Plantar Rotational Flap Technique for Panmetatarsal Head Resection and Transmetatarsal Amputation: A Revision Approach for Second Metatarsal Head Transfer Ulcers in Patients with Previous Partial First Ray Amputation

Transfer ulcers beneath the second metatarsal head are common after diabetes-related partial first ray amputation. Subsequent osteomyelitis of the second ray can further complicate this difficult situation. We present 2 cases depicting our plantar rotational flap technique for revision surgery involving conversion to either panmetatarsal head resection or transmetatarsal amputation (TMA). These cases are presented to demonstrate our indications, procedure selection criteria, flap technique, operative pearls, and staging protocol. The goals of this surgical approach are to excise and close the plantar ulcer beneath the second metatarsal head, remove any infected bone, allow staged surgery if needed, remove all remaining metatarsal heads to decrease the likelihood of repeat transfer ulcers, preserve the toes when practical, avoid excessive shortening of the foot, avoid multiple longitudinal dorsal incisions, and create a functional and cosmetically appealing foot. The flap is equally suited for either panmetatarsal head resection or TMA. The decision to pursue panmetatarsal head resection versus TMA largely depends on the condition of the remaining toes. Involvement of osteomyelitis in the base of the second proximal phalanx, the soft tissue viability of the remaining toes, the presence of a preoperative digital deformity, and the likelihood that saving the lesser toes will be beneficial from a cosmetic or footwear standpoint are factors we consider when deciding between panmetatarsal head resection and TMA. Retrospective chart review identified prompt healing of the flap in both patients. Neither patient experienced recurrent ulcers or required subsequent surgery within the first 12 months postoperatively.     

Evaluation of Peripheral Perfusion in the Presence of Plantar Heel Ulcerations Status After Transmetatarsal Amputation With Achilles Tendon Lengthening

The objective of this study is to evaluate peripheral perfusion in patients who developed plantar heel ulcerations status after transmetatarsal amputation and Achilles tendon lengthening. Peripheral perfusion was assessed via contrast angiography of the 3 crural vessels (anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries), as well as intact heel blush and plantar arch. The secondary objective is to correlate the arterial flow to time to develop heel ulceration and incidence of minor and major lower-extremity amputation. Diagnostic angiography without intervention was performed on 40% of patients (4/10), and interventional angiography was performed on 60% of patients (6/10). In-line flow was present in 0% (0/10) of the peroneal arteries, 60% (6/10) of the anterior tibial arteries, and 70% (7/10) of the posterior tibial arteries. Heel angiographic contrast blush was present in 60% (6/10), and intact plantar arch was present in 60% (6/10). Patients developed heel ulcerations at a mean time of 7.6 months (range 0.7 to 41.2) postoperatively. The incidence of major lower-extremity amputation was 30% (3/10), with a mean time of 5.2 months (range 3.5 to 8.3) from time of heel wound development. No amputation occurred in 6 patients (60%). Among them, intact anterior tibial inline arterial flow was present in 3, intact posterior tibial inline arterial flow was present in 6, and heel blush was present in 5. Our results demonstrate that an open calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial artery is sufficient to heal plantar heel ulcerations to potentially increase rates of limb salvage.     

Age, Diabetes and Smoking in Lower Limb Amputation for Arterial Occlusive Disease

The increased number of amputations for arterial occlusive disease noted in western countries is only partly explained by increasing numbers of the elderly. A prospective analysis of the influence of diabetes and smoking habits was therefore carried out. in 1978-81, 188 lower limb amputees in Lund were examined and classified as non-smokers, ex-smokers, light smokers and heavy smokers. These figures were compared with corresponding figures among age-correlated controls and to a group of hip fracture patients. the material was divided into men and women and into non-diabetics and diabetics. Smokers had much lower mean age at amputation. Out of 188 amputees only 23 were not either a diabetic, a smoker or 80 years or more. the population study indicates a correlation between smoking and amputation for ichaemia. the coincident increase in cigarette consumption in Sweden is illustrated and it is suggested that smoking should be noted as routinely as diabetes at amputations.     

The Impact of Roux Limb Length on Weight Loss After Gastric Bypass

Background Extending the length of the Roux limb (RL) in gastric bypass (GBP) may improve weight loss in super obese patients (body mass index [BMI] > 50 kg/m²), but no consensus exists about the optimal length of the RL. We sought to determine the impact of RL length on weight loss in super obese patients 1 year after GBP. Materials and Methods One-year weight loss outcomes were analyzed in all super obese patients who underwent consecutive and primary laparoscopic or open GBP between January 2003 and June 2006. Patients were divided into two groups according to RL length (100 vs. 150 cm). The RL length was at the discretion of the attending surgeon. Baseline and follow-up data were collected prospectively. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for potential confounders in the weight loss outcomes. Results Twelve-month follow-up data were available in 137 (85%) of 161 patients with a BMI ≥ 50 who underwent GBP during the study period. An RL of 100 or 150 cm was used in 102 (74.5%) and 35 patients (25.5%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, patients with the 150-cm RL lost more weight (68.5 vs. 55.3 kg, p < 0.01), had a greater change in BMI (25 vs. 21 kg/m², p = 0.01), and had greater excess weight loss (64 vs. 53%, p < 0.01). Conclusion A 150-cm RL provides better weight loss outcomes in super obese patients at 1-year follow-up.     

膝下动脉闭塞症的腔内治疗

目的探讨腔内术对膝下动脉闭塞疾病的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析2006年2月至2008年5月复旦大学附属中山医院血管外科收治的86例患有膝下动脉闭塞症的住院病人的病史资料和术后随访资料。结果86例病人（90条患肢）经经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）治疗,82条患肢获得影像学成功（残留狭窄率＜30%）。技术成功率为911%（82/90）。术前1周和术后1周行下肢节段测压,踝肱指数（ABI）由术前的034±016提高到085±023。1年累计初次通畅率为612%,24月累积初次通畅率为495%,肢体保全率978%,存活率978%。结论PTA治疗膝下动脉闭塞症临床成功率高,并发症少,保肢率高,可以作为膝下动脉闭塞特别是重症肢体缺血的首选。     

A Randomised Controlled Trial of the Use of a Tourniquet to Reduce Blood Loss During Transtibial Amputation for Peripheral Arterial Disease

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of an exsanguination tourniquet on blood loss during transtibial amputation in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). DESIGN: Prospective randomised blinded controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients undergoing transtibial amputation for non-reconstructible PAD were randomised to either tourniquet or no tourniquet (control). Blood loss (primary outcome), fall in haemoglobin, transfusion requirements, wound healing, breakdown and revision (secondary outcomes) were also recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients in the tourniquet and 29 in the control group conformed to the trial protocol and completed the follow up. Intra-operative blood loss (median and IQR) was significantly greater in the control group compared to the tourniquet group (550 ml (255-1050) vs 255 ml (150-572.5), respectively, p=0.014, Mann-Whitney). There was a significantly greater drop in haemoglobin concentration (median and IQR) in the control compared to the tourniquet group (1.8 g/dl (0-1.2) vs 1.0 g/dl (0.6-2.4), p=0.035, t-test). Transfusion requirements were lower in the tourniquet group (p=0.05, Mann-Whitney). The rate of wound healing, breakdown and revision were similar in the tourniquet and control groups, respectively (59 vs 57%, 0 vs 9%, 14 vs 9%, p=NS). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a tourniquet during transtibial amputation for severe PAD reduces blood loss and need for blood transfusion.     

Amputation and limb salvage following endovascular and open surgery for the treatment of peripheral artery illnesses: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis investigation was executed to measure the outcome of endovascular surgery (ES) and open surgery (OS) for the management of peripheral artery diseases (PADs) on amputation and limb salvage (LS). A comprehensive literature inspection till February 2023 was applied and 3451 interrelated investigations were reviewed. The 31 chosen investigations enclosed 19 948 individuals with PADs were in the chosen investigations' starting point, 8861 of them were utilising ES, and 11 087 were utilising OS. Odds ratio (OR) in addition to 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilised to compute the value of the effect of ES and OS for the management of PADs on amputation and LS by the dichotomous approaches and a fixed or random model. ES had significantly lower amputation (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.93, P = 0.005) compared with those with OS in individuals with PADs. No significant difference was found between ES and OS in 30-day LS (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.64-1.42, P = 0.81), 1-year LS (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.81-1.39, P = 0.68), and 3-year LS (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.61-1.19, P = 0.36) in individuals with PADs. ES had significantly lower amputation, 30-day LS, 1-year LS, and 3-year LS compared with those with OS in individuals with PADs. However, care must be exercised when dealing with its values because of the low sample size of some of the nominated investigations for the meta-analysis.     

创面冲洗-负压封闭引流技术在四肢骨折术后伤口愈合不良患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨创面冲洗-负压封闭引流技术在四肢骨折术后伤口愈合不良患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2021年3月-2023年2月于合肥市骨科医院实施手术治疗后发生术后伤口愈合不良的60例四肢骨折患者 为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组给予常规治疗,观察组给予创面 冲洗-负压封闭引流技术治疗,比较两组临床疗效、康复情况、创口症状评分及创口美观满意度。结果 观 察组治疗总有效率为93.33%,高于对照组的70.00%（P＜0.05）;观察组创口面积小于对照组,肉芽组织覆 盖率和首次植皮成功率均高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后创口红肿、疼痛、渗液症状评分均低于对 照组（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后创口美观满意度（CS）评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 创面冲洗-负 压封闭引流技术在四肢骨折术后伤口愈合不良患者中的应用效果确切,能有效控制创口部位症状,加快创 口愈合,有利于提高创口美观满意度,促进恢复。     

冠状动脉旁路移植与外周血管支架置入杂交手术的早期临床结果

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植与外周血管（冠状动脉以外的血管）支架置入杂交手术的安全性。方法全麻后外周血管造影及支架置入,支架置入完后行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果5例术后心脏和外周血管症状消失,早期均未出现并发症。术后ALT为（38.4±6.9）U/L,AST为（28.0±8.2）U/L,与术前ALT（36.6±7.5）U/L,AST（26.4±7.2）U/L无明显变化（P值均〉0.05）;3例术前术后肾功能均正常,2例合并肾动脉狭窄的术后血尿素氮分别为7.3、6.8mmol/L,术后血肌酐分别61、82μmol/L;术后24h胸液量（842±180）ml,ICU时间（75.4±25.2）h,呼吸机使用时间（24.2±17.4）h,术后住院时间（9.8±2.9）d。5例术后随访2～8个月,无并发症发生。结论杂交手术早期临床效果明确,是一种微创、安全、有效、经济的治疗方法,患者术后肝肾功能较术前无明显改变,胸液量、ICU使用时间、呼吸机使用时间、术后住院时间与常规冠状动脉旁路移植术相似,中远期效果有待进一步研究。     

Influence of Jejunoileal and Common Limb Length on Weight Loss Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background  Capella surgery is one of the technical variations of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The method includes the preparation of an alimentary (Roux) limb with a standardized length (110 cm) in order to induce deficiencies in the absorption of macronutrients and thereby contribute to weight loss. The recognized variation in jejunoileal length in humans (approximately 4 to 9 m) is not considered, although this range correlates with the wide variation in the length of the common limb. Methods  In order to assess the influence of variations in jejunoileal and common limb lengths on weight loss, intra-operative measurements were made of these segments on 100 patients undergoing Capella surgery. Patients were followed for a period of 1 year. Statistical analysis included subdivisions of the population by gender and body mass index. Results  Average jejunoileal length was 671.4 ± 115.7 cm (434–990 cm). Average common limb length was 505.3 ± 113.3 cm (268–829 cm). No correlation was detected between jejunoileal length and weight loss at 6 months or 1 year following surgery. A weak negative correlation was detected between weight loss and common limb length at 1 year following surgery in male and super-obese patients. Conclusions  Jejunoileal and common limb length vary widely in gastric bypass patients. To make modifications in the alimentary and/or biliopancreatic limb length, surgeons must consider the variability of the jejunoileal and common limb length.     

Current Therapeutic Options in the Management of Superficial Femoral Artery Occlusive Disease

The management of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease remains challenging for vascular surgeons. Despite the advances and dramatic changes we have seen in modern practice with the development and introduction of new endovascular techniques, long-term results with these interventions remain disappointing when compared to the “gold standard” of a vein bypass with a good run-off. Furthermore, there is little Level 1 evidence to guide us with regards to the best treatment strategy. In this article, we review some of the currently available open surgical and endovascular options for the management of superficial femoral artery disease.     

Application of the Five Stages of Grief to Diabetic Limb Loss and Amputation

A potentially underappreciated member of the multidisciplinary approach to diabetic limb salvage is that of psychiatry. Diabetic patients are more likely to experience depression, and diabetic patients with depression are more likely to undergo an amputation. Also, both diabetes and depression independently increase the healthcare costs in the United States. The objective of the present investigation was to increase knowledge among diabetic foot practitioners with respect to psychiatric and other mental health patient-care issues, specifically the potential application of the 5 stages of grief to diabetic limb loss and amputation. We enlisted the assistance of a clinical professor from the psychiatry department at our institution to review the 5 stages of grief, provide context specific for application to diabetic limb loss, and offer clinically relevant guidelines for surgeons to better understand and communicate with their patients at each stage. The 5 stages reviewed were denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. We hope that the present review will increase the body of knowledge with respect to relevant psychiatric issues and the diabetic foot and provide a starting point for increased awareness with respect to this important, yet underappreciated, aspect of patient care.     

Peripheral Angioplasty as the First-choice Revascularization Procedure in Diabetic Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia: Prospective Study of 993 Consecutive Patients Hospitalized and Followed Between 1999 and 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral angioplasty (PTA) as the first-choice revascularisation procedure in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: PTA was employed as first choice revascularisation in a consecutive series of diabetic patients hospitalized for CLI between January 1999 and December 2003. RESULTS: PTA was successful performed in 993 patients. Seventeen (1.7%) major amputations were carried out. One death and 33 non-fatal complications were observed. Mean follow-up was 26+/-15 months. Clinical restenosis was observed in 87 patients. The 5 years primary patency was 88%, 95% CI 86-91%. During follow-up 119 (12.0%) patients died at a rate of 6.7% per year. CONCLUSIONS: PTA as the first choice revascularisation procedure is feasible, safe and effective for limb salvage in a high percentage of diabetic patients. Clinical restenosis was an infrequent event and PTA could successfully be repeated in most cases.     

Assessment of Wound Healing in the Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbit Ear Model

The enhancement of diabetic wound healing represents a major clinical challenge to researchers. The challenge faced is to identify a suitable animal model that best represents the human situation. However, the majority of diabetic wound healing models are in rodents and are hindered by rapid contraction and thus do not reflect epithelial cell migration, as seen in the human wound. The alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit model is a cheap, reproducible model and offers the advantage of providing a noncontractile avascular wound bed. This study aimed to compare the effects of acute hyperglycemia in the alloxan model to normal rabbit controls on wound healing, using methods of stereology. Alloxan was administered 7 days prior to surgery. Four full-thickness punch biopsy wounds were created on each ear (n = 4). Wounds were excised at 7 and 14 days and prepared for stereological analysis from Masson's trichrome-stained histological sections. It was noted that the alloxan-treated animals showed an increase in the number of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts at 14 days. In addition, it was noted that the length density of blood vessels was reduced in the alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits, representing a greater radial diffusion distance between vessels and a less efficient network for nutrient exchange. This is the first study to take a stereological approach to defining the effects of diabetes mellitus on wound healing in a noncontractile model.