The clinical observation of difficult laryngoscopy and difficult intubation in infants with cleft lip and palate

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of difficult laryngoscopy in infants with cleft lip and palate and to observe its relationships with age, sites, and degrees of deformities. METHODS: A total of 985 infants aged 1 month to 3 years, undergoing repair of cleft lip and palate were included in this study. The infants suffering from unilateral cleft lip, simple cleft palate, and combined bilateral cleft lip and palate were 465, 421, and 79 respectively. They were divided into three groups according to age; 1-6 months group, 6-12 months group and 1-3 years group. RESULTS: The total incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was 4.77%. The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was closely related to age, sites and degrees of deformities, and micrognathia. The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was 7.06% in 1-6 months group, 2.90% in 6-12 months group, and 3.13% in 1-3 years group, and was greatest for infants with combined bilateral cleft lip and palate, less for those with left cleft lip and least for those with right cleft lip and simple cleft palate. The incidences of difficult laryngoscopy in infants with and without micrognathia were 50% and 3.83% respectively. The incidences of moderately difficult, difficult, and failed intubations were 1.02%, 0.91%, and 0.102% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with cleft lip and palate, left cleft lip and alveolus, combined bilateral cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, and age <6 months were the important risk factors for difficult laryngoscopy. Difficult intubation occurred mainly in infants with laryngoscopic views of grade III and IV.     

A left paraglossal approach for oral intubation in children scheduled for bilateral orofacial cleft reconstruction surgery – a prospective observational study

Background: Children with orofacial cleft defects are expected to have difficult airways. Conventional midline laryngoscopic approach of oral intubation can lead to iatrogenic tissue trauma. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of left paraglossal laryngoscopy as a primary technique for airway management in these children. Methods: After institutional ethical committee approval and informed consent, we enrolled 21 children with uncorrected bilateral lip and palate deformities (BL CL/P). Anesthesia was induced with halothane (0.5–4%) in 100% oxygen. After obtaining intravenous access, fentanyl 1.5 μg·kg^?1 and atracurium 0.5 mg·kg^?1 were administered. Endotracheal intubation was performed with Miller’s straight blade laryngoscope, introduced using left paraglossal approach. Difficulty of intubation was scored according to modified Intubation Difficulty Scale. Results: Data consists of 21 children (15 males and six females), mean age 1.31 ± 1.18 years and weight 9.27 ± 2.57 kg. Laryngoscopic view obtained was CL II (7[33.3%]) and CL I (14[66.6%]) respectively ( Figure 1 ). All the children could be easily intubated using left paraglossal approach, only 2/3 of them needed optimal external laryngeal manipulation to help achieving it. Though intubation could be done in the first attempt in 19 children, two infants (9½ and 11 months) required one size smaller endotracheal tube and were intubated in the second attempt using left paraglossal approach. Perioperative course was uneventful in all the children.

Figure 1 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint Distribution of Intubation Difficulty scale (IDS) Score in BL CL/P patients. n (%) IDS: 0 (intubation without difficulty), IDS: 1 (slight difficulty; OELM applied/additional intubation attempt), IDS: >5 (Moderate to Major difficulty), IDS: = α (Impossible intubation).     

Sizes and depths of endotracheal tubes for cleft lip and palate children undergoing primary cheiloplasty and palatoplasty

Background:  Appropriate sizes (internal diameters) and insertion depths of uncuffed preformed endotracheal tubes in children with cleft lip and palate, who generally have delayed growth and development in early infancy have not been elucidated.
Methods:  The sizes and insertion depths of endotracheal tubes in patients who received primary cheiloplasty and/or palatoplasty in relation to age, height, and weight were retrospectively analyzed. Tube sizes were determined using an appropriate air leakage at an airway pressure of 15–20 cmH₂O. Tube insertion depths were confirmed by auscultation of bilateral breathing sounds at several tube depths, placing the tip 1.5 cm above the carina. Obtained data sets were compared with previously published studies.
Results:  The number of cases analyzed was 236 in total. The mean age, height, and weight were 327.4 ± 199.2 days, 69.7 ± 7.5 cm, and 8.2 ± 1.8 kg, respectively (mean ±  sd ). Neither the tube size nor tube depth in cleft lip and palate children was smaller or shorter than those of normal subjects. Discrepancies between the preformed bend and the tube insertion depth increased as the tube size increased.
Conclusions:  The current findings suggest that it is reasonable to apply the currently available standards for normal children, e.g. Motoyama's general guide, to predict the tube size and insertion depth for Japanese cleft lip and palate children, and that the use of the uncuffed preformed endotracheal tube is associated with a risk of endobronchial intubation, which appears to increase with age.     

米库氯铵与顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵在婴幼儿唇腭裂手术中的应用比较

目的观察和比较米库氯铵和顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵用于婴幼儿唇腭裂手术中的肌松效应和安全性。方法 2012年9月至2013年9月择期行唇腭裂手术治疗的患儿60例,年龄6个月至3岁,随机分为两组,每组30例。两组均给予咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg、丙泊酚2mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg及米库氯铵0.2mg/kg(M组)或顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg(C组)行麻醉诱导后气管插管。采用TOF-Guard加速度肌松监测仪连续监测尺神经四个成串刺激(TOF)。观察并记录肌松起效时间、临床作用时间和恢复指数,进行插管评级并观察不良反应情况。结果两组的插管条件评级差异无统计学意义。M组肌松起效时间、肌松临床作用时间以及恢复指数明显短于C组(P0.05);M组不良反应发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论米库氯铵用于婴幼儿唇腭裂手术时起效快、肌松效应时间短,恢复较快。     

Cephalometric pharyngeal changes after Le Fort I osteotomy in different types of clefts

Fifty patients with clefts (30 unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 9 bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), and 11 cleft palate only (CP), mean age 25 years) treated with Le Fort I osteotomy were compared retrospectively from cephalograms taken shortly before operation, and at six months and one year postoperatively. Patients with bimaxillary surgery or previous velopharyngoplasty, or both, were excluded. Maxillary advancement was moderate in all groups. One year postoperatively there was a significant change (73%–90% of the surgical advancement) in the sagittal depth of the nasopharyngeal airway but not in the depth of the oropharyngeal airway, the length of the soft palate or the position of the hyoid bone. The nasopharyngeal airway was largest in the CP group both preoperatively and postoperatively. Eleven patients (7 CP, 4 UCLP) had a velopharyngoplasty after the osteotomy to improve their speech. There was no difference in the nasopharyngeal airway in the patients treated by velopharyngoplasty compared with those not so treated, but they seemed to have the shortest maxillas and the greatest surgical changes vertically.     

用医学美学的理念指导唇腭裂患儿的临床护理

目的:总结以医学美学的理念指导先天性唇腭裂患儿临床护理的经验。方法:本组患儿309例,男169例,女140例;年龄:1月~18岁,体重1.5~66Kg;单纯唇裂79例,唇裂伴腭裂181例,单纯腭裂49例。所有患者均行手术整复。主要的护理内容有:从医学美学的角度进行唇腭裂相关知识的宣教;帮助患儿及父母的心理达到平衡状态;以医学美学的理念指导常规护理操作和舒适护理;美化病房环境;出院的美学指导。结果:309例唇腭裂患儿的护理均取得了较满意的效果,唇裂患儿术后容貌明显美观;仅8例腭裂患儿发生腭瘘或复裂,其余患儿创口愈合良好,悬雍垂成形,语音明显改善。结论:以医学美学的理念指导临床护理,有助于提高唇腭裂患儿的医护质量和患者满意度,并有利于提高护理人员的美学修养。     

先天性唇腭裂患儿的围手术期护理

目的：先天性唇腭裂是口腔颌面部最常见的先天畸形,探讨如何加强对唇腭裂患儿的围手术期护理,以达到最理想的手术及术后康复效果。方法：统计我科2009年1月1日～2010年12月31日收治的120例唇腭裂患儿,总结围手术期护理经验。结果：所有患儿经过精心的护理、心理和康复治疗,均获得良好的治疗效果。结论：良好的围手术期护理以及心理护理是唇腭裂患儿手术成功及术后康复的重要保障。     

右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉的临床观察

目的 探讨右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉中的临床效果,为小儿唇腭裂手术麻醉安全用药提供依据.方法 先天性唇腭裂修复术患儿40例,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组).两组患儿均采用紧闭面罩8％七氟烷吸入麻醉诱导,D组同时静脉泵注右美托咪定1 μg/kg,C组给予同等容量生理盐水,均于10 min给完.两组患儿均采用气管插管静吸复合全身麻醉方法,术中维持C组采用异丙酚-七氟烷复合麻醉;D组采用右美托咪定-异丙酚-七氟烷复合麻醉,观察并记录不同时点患儿心率、平均动脉压、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压并进行躁动评分,记录两组呼吸抑制及躁动发生率.结果 两组患儿的手术时间、麻醉时间及苏醒时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D组患儿在气管插管即刻(T2)、术中20 min(T3)、术毕(T4)及拔管(T5)时平均动脉压和心率均明显低于C组(P＜0.05).D组躁动发生率为11.1％,明显低于C组36.4％(P＜0.05).D组无一例发生呼吸抑制.结论 右美托咪定用于小儿唇腭裂修复术安全有效,术中血流动力学平稳,术后恢复期安静、舒适,能够减少围术期并发症的发生.     

唇腭裂患儿母亲心理状况对照研究110例

目的：为进一步了解和分析唇腭裂患儿母亲的心理健康状况,为对其进行心理支持和治疗提供依据。方法：采用生活事件量表（LES）、特质焦虑量表（T-AI）、特质应对方式问卷（NC）和C型行为量表（CB）对唇腭裂患儿110例母亲及正常儿童的80例母亲的心理状态进行定性和定量分析。结果：综合测评结果显示,研究组与对照组相比,LES负性事件紧张总值、CB的焦虑、抑郁因子均高于正常对照组,且差异性具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;而LES正性事件紧张总值、T-AI和CB的理智、乐观和社会支持因子得分均显低于对照组,且具有显著统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论：唇腭裂患儿母亲心理焦虑较严重,但并非单一由唇腭裂患儿出现的事件而导致;唇腭裂患儿母亲社会支持较低,应注重加强社会、家庭支持对患儿母亲的心理护理,从而提高其应激能力,这对患儿的治疗和康复有着重要意义。     

Plastic and reconstructive surgery in Uganda – 10 years experience

We describe our experience of working in plastic and reconstructive surgery in Uganda over the last 10 years. There is a high burden of disease, a health system that is under resourced, and few qualified physicians to provide healthcare for a principally rural population. Training the physicians of the future is essential. Prevention and early wound management needs to be emphasized for traumatic injuries including burns. Subsidized up-country visits by trained specialists with the appropriate equipment are required to provide a service for the rural poor. There appears to be a high mortality rate in babies with unrepaired cleft palate, probably due to feeding difficulties in an environment where intercurrent illness is common. We now offer nutritional support with early combined cleft lip and palate repair in these babies, a practice that has a high success rate and may be suited to other specialist units in the developing world.     

Anesthesia for cleft lip surgery in a child with Seckel syndrome--a case report

We describe the anesthetic management of a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with Seckel syndrome, for cleft lip surgery. The syndrome is characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with proportional dwarfism, typical beak-like triangular nose, and mental retardation, accounting for its various synonyms such as bird-headed dwarfism, microcephalic primordial dwarfism, nanocephalic dwarfism and Seckel-type dwarfism.     

帝视内镜和纤维支气管镜用于口腔颌面骨折手术患者经鼻气管插管的比较

目的评估和比较帝视内镜(Disposcope,DS)和纤维支气管镜(FOB)用于口腔颌面骨折手术患者经鼻气管插管的临床效果。方法选择择期行口腔颌面骨折手术患者60例,男32例,女28例,年龄18~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。患者随机分为DS组和FOB组,每组30例。两组均采取经鼻气管插管,DS组采用DS引导插管,FOB组采用FOB引导插管。记录插管时间、首次插管成功率、插管总成功率。记录术后24h患者声音嘶哑、咽痛、黏膜损伤、牙齿松动等不良反应发生情况。结果 DS组插管时间明显短于FOB组(P0.05)。两组首次插管成功率和插管总成功率差异无统计学意义。两组术后24h声音嘶哑、咽痛、黏膜损伤、牙齿松动发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论DS或FOB均有助于口腔颌面骨折手术患者经鼻气管插管,两者插管成功率和插管相关并发症相似,但使用DS插管时间较FOB缩短,且操作和维护方便,可在基层医院推广应用。     

正畸-正颌联合防治唇腭裂术后牙颌面畸形

目的：探索唇腭裂患术后牙颌面畸形正畸-正颌外科的防治方法。方法：56例唇腭裂伴牙颌面畸形患者,男性30例,女性26例,年龄8～38岁。其中25例患者为替牙列期或恒牙列初期,31例为恒牙列期。所有患者均进行正畸治疗,替牙列或恒牙列初期采用唇挡或颅颌面架干预性诱导上颌骨前后位的发育,上牙弓扩弓器扩大上颌骨左右位的发育并行牙槽裂植骨术;恒牙列期患者在完成排挤牙列、矫正错位牙、去代偿、关闭间隙等正畸治疗,手术方法如下：①伴牙槽裂的患者前期行髂骨取骨植骨术;②上颌Le Fort I型截骨前徙术;③上颌多片段Le Fort I型截骨术;④上颌Le Fort I型截骨术＋双侧下颌升支矢状劈开术（BSSRO）;⑤BSSRO＋颏成形术。所有病例骨间均用钛板钛钉坚强内固定,并辅以2～3周颌间牵引固定。术后应配合正畸治疗并定期随访12～49月。结果：青少年患者经唇挡、腭弓扩大矫正器和上颌前牵引面架干预性诱导上颌骨发育,伴牙槽裂患者行牙槽裂植骨术,其颜面形态及牙牙A关系明显改善;成人患者经正畸-正颌-正畸治疗模式后,面部比例协调,咬合关系及面型均较满意。结论：正畸-正颌外科联合防治唇腭裂术后牙颌面畸形的疗效确切;应以患者牙袷关系的具体情况、要求等因素,采用个体化的综合治疗方案宜于推崇。     

Study of changes in nasal morphology in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate after secondary bone grafting measured with image analysis

We aimed to evaluate retrospectively changes in the nasal appearance after secondary bone grafting in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate in 41 consecutive patients. Basal view photographs were analysed by a software program (ASYMNOS, for asymmetry of nostrils, available on simple request) that computes comparative functions between both nostrils and gives an objective score. These data were compared with those of a control group. The measurements and scores were calculated for each group, and then the global objective scores were correlated with the subjective scores that resulted from an independent external panel that ranked the aesthetic aspects of the nostrils. There was a significant improvement in the nasal symmetry postoperatively that resulted from a decrease in height between the nostrils, and a positive correlation between the objective and subjective scores.     

氟比洛芬脂在小儿唇腭裂修复术后镇痛中的运用

目的：将氟比洛芬脂（凯芬）用于小儿唇腭裂修复术后镇痛,观察其效果及安全性。方法：40例唇腭裂患儿随机分两组：实验组（S组）和对照组（D组）,手术结束前10min S组静注氟比洛芬脂（1mg/kg）,D组静注0.9%生理盐水（0.1ml/kg）。记录各组患儿术毕后的CRIES评分。结果：术后8h内实验组（S组）CRIES评分明显低于对照组（D组）,两组间自主呼吸恢复,意识恢复和拔管时间比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。均未见明显的不良反应。结论：氟比洛芬脂具有提高小儿围手术期安全性和舒适度,为小儿镇痛提供了新的选择。     

von Langenbeck procedures at 8 months or Wardill at 18 months for primary repair of cleft palate in adult Swedish patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: A study of facial growth

The purpose of this study was to compare facial growth in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in whom the palate was repaired with the von Langenbeck procedure at 8 months (L-8), or the Wardill procedure at 18 months (W-18). A total of 151 unaffected subjects were used as a reference series. Sixty-one adult patients, 34 in the L-8 group and 27 in the W-18 group, were investigated clinically and with lateral skull radiography and also filled out a questionnaire about their dental condition. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the effects of the surgical strategy, sex, and the presence of a velopharyngeal flap on several dependent variables indicating sagittal jaw relations, vertical jaw relations, and inclination of incisors. The UCLP group was characterised by a short (n-sp) and retrusive maxilla (s-n-ss) and a retrusive mandible for women (s-n-sm), larger maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), more retroclined lower incisors (IL_I/ML), shorter upper facial heights (n-sp) and normal total face height (n-gn) than the reference group. In the UCLP group there were significant differences between men and women in mandibular prognathism (s-n-sm), maxillary/mandibular relations (ss-n-sm), maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), total anterior facial height (n-gn), and upper anterior facial height (n-sp). Lateral crossbite was found in 20% of the UCLP group. The prevalence was similar in the L-8 and W-18 groups. Almost 80% of the patients in the UCLP group considered that their dental condition was good. The choice of surgical strategy had no significant influence on the variables measured on facial morphology.     

Perioperative management of children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction surgery: a practice survey

Objective/Aims: To assess current practices in the management of children undergoing craniofacial surgery and identify areas of significant practice variability with the intent to direct future research. Background: The perioperative management of infants and children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction surgery can be challenging because of the routine occurrence of significant blood loss with associated morbidity. A variety of techniques have been described to improve the care for these children. It is presently unknown to what extent these practices are currently employed. Methods: A web‐based survey was sent to representatives from 102 institutions. One individual per institution was surveyed to prevent larger institutions from being over‐represented in the results. Results: Requests to complete the survey were sent to 102 institutions; 48 surveys were completed. The survey was composed of two parts: management of infants undergoing strip craniectomies, and management of children undergoing major craniofacial reconstruction. Conclusions: Significant variability exists in the management of children undergoing these procedures; further study is required to determine the optimal management strategies. Clinical trials assessing the utility of central venous pressure and other hemodynamic monitoring modalities would enable evidence‐based decision‐making for monitoring in these children. The development of institutional transfusion thresholds should be encouraged, as there exists a body of evidence supporting their efficacy and safety.     

干细胞在唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂中应用的研究进展

干细胞具有自我更新能力及多向分化潜能,已被广泛应用于多个领域。相对于唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂的常规手术治疗方法,干细胞具有来源广泛、取材方便、免疫原性低等优点,整形外科医生已逐渐关注唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂干细胞治疗的研究。该文对胚胎干细胞、人间充质干细胞、颌面部来源干细胞在唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂中应用的研究进展进行了综述。