Regional anesthesia: combined spinal epidural anesthesia

The review deals with the promising method of regional anesthesia--combined epidural anesthesia. It gives indications for anesthesia, the specific features of its technical performance, and possible complications.     

One-lung anesthesia

One-lung anesthesia provides adequate alveolar gas exchange for many surgical procedures. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction plays an important role in maintaining oxygenation during this procedure. Today's anesthetist must be familiar with the various aspects of one-lung ventilation: initiation, maintenance and cessation.     

循证麻醉访视在局部麻醉患者术前的应用研究

目的研究循证术前麻醉访视在局部麻醉患者中的应用效果。方法将240例局部麻醉患者采用随机数字表分为观察组和对照组,各120例,对照组采用常规术前访视,观察组采用循证麻醉访视,比较2组的手术应激情况以及功能恢复情况。结果观察组术中的恐惧评分低于对照组,收缩压、舒张压以及心率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后的躯体功能、认知功能、情感功能评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论循证麻醉访视能够减轻局部麻醉患者的恐惧情绪,提高麻醉效果,有利于患者术后躯体功能的恢复。     

Principles of office anesthesia: part II. Topical anesthesia

The development of topical anesthetics has provided the family physician with multiple options in anesthetizing open and intact skin. The combination of tetracaine, adrenaline (epinephrine), and cocaine, better known as TAC, was the first topical agent available for analgesia of lacerations to the face and scalp. Cocaine has been replaced with lidocaine in a newer formulation called LET (lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaine). For analgesia to nonintact skin, LET gel is generally preferred over TAC because of its superior safety record and cost-effectiveness. EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) is perhaps the most well-known topical anesthetic for use on intact skin. EMLA can be used to anesthetize the skin before intramuscular injections, venipuncture, and simple skin procedures such as curettage or biopsy. To be fully effective, EMLA should be applied at least 90 minutes before the procedure. ELA-Max is a new, rapidly acting topical agent for intact skin that works by way of a liposomal delivery system and is available over the counter. Other delivery vehicles for topical anesthesia currently in development, including iontophoresis and anesthetic patches, may one day give patients and physicians even more flexibility.     

Principles of office anesthesia: part I. Infiltrative anesthesia

The use of effective analgesia is vital for any office procedure in which pain may be inflicted. The ideal anesthetic achieves 100 percent analgesia in a short period of time, works on intact or nonintact skin without systemic side effects, and invokes neither pain nor toxicity. Because no single agent meets all of these criteria, the physician must choose from the available armamentarium based on the anesthetic properties that are most desired. Infiltrative anesthetics are frequently chosen because of their proven safety record, low cost, ease of storage, widespread availability, and rapid onset of action. Allergy to local injectable anesthetics is rare, and when it occurs it is often secondary to the preservative in multidose vials. Anesthesia can be prolonged with the addition of epinephrine or the use of longer-acting agents. Buffering the local anesthetic with bicarbonate, warming the solution, and injecting slowly can minimize the pain of anesthetic injection. Complications are rare but include central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity, or extreme vasoconstriction in an end organ, if epinephrine is used.     

General anesthesia vs combined anesthesia during internal carotid artery surgery

Methods 50 patients underwent surgery on internal carotid artery. The first group of patients were performed combined anesthesia with Propofol , Phentanil and superficial cervical plexus block (SCPB). Second group were administrated Phentanil and Propofol. Monitoring: blood pressure, BIS, dose of anesthetic agents. Results of study indicated that combined method of anesthesia with SCPB provided better brain perfusion because of high level of MBP (mean blood pressure) at the time of occlusion of ICA and more stable hemodynamic indices. In addition second group of patient had longer period of recovery due to higher dose of Phentanil than the first group. CONCLUSION: Combined anesthesia with propofol, phentanil and CPB provides better analgesia and require less dose of opiodes anesthetics.