维持:吸人2%七氟醚(氧流量1 L/min),静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1.术毕停用七氟醚和瑞芬太尼,带气管导管回麻醉恢复室,待患儿苏醒.记录术后4h内患儿躁动、恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等的发生情况及苏醒时间.计算芬太尼抑制50%、95%患儿七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间躁动的剂量(ED50、ED95)及其95%可信区间.结果 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50及其95%可信区间为3.01(2.52～3.40)μg/kg,En95及其95%可信区间为3.81(3.41～6.22)μg/kg.术后4h内未发生明显恶心、呕吐及呼吸抑制.苏醒时间(11.3±2.6)min.结论 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50为3.01μg/kg,ED95为3.81μg/kg.     

四种静脉麻醉药麻醉强度的临床研究

目的　研究普鲁卡因、芬太尼、异丙酚、依托咪酯对安氟醚最低肺泡有效浓度 ( MAC)、手术切皮无应激反应 MAC( MAC- BAR)的影响。方法　 12 0例择期手术病人按上述 4种药物随机分为 4组 ,每组依据测 MAC或测 MAC- BAR随机分为两小组。结果　普鲁卡因以 1mg· kg- 1· min- 1连续输注 ,降低安氟醚 MAC3 6.4 %、MAC- BAR3 6.1% ;芬太尼以 4 μg· kg- 1 负荷量加 0 .0 3 μg· kg- 1min- 1连续输注 ,降低安氟醚 MAC68.1%、MAC- BAR76.7% ;异丙酚以 3 mg· kg- 1负荷量加 5 3 .8μg· kg- 1· min- 1连续输注 ;依托咪酯以 0 .4 mg· kg- 1负荷量加 2 3 μg· kg- 1· min- 1连续输注 ,两者对安氟醚 MAC没有明显影响 ,但分别降低 MAC- BAR3 5 .5 %、2 6.1%。结论　静脉普鲁卡因麻醉虽是一种较弱的麻醉方法 ,但麻醉作用是肯定的 ;芬太尼降低安氟醚的 MAC与 MAC- BAR最显著 ;本试验剂量的异丙酚、依托咪酯镇痛作用不明显 ,但对降低机体心血管及神经内分泌应激反应有帮助     

双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应

目的 评价双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应.方法 择期行扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体摘除手术患儿40例,年龄2～10岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和双氯芬酸钠栓组(D组).吸入l%～3%七氟醚和静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05～0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉,静脉输注罗库溴铵5～10μg·kg-1·min-1维持肌松.气管插管后,D组将双氯芬酸钠栓1 mg/kg塞至距患儿肛门2 cm处,C组不做任何处理.拔除气管导管即刻采用Ramsay镇静评分评价镇静程度,采用躁动评分评价躁动程度.结果 与C组比较,D组镇静效果好,躁动程度轻(P<0.01).结论 气管插管后经直肠给予双氯芬酸钠栓l mg/kg对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿产生显著的镇痛效应,有助于避免躁动的发生.     

丙泊酚或七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼对食管癌根治术患者单肺通气时中性粒细胞NF-κB活性的影响

目的 比较丙泊酚或七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼对食管癌根治术患者单肺通气时中性粒细胞NF-κB活性的影响.方法 择期全麻单肺通气下行左侧开胸食管癌根治术患者40例,年龄40 ～ 64岁,性别不限,体重指数18 ～ 25 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=20):丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组(P组)和七氟醚-瑞芬太尼组(S组).麻醉诱导后气管插管并机械通气,麻醉维持:P组静脉输注丙泊酚4～8 mg·kg-1 ·min-1,S组吸入1% ～3%七氟醚,2组均静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.2μg· kg-1 ·min-1,维持Narcotrend指数值40～ 50,间断静脉注射顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵7 mg维持肌松.分别于气管插管后5 min、单肺通气开始即刻、30、60、90 min、恢复双肺通气即刻、恢复双肺通气后10min及术毕时采集桡动脉血样,进行血气分析,计算氧合指数和呼吸指数,测定血浆IL-1浓度,提取中性粒细胞核蛋白,测定中性粒细胞NF-κB DNA结合活性.结果 与P组比较,S组呼吸指数、血浆IL-1浓度和中性粒细胞NF-κB DNA结合活性升高(P＜0.05),氧合指数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与七氟醚-瑞芬太尼麻醉比较,丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉可抑制食管癌根治术患者单肺通气时中性粒细胞NF-κB激活,有助于减轻肺组织炎性反应.     

射频消融辅助上气道手术患者瑞芬太尼、异丙酚联合局部麻醉的效果

目的 评价射频消融辅助上气道手术(CAUP)患者瑞芬太尼、异丙酚联合局部麻醉的效果.方法 拟在局麻下行CAUP手术的中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者80例,年龄25～60岁,体重指数≤35 kg/m2,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为4组(n=20):生理盐水组(S组)、异丙酚组(P组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)和异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼组(PR组).1%丁卡因咽部表面麻醉后,S组静脉输注生理盐水0.15 ml·kg-1·h-1,P组静脉输注异丙酚25μg·kg-1·min-1,R组静脉输注瑞芬太尼O.05μg·kg·min-1,PR组静脉输注异丙酚25μg·ks-1·min-1和瑞芬太尼0.05μg·kg-1·min-1.10 min后用含1:200 000肾上腺素的利多卡因行术野局部浸润麻醉.术中每5分钟采用Ramsay评分评价镇静程度;采用主诉疼痛分级(VRS)评价疼痛程度.S组VRS分级为Ⅲ级时为麻醉失败,其余3组VRS分级为Ⅲ级时,增加输注速率或静脉注射异丙酚10 mg或瑞芬太尼20μg;如出现Ramsay评分>3分或呼吸抑制(RR<8次/min或SpO2<95%),则为麻醉失败.于射频消融前和射频消融5 min时记录BP和HR.记录气道阻塞和呼吸暂停等不良反应的发生情况.结果 R组、PR组麻醉成功率(分别为90%、100%)高于s组和P组(分别为40%、65%)(P<0.05).与S组比较,射频消融5 min时P组SP、DP和HR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),R组和PR组SP、DP和HR降低(P<0.05).4组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>O.05).结论 瑞芬太尼和异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼联合局部麻醉可安全、有效地用于患者射频消融辅助上气道手术.     

瑞芬太尼抑制患者清醒气管插管反应的半数有效剂量

目的 确定咪达唑仑镇静下瑞芬太尼抑制患者清醒气管插管反应的半数有效剂量(ED50).方法 择期全麻下行整形外科手术的成年女性患者36例,ASAⅠ级,采用改良Dixon序贯法进行试验,静脉输注咪达唑仑0.1 mg/ks 10 min后,第1例快速静脉输注瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg后以0.1μg·min-1·kg-1静脉输注,若未发生气管插管反应,则下一例瑞芬太尼降低0.1μg/kg,速率降低0.01μg·min-1·kg-1,直至第n例发生气管插管反应.将第n例和第n=1例剂量的平均值作为初始剂量,以0.05μg/kg和0.005μg·min-1·kg-1为梯度进行调整.根据对直接喉镜显露声门及气管插管操作的反应及镇静评分评价是否发生气管插管反应.采用改良Dixon序贯法计算瑞芬太尼抑制清醒气管插管反应的ED50,并采用logistic回归模型进行概率单位转换分析ED50及其95%可信区问.结果 采用改良Dixon序贯法计算瑞芬太尼抑制清醒气管插管反应的ED50为0.62 μg/ks,概率单位转换法计算的ED50及其95%可信区间分别为0.63(0.54～0.70)μg/kg.未发生气管插管反应的19例患者中,有18例对气管插管耐受良好,并可对言语指令作出正确反应.术后随访患者对气管插管操作均无不良记忆.结论 咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg镇静下,快速静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.62 μg/kg后以0.062 μg·min-1·kg-1静脉输注可为50%的患者提供较好的清醒气管插管条件,且无气管插管反应发生.     

丙泊酚与七氟醚对舌癌根治术患者NK细胞和B淋巴细胞的影响

目的比较丙泊酚与七氟醚对舌癌根治术患者外周血NK细胞和B淋巴细胞的影响。方法选择择期行舌癌根治术患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄44~67岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:丙泊酚组(P组)和七氟醚组(S组),每组20例。P组采用丙泊酚2.0~2.5mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1~2μg/kg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg静脉麻醉诱导,丙泊酚4~6mg·kg-1·h-1及瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1静脉输注维持麻醉;S组采用8%七氟醚、新鲜气体流量5L/min吸入,瑞芬太尼1~2μg/kg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg静脉注射诱导,瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1静脉输注及2%~3%七氟醚吸入维持麻醉。分别在麻醉诱导前30min(T0)、麻醉后1h(T1)、3h(T2)、5h(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、手术结束后24h(T5)、48h(T6)、72h(T7)采集外周静脉血,采用流式细胞仪测定外周血NK细胞(CD3-CD16+56+)及B淋巴细胞(CD3-CD19+)百分比。结果与T0时比较,T1~T5时两组CD3-CD16+56+和CD3-CD19+百分比明显降低(P0.05),T6时S组CD3-CD16+56+百分比明显降低(P0.05);T2~T6时S组CD3-CD16+56+百分比明显低于P组(P0.05),两组各时点CD3-CD19+百分比差异无统计学意义。结论与七氟醚比较,丙泊酚可维持较高的NK细胞百分比,有利于维持舌癌根治术患者免疫功能。     

右美托咪定预防静吸全麻下宫颈癌根治术后苏醒期寒战

目的 评价右美托咪定预防静吸全麻下宫颈癌根治术后苏醒期寒战的临床效果.方法 择期宫颈癌根治术患者50例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水对照组(N组),两组麻醉诱导方法相同:均依次静脉注射丙泊酚1.5mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg、苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.3 mg/kg,插管成功后行间歇正压通气.麻醉维持:吸入1％～4％七氟醚,静脉微量泵注瑞芬太尼4～8 μg·kg-1·h-1和苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.2 mg·kg-1·h-1.D组气管插管后静脉输注右美托咪定0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1至术毕前1h,N组则在相同时段内静脉输注等容量生理盐水.两组BIS值均维持在40～55.记录两组手术时间、术中输液量、腹腔冲洗量、拔管时间;记录术中瑞芬太尼、七氟醚用量和阿托品使用率;记录苏醒期2h内寒战发生情况.结果 两组患者手术时间、术中输液量、腹腔冲洗量及拔管时间差异无统计学意义.D组术中瑞芬太尼、七氟醚用量均明显低于N组(P＜0.05),D组阿托品使用率明显高于N组(P＜0.01).D组和N组寒战发生率分别为16％和64％,D组明显低于N组,且寒战程度减轻(P＜0.05).结论 宫颈癌静吸全麻维持期辅助静脉输注右美托咪定,能有效预防苏醒期寒战发生,不影响苏醒时间,但应注意心动过缓的发生.     

异丙酚、地氟醚或七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对脑功能区手术患者术中唤醒试验的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚、地氟醚或七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对脑功能区手术患者术中唤醒试验的影响.方法 择期拟行脑功能区肿瘤切除术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,随机分为3组:异丙酚组(P组)、地氟醚组(D组)及七氟醚组(S组),每组20例.静脉注射依托咪酯0.3mg/kg、芬太尼3 μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg行麻醉诱导,采用1%丁卡因喉头及气管粘膜表面麻醉后行气管插管.P组、D组和S组分别靶控输注异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2.0μg/ml,持续吸入地氟醚、七氟醚1.5 MAC维持麻醉.各组均靶控输注瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度2.5 ng/ml,唤醒试验前血浆靶浓度降为0.5 ng/ml,静脉注射曲马多100mg,停用麻醉药,行唤醒试验.记录唤醒时间,观察唤醒试验时躁动及寒颤的发生情况.结果 各组患者唤醒时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),P组寒颤发生率较D组和S组高(P<0.05).结论 采用异丙酚、地氟醚或七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉,脑功能区手术患者术中唤醒时间无差别,地氟醚或七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉时有关并发症发生率低,更适用于术中唤醒试验.     

右美托咪啶对异氟醚抑制切皮时患者体动反应的肺泡气最低有效浓度的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪啶对异氟醚抑制切皮时患者体动反应的肺泡气最低有效浓度(MAC)的影响.方法 择期全身麻醉下行上腹部手术患者,年龄40～60岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,体重指数22～27 kg/m2,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为3组:对照组(C组)、小剂量右美托咪啶组(D1组)和大剂量右美托咪啶组(D2组).麻醉诱导前静脉输注右美托咪啶(生理盐水稀释至15 ml)0.4 μg/kg(D1组)、0.8μg/kg(D2组)及生理盐水15 ml(C组),15 min内输注完毕.静脉注射芬太尼-异丙酚-琥珀酰胆碱麻醉诱导,气管插管后机械通气并开启异氟醚挥发罐.采用序贯法确定麻醉维持期间异氟醚的呼气末浓度,C组、D1组和D2组第1例患者异氟醚呼气末浓度分别设定为1.0%、0.8%和0.6%,当异氟醚呼气末浓度达到预设水平并维持15 min以上,且肌颤搐恢复到对照值90%以上时开始手术,相邻浓度差值为0.2%.于切皮时评估患者体动反应,以各交叉点异氟醚呼气末浓度的均数为MAC,并计算95%可信区间(CI).结果 C组、D1组和D2组入选病例分别为15、17和16例.异氟醚抑制切皮时体动反应的MAC及其95%CI分别为:C组(1.03±0.23)%(95%CI 0.83%～1.21%)、D1组(0.72±0.19)%(95%CI 0.58%～0.85%)、D2组(0.51±0.27)%(95%CI 0.30%～0.71%).与C组比较,D1组和D2组MAC降低(P＜0.01),D2组MAC明显低于D1组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪啶可明显降低异氟醚抑制切皮时患者体动反应的MAC,且与剂量有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane required to inhibit the body movement during skin incision. Methods Forty-eight ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 40-60 yr with body mass index of 22-27 kg/m2 undergoing elective upper abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (group C, n = 15);low dose dexmedetomidine group (group D1, n = 17) and high dose dexmedetomidine group (group D2, n = 16). The patients were unpremedicated. Dexmedetomidine 0.4 and 0.8 μg/kg in normal saline (NS) 15 ml was infused over 15 min before induction of anesthesia in D1 and D2 groups respectively. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl-propofol-succinylcholine. The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. MAC of isoflurane was determined by up-and-down technique. The initial end-tidal isofiurane concentration was set at 1.0%, 0.8% and 0.6% in C, D1 and D2 groups respectively. Each time the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was increased/decreased by 0.2%. Skin incision was made after 15 min of equilibration, when the twitch height returned to more than 90% of its control value. Movement of body and limbs including swallowing and coughing were carefully looked for when skin incision was made. MAC of isoflurane was the mean of end-tidal concentration of isoflurane of each crossover pair, and 95 % CI was calculated. Results MAC of isoflurane was significantly decreased in D1 and D2 groups as compared with group C and in group D2 as compared with group D1( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can significantly decrease MAC of isoflurane required to inhibit the body movement during skin incision in a dose-dependent manner.     

妇科腹腔镜手术患者右美托咪啶或瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚麻醉效果的比较

目的 比较妇科腹腔镜手术患者使用右美托咪啶复合七氟醚与瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚麻醉的效果.方法 择期拟行妇科腹腔镜手术患者40例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机均分为2组(n=20):右美托咪啶复合麻醉组(D组)和瑞芬太尼复合麻醉组(R组).D组和R组麻醉诱导前5 min时静脉输注右美托咪啶0.05μg·kg·min-1或瑞芬太尼0.1μg·kg-1·min-1,10 min后输注速率为右美托咪啶0.3μg·kg-1·h-1,瑞芬太尼0.15μg·kg-1·min-1.麻醉诱导:静脉注射异丙酚1.5～2.0 mg/kg、顺阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg和芬太尼2 μg/kg,气管插管后行机械通气,维持PET CO2 35～40 mm Hg.麻醉维持:吸人3%七氟醚,并调节其吸入浓度维持Narcotrend指数40～50,气腹开始时静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg,按需静脉注射顺阿曲库铵.分别于给药前、气管插管后5 min、气腹10 min和气管拔管后5 min时,抽取颈外静脉血样,测定血清皮质醇、去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的浓度,并行血气分析,记录pH值、乳酸和葡萄糖的浓度.记录呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、气管拔管时间和定向力恢复时间.记录围术期不良反应的发生情况和术后2 h内镇痛药的使用情况.结果 与R组比较,D组气腹10 min时血清去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的浓度降低,呼吸恢复时间缩短,睁眼时间延长,气管拔管期间心动过速、术后寒战和恶心呕吐的发生率降低,术后芬太尼的使用率降低(P＜0.05).结论 妇科腹腔镜手术患者右美托咪啶复合七氟醚麻醉的效果优于瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus remifentanil in combination with sevoflurane for gynecological laparoscopy. Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 18-64 yr with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m2 undergoing gynecological laparoscopy were randomly assigned to one of two groups ( n =20 each): dexmedetomidine group (group D) and remifentanil group (group R). Starting from 5 min before induction of anesthesia, dexmedetomidine was infused at 0.05 μg · kg - 1 · min- 1 in group D and remifentanil at 0.1 μg· kg- 1· min-1 in group R for 10 min, then dexmedetomidine infusion rate was increased to 0. 3 μg· kg-1 · h-1 and remifentanil infusion rate was increased to 0.15 μg· kg-1 · min-1 . Anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5-2.0 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and fentanyl 1 μg/kg and intermittent iv boluses of cis-atracurium. Narcotrend index was maintained at 40-50. Blood sample was taken from external jugular vein for blood gas analysis and determination of serum concentrations of corticosteroid, norepinephrine and epinephrine before administration, at 5 min after intubation, at 10 min of aeroperitoneum and at 5 min after extubation. The pH value and concentrations of lactic acid and glucose were recorded. The time for recovery of spontaneous breathing, eye-opening time, extubation time, orientation time and perioperative side-effects were recorded. Numeric rating scale was used to assess the intensity of pain during 2 h after operation. The analgesics used were also recorded. Results The serum concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were significanfly lower at 10 min of aeroperitoneum, the time for recovery of spontaneous breathing was shorter, eye-opening time longer and the incidence of shivering and nausea and vomiting lower, the percentage of patients requiring rescue opioids lower in group D than in group R ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane anesthesia is better than remifentanil combined with sevoflurane anesthesia for gynecological laparoscopy.     

Reduction of Isoflurane Minimal Alveolar Concentration by Remifentanil

Background: Remifentanil is a new micro-specific opioid receptor agonist currently under investigation. The interaction between opioids and volatile anesthetics is complex. Defining this interaction provides a basis for more rational dosing schemes when such combinations are used for anesthesia and allows the anesthetic potency of remifentanil relative to other opioids to be determined.

Methods: Two centers enrolled a total of 220 patients. Patients were randomized to receive a target concentration of remifentanil via a computer-assisted continuous infusion device of either 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 ng/ml initiated before the administration of isoflurane. Patients were also stratified by age groups 18-30, 31-55, and 56-65 yr. After induction of anesthesia with isoflurane the initial patient in each dose group was assigned an age-adjusted isoflurane concentration. The isoflurane concentration for each subsequent patient was adjusted according to the up/down technique until a minimum of 12 patients were enrolled in each group. Arterial blood samples for remifentanil whole blood concentrations were obtained. The patient was observed for purposeful movement for up to 1 min after skin incision. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (0 ng/ml remifentanil group) and MAC reduction of isoflurane by remifentanil were determined.

Results: The MAC of isoflurane alone was 1.3%. Remifentanil caused an exponential reduction in the MAC of isoflurane with 1.37 ng/ml remifentanil resulting in a 50% MAC reduction, 4 ng/ml remifentanil a 77% reduction and 32 ng/ml a 91% reduction of isoflurane MAC.     

瑞芬太尼预先给药对兔心肌缺血再灌注时脂质过氧化反应的影响

目的 评价瑞芬太尼预先给药对兔心肌缺血再灌注时脂质过氧化反应的影响.方法 家兔40只,雌雄不拘,体重1.5～2.5 kg,随机分为5组(n=8),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和V组采用静脉注射垂体后叶素2.5 U/kg的方法制备急性心肌缺血模型,Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组给予等容量生理盐水.Ⅲ组静脉注射吗啡3.3 mg/kg后30 min给予垂体后叶素前;Ⅳ组静脉输注瑞芬太尼3.3μg·kg-1·min-130 min时给予生理盐水;V组静脉输注瑞芬太尼3.3μg·kg-1·min-1 30 min时给予垂体后叶素.于给予垂体后叶素前即刻(T1)、给予垂体后叶素后24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)时采集颈内静脉血样,测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度.取心肌组织,测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.电镜下观察心肌组织超微结构.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组血清cTnI浓度和心肌组织MDA含量升高,心肌组织SOD活性降低(P＜0.01);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组及V组血清cTnI浓度和MDA含量降低,心肌组织SOD活性升高(P＜0.05或0.01).电镜下Ⅴ组心肌损伤程度轻于Ⅱ组.结论瑞芬太尼预先给药可抑制脂质过氧化反应,从而减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤.     

瑞芬太尼痛觉过敏大鼠Delta阿片受体mRNA的表达水平

目的：探讨切口痛-瑞芬太尼痛觉过敏大鼠背根神经节及海马Delta阿片受体mRNA表达水平的变化。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠32只,尾静脉置管后随机分为4组,瑞芬太尼组（R组）输注瑞芬太尼1μg·kg-1·min-1,切口痛组（I组）输注等体积生理盐水,甘氨酸组（G组）输注甘氨酸15μg·kg-1·min-1,对照组（C组）输注等体积生理盐水,最后一次痛阈测定后留取大鼠L4-L6背根神经节及海马标本,应用实时定量PCR方法测定Delta阿片受体mRNA的表达水平。结果：R组、I组、G组均发生痛觉过敏,且R组痛觉过敏的程度高于I组和G组;R组海马Delta阿片受体mRNA表达水平（4.359±1.031）显著高于C组、I组（2.373±1.014）和G组（2.411±0.326）（P＜0.05）;R组背根神经节Delta阿片受体mRNA表达水平（2.108±0.361）显著高于C组、I组（1.409±0.435）和G组（1.413±0.234）（P＜0.05）。结论：瑞芬太尼可在切口痛模型大鼠中引发痛觉过敏,其机制可能与背根神经节及海马Delta阿片受体mRNA表达上调有关。     

小剂量氯胺酮对妇科下腹部手术患者七氟醚肺泡气最低有效浓度的影响

目的 探讨小剂量氯胺酮对妇科下腹部手术患者七氟醚肺泡气最低有效浓度(MAC)的影响.方法 择期拟行妇科下腹部手术患者51例,年龄36～49岁,体重指数≤30 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为对照组(C组,n=29)和氯胺酮组(K组,n=22).K组静脉注射氯胺酮负荷量0.2 mg/kg,随后以14μg·kg-1·min-1维持,C组静脉输注等容量生理盐水,两组均吸入8%七氟醚进行麻醉诱导.麻醉维持:气管插管后,调节七氟醚蒸发罐,使呼气末七氟醚浓度达到预定值并至少稳定15 min后开始切皮.采用序贯法进行试验,初始浓度设为1.8%,发生体动反应,则下一例患者浓度增加0.2%,未发生体动反应,则下一例患者浓度降低0.2%.发生体动反应的标准:切皮时和切皮后60 s内患者躯干、四肢及头颈有可见的肌束收缩.计算七氟醚MAC及其95%可信区间.结果 K组七氟醚MAC为1.51%(95%可信区间为1.45%～1.58%),C组七氟醚MAC为2.49%(95%可信区间为2.40%～2.57%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 静脉输注小剂量氯胺酮可增强七氟醚的麻醉效应.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of the low-dose ketamine on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in patients undergoing gynecological abdominal surgery.Methods Fifty-one ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 36-49 yr with body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m2 scheduled for gynecological abdominal surgery were randomly divided into control group (group C, n = 29) and ketamine group (group K, n = 22) . The paitents were unpremedicated. In group K, a loading dose of ketamine 0.2 mg/kg was injected intravenously followed by infusion at a rate of 14 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 , while equal volume of normal saline was given in group C. Anesthesia was induced with inhalation of sevoflurane (end-tidal concentration 4%-5%, maintaining for 5 min) in both groups. Endotracheal intubation was performed. The patients breathed sevoflurane until the predetermined target end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was reached for at least 15 min before skin incision. Occurrence of body movement was determined by any visible contraction of the muscle bundle of trunk, limbs, head and neck during skin incision and/or within 60 s after skin incision. The initial end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was set at 1.8 % .If body movement occurred, the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was increased by 0.2% , while if not, decreased by 0.2% . MACs of sevoflurane were calculated. Results The MAC of sevoflurane was 1.51% (95% confidence interval 1.45%-1.58%) in group K, and 2.49% (95% confidence interval 2.40%-2.57%) in group C, and there was significant difference between the two groups ( P < 0.05) . Conclusion Intravenous infusion of the low-dose ketamine can enhance the anesthetic effect of sevoflurane in patients undergoing gynecological abdominal surgery.     

右美托咪啶与瑞芬太尼用于纤维支气管镜引导经鼻清醒气管插管效果的比较

目的 比较右美托咪啶与瑞芬太尼用于纤维支气管镜引导经鼻清醒气管插管的效果.方法 预期困难气道择期拟行纤维支气管镜引导经鼻清醒气管插管的外科手术患者40例,年龄18～73岁,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=20):右美托咪啶组(D组)和瑞芬太尼组(R组).D组先静脉注射右美托咪啶负荷量1.0 μg/kg,再以0.5 μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注;R组靶控输注瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度3.2ng/m.D组负荷量注射结束、R组达血浆靶浓度时进行气管插管.气管插管期间行Ramsay镇静评分;评价气管插管条件和患者对气管插管的耐受性;记录气管插管时间、气管插管成功情况、气管插管期间心血管反应、低氧血症的发生情况;术后24h回访,记录咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑的发生情况,记录患者对气管插管的满意度评分和对气管插管的记忆情况.结果 与R组比较,D组Ramsay镇静评分升高,气管插管条件和耐受性提高,气管插管时间缩短,气管插管首次成功率升高,术后满意度评分升高,不良反应发生率降低,气管插管记忆评分降低(P＜0.05).结论 与瑞芬太尼比较,右美托咪啶用于纤维支气管镜引导清醒气管插管时能提供更好的插管条件,不良反应少,且可抑制气管插管知晓的发生.