含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液心肌保护作用的实验研究

目的:探讨含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液对离体鼠心缺血再灌注损伤的心肌保护作用。方法:将24只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、冷血停搏液组、含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液组,每组8只。分别建立改良的Langendorff离体心逆灌注模型,测定左室收缩峰压和正负压力微分恢复率、冠状动脉流量、心肌含水量(MWC)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)漏出量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、心肌三磷酸腺苷含量(ATP)、心肌梗死面积(MIS)。每组随机留取标本,电镜观察心肌超微结构。结果:含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液组的左心室功能恢复指标、ATP含量和SOD活性明显优于对照组和冷血停搏液组(P<0.01),而MWC,LDH、CK漏出率以及心肌梗死面积均低于对照组和冷血停搏液组(P<0.05),电镜超微结构明显优于对照组和冷血停搏液组。结论:含二氮嗪的冷血停搏液可明显减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤,具有良好的心肌保护作用。     

葡萄糖酸镁对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注细胞凋亡的抑制效应

目的:观察葡萄糖酸镁对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法:实验于2005-10/2006-01在辽宁医学院药理实验室完成。选用雄性SD大鼠48只,体质量250～300g,按随机排列表法将大鼠分为对照组、缺血再灌注组、葡萄糖酸镁组,每组16只,建立Langendorff离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。(1)每组各取8只:①对照组:改良的K-H缓冲液持续灌流110min。K-H缓冲液成分(mmol/L)如下:NaCl118.1,NaHCO325.0,KH2PO41.2,MgSO40.6,CaCl22.0,KCl4.7,Glucose11.0。②缺血再灌注组:改良的K-H缓冲液持续灌注至各项指标稳定后,约20min,停灌30min,再灌60min。③葡萄糖酸镁组:灌注方法同缺血再灌注组,但将K-H缓冲液内加葡萄糖酸镁2.4mmol/L。取左室心肌标本测总超氧化物歧化酶活性,丙二醛、Ca2 含量。(2)每组其余8只:①对照组K-H缓冲液持续灌流170min。②缺血再灌注组和葡萄糖酸镁组持续灌注至各项指标稳定后停灌30min,再灌注120min。观察对细胞凋亡的影响。(3)组间计量资料差异比较采用单因素方差分析。结果:SD大鼠共48只均进入结果分析。①缺血再灌注组大鼠心肌组织中丙二醛、Ca2 含量较对照组明显升高(P<0.01),总超氧化物歧化酶活性较对照组明显降低(P<0.01)。②葡萄糖酸镁组与缺血再灌注组比较,总超氧化物歧化酶活性明显升高(P<0.01),丙二醛、Ca2 含量明显降低(P<0.01)。③缺血再灌注组细胞凋亡指数显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。④葡萄糖酸镁组细胞凋亡指数与缺血再灌注组比较显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:葡萄糖酸镁有抑制心肌缺血再灌注损伤中心肌细胞凋亡的作用。其机制可能与葡萄糖酸镁减轻钙超载、清除氧自由基、减少脂质过氧化有关。     

托马斯液联合应用康斯特保护液对离体大鼠缺血-再灌注损伤心肌酶学的影响

目的观察托马斯(STH)液复合应用康斯特(HTK)保护液对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心肌酶学的影响。方法健康清洁级雌性Wistar大鼠40只,体重230～280g,制备离体Langendorff心脏灌注模型后,采用随机数字表法,将离体心脏随机分为5组(n=8):S组、H组、S+H10组、S+H20组、S+H30组。各组均先用K-H液平衡灌注30min后,S组、H组分别用STH液15ml/kg或HTK液30ml/kg单次灌注;另外三组先用15ml/kg STH液灌注后续灌HTK液分别为10ml/kg、20ml/kg、30ml/kg。每组心脏停搏120min后,再灌注K-H液30min。取停搏前、再灌注15、30min时冠脉流出液,用于测定心肌乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)含量。再灌注末取心肌组织,测定丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量。结果与S、H、S+H10比较,S+H20及S+H30组冠脉流出液LDH、CK活性,心肌组织MDA含量降低,心肌组织SOD活性升高(P0.05);S+H20与S+H30组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 STH液联合应用HTK液可明显减轻缺血再灌注损伤,且与剂量有关。     

不同剂量氯胺酮对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心肌8-异前列腺素水平的影响

目的比较不同剂量氯胺酮对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心肌8-异前列腺素的影响。方法成年Wistar大鼠24只,随机均分为心肌缺血再灌注(IR)组、5μmol/L氯胺酮(KL)组、10μmol/L氯胺酮(KM)组和50μmol/L氯胺酮(KH)组。四组首先采用Langendorff逆灌装置建立离体心脏缺血再灌注模型,以K-H液平衡灌注10 min后,再分别应用不含氯胺酮、含5μmol/L、10μmol/L和50μmol/L氯胺酮的K-H液灌注10 min,之后全心停灌25 min,复灌30 min。测定冠状动脉流出液中总乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、心尖部心肌组织8-异前列腺素和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,并取左心室心肌组织观察超微结构变化。结果与IR组比较,KL和KM组8-异前列腺素、SOD及LDH含量均无统计学差异(P>0.05),超微结构变化也未见损伤减轻;KH组8-异前列腺素和LDH含量明显升高(P<0.05),超微结构损伤加重。结论 5μmol/L和10μmol/L氯胺酮对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤和8-异前列腺素含量无明显影响,而50μmol/L氯胺酮则增加8-异前列腺素含量、加重心肌损伤。     

硫化氢后处理抑制大鼠心肌损伤的机制研究

【目的】探讨硫化氢后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。【方法】健康成年S‐D雄性大鼠30只,随机分成3组,每组10只。假手术组（S组）仅开胸并分离冠状动脉左前降支,但不阻断血流150 min;缺血再灌注组（IR组）行冠状动脉左前降支阻断30 min ,再灌注120 min;硫化氢后处理组（H组）于开放左冠状动脉即刻1 min内静推硫化氢0．05 mg／kg ,再灌注120 min。再灌注末抽血测肌酸激酶同工酶（CK‐MB）水平,免疫印迹法测心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR‐γ）的表达。【结果】和IR组相比,H组血清中CK‐MB的含量降低,PPAR‐γ表达增高,且两组相比较差异有显著性（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】硫化氢后处理有心肌保护作用,可能与其促进心肌PPAR‐γ表达有关。     

羟丁酸钠对老年离体大鼠全心缺血再灌注心肌c-fos基因表达的影响

目的:探讨羟丁酸钠对老年离体大鼠全心缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 :Wistar大鼠36只 ,随机分为对照组和羟丁酸钠组 ,每组再分为缺血前、缺血30min和复灌30min三个亚组。采用离体心肌灌注模型及逆转录多聚酶链反应 ,观察心肌c fosmRNA表达水平的变化。结果 :缺血组及再灌注组c fosmRNA表达水平较缺血前组明显增加(P<0.001)。与对照组相比 ,缺血30min及再灌注30min时 ,羟丁酸钠组c fosmRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 :c fos基因参与了心肌缺血再灌注损伤的基因调节。羟丁酸钠可减轻心肌c fos基因的表达 ,可避免或减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。     

异丙酚激活蛋白激酶C对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察异丙酚对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注的影响及蛋白激酶C激活的作用。方法:实验于2004-04/2005-03在河北省医学科学院药研室完成。48只大鼠离体心脏随机分为6组,每组8只。分别为:正常对照组,持续灌注Lock液65min;缺血再灌注模型组,用含脂肪乳对照的灌流液灌注15min后,以钳夹主动脉灌注管造成全心常温缺血25min后,恢复再灌注30min,灌流液与预灌时相同;异丙酚15,30,60μmol/L组,缺血前和再灌期的灌流液中分别含相应浓度的异丙酚,余同缺血再灌注模型组;异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶抑制剂5μmol/L组,灌流液中含5μmol/L的chelerythrine的灌流液,其余同异丙酚60μmol/L组。实验评估:①Powerlab/8s仪记录各组平衡末、缺血前及再灌30min时心率、左室发展压、左室舒张末压、左室压力变化速率、冠状动脉流量等心功能指标。②测定冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶、磷酸肌酸激酶活性。③透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构变化。④差速离心提取心肌线粒体,测定线粒体超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、ATP酶活性和丙二醛含量。结果:48只大鼠均进入结果分析。①平衡灌注末、缺血前各组间心功能指标差异无显著性(P>0.05),再灌注30min末,异丙酚30,60μmol/L组左室发展压、左室压力变化速率、冠状动脉流量明显高于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05),左室舒张末压明显低于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05)。异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组左室发展压、左室压力变化速率、冠状动脉流量明显低于单纯异丙酚60μmol/L组(P<0.05),但仍高于与缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05)。②心肌缺血再灌后,冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶活性明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。异丙酚30,60μmol/L组、异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶活性明显低于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05),异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶活性与异丙酚60μmol/L组无明显差异。③与缺血再灌注模型组相比,异丙酚组心肌损伤明显减轻,尤其是60μmol/L组,心肌纤维排列均匀,线粒体膜结构完整,仅轻度水肿,嵴清晰,糖原可见。异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组心肌超微结构显示损伤程度重于异丙酚60μmol/L组。④异丙酚30,60μmol/L、异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组丙二醛含量低于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05),ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性明显高于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05)。异丙酚60μmol/L组与异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组相比,上述指标无明显差异。结论:异丙酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,可能与其抗脂质过氧化和激活蛋白激酶C有关。     

饱和氢盐水对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠冠状动脉内皮细胞功能的影响

目的探讨饱和氢盐水对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌内皮细胞功能的影响。方法选取健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠150只,体重400~540 g。采用随机数字表法将其分为5组(n=30):空白对照组(Ⅰ组)、假手术组(Ⅱ组)、缺血再灌注组(Ⅲ组)、饱和氢盐水治疗组(Ⅳ组)、生理盐水治疗组(Ⅴ组)。Ⅰ组不做任何处理;Ⅱ组大鼠仅穿线不结扎;Ⅲ组制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型;Ⅳ组于再灌注前5 min给予1 ml/100 g腹腔注射饱和氢生理盐水;Ⅴ组于再灌注前5 min给予1 ml/100 g腹腔注射等量生理盐水。于再灌注12 h、24 h后取左心室心肌组织HE染色观察心肌病理学,同时采用电镜观察冠状动脉内皮细胞。采用蛋白质印迹法检测内皮细胞蛋白激酶B(Akt)、内皮型NO合成的限速酶(e NOS)、微血管内皮细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)和血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)。结果与Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组大鼠缺血再灌注12 h、24 h时内皮细胞Akt、e NOS、ICAM-1和VCAM-1表达水平升高。与Ⅲ组、Ⅴ组比较,Ⅳ组大鼠缺血再灌注12 h、24 h时内皮细胞Akt、e NOS、ICAM-1和VCAM-1表达水平降低。结论饱和氢盐水可改善冠状动脉内皮细胞功能,从而减轻心肌再灌注损伤,其机制可能与抑制Akt/e NOS信号通路,降低ICAM-1、VCAM-1蛋白表达有关。     

不同器官保存液对停搏供心的保护

背景：有研究已经证实应用人停搏供心进行心脏移植可以取得与非停搏供心移植相同的效果，但如何对停搏供心进行处理使之达到或接近非停搏供心移植的效果是一个新的课题。 目的：采用新西兰大白兔离体停搏供心模型，探讨3种不同的器官保存液Celsior液、Pioacidile液和UW液对停搏供心的保护效果。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2005—03／2006—04在中南大学湘雅二医院胸心外科实验室心功能室完成。材料：选用新西兰大白兔24只，随机分成3组：UW液灌注组、Celsior液灌注组、Pinacidil液灌注组。 方法：制作免离体停搏供心的模型，当心热缺血10min后，分别应用4℃的UW液、Celsior液、Pinacidil液经主动脉根部冠状动脉开口灌注后4℃保存。4h后取出免心固定在Langendorff灌流装置上复灌。 主要观察指标：复灌后30，60，90，120min兔心脏血流动力学、2h内平均冠状动脉流量、心肌含水量及丙二醛含量。 结果：复灌后120min Pinacidil灌注组左室发展压、左室内压最大上升速率、左室内压最大下降速率均优于其余两组（P〈0．05）。UW液灌注组复灌后120min心率高于另两组（P〈0．05）。Pinacidile液灌注组和Celsior液灌注组心肌中含水量少于UW液灌注组，UW液灌注组心肌丙二醛含量高于Celsior液和Pinacidile液灌注组。复灌后120min内Pinacidile液灌注组心肌平均冠状动脉流量大于Celsior液和UW液灌注组。 结论：Pinacidil液对停搏供心的保护优于UW液和Celsior液，表现为左室心功能及冠状动脉流量恢复得更好。     

异丙酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡及HSP70表达的影响

目的观察异丙酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法应用langendorff离体心脏灌注系统建立心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型。40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、缺血/再灌注模型(I/R)组、异丙酚15、30、60μmol/L组。除正常对照外,各组分别平衡灌注20min后,常温全心停灌25min,再灌注30min。Powerlab/8s仪记录各组平衡末、缺血前及再灌30min时心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室舒张末压(LVDEP)、左室压力变化速率(±dp/dtmax)、冠脉流量(CF)等心功能指标;测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)活性;差速离心法提取心肌线粒体,测定线粒体活力、膜肿胀度、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;原位末端转移酶标记法(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡,免疫组化法测定天冬氨酸特异的半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-3和热休克蛋白70(HSP70)的表达。结果异丙酚30、60μmol/L能明显改善缺血/再灌注后的心脏机械功能,降低冠脉流出液中LDH、CK的活性(P<0.05);异丙酚在30、60μmol/L浓度情况下心肌线粒体活力有所恢复,膜肿胀度减轻,Mn-SOD活性升高,MDA生成明显减少(P<0.05),心肌HSP70表达增多,心肌细胞凋亡率和caspase-3阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.05)。结论异丙酚明显减轻缺血/再灌注所致的心肌线粒体的过氧化损伤,上调HSP70的表达,抑制caspase-3表达和心肌细胞凋亡的发生,可能是其心肌保护作用机制之一。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.