不同程度的骨质疏松与腰椎退行性变的临床分析

目的 探讨腰椎各期退行性变与不同程度骨质疏松的.收集本院122例腰椎不同时期退行性变的病例，将其CT、MRI和X线平片进行临床分析。结果 122例腰椎退变与骨质疏松程度的构成比中，除椎间盘膨出病例外，其余椎间盘突出，椎间盘脱出及椎管狭窄的构成比随骨质疏松程度加重而高。结论 骨质疏松严重程度与脊椎退行性病变临床表现密切相关，提示临床上治疗腰椎退行变的同时，应积极治疗骨质疏松，才能有效的提高临床疗效。     

Outcome of percutaneous rupture of lumbar synovial cysts: a case series of 101 patients

Background contextLumbar facet joint synovial cysts are benign degenerative abnormalities of the lumbar spine. Previous reports have supported operative and nonoperative management. Facet joint steroid injection with cyst rupture is occasionally performed, but there has been no systematic evaluation of this treatment option.PurposeTo profile the role of facet joint steroid injections with cyst rupture in the treatment of lumbar facet joint synovial cysts.Study design/settingRetrospective chart review and long-term follow-up of patients treated for lumbar facet joint synovial cysts.Patient sampleOne hundred one patients treated for lumbar facet joint synovial cysts with fluoroscopically guided corticosteroid facet joint injection and attempted cyst rupture.Outcome measuresOswestry Disability Index and numeric rating scale score for back and leg pain.MethodsA retrospective review and a subsequent interview were conducted to collect pretreatment and posttreatment pain and disability scores along with details of subsequent treatment interventions. Group differences in pain and disability scores were assessed using paired t test. Multiple clinical factors were analyzed in terms of risk for surgical intervention using logistic regression modeling and Cox proportional hazards modeling.ResultsSuccessful cyst rupture was confirmed fluoroscopically in 81% of cases. Fifty-five patients (54%) required subsequent surgery over a period averaging 8.4 months because of inadequate symptom relief. All patients reported significant improvement in back pain, leg pain, and disability at 3.2 years postinjection, regardless of their subsequent treatment course (p<.0001 in all groups). There was no significant difference in current pain between patients who received injections only and those who underwent subsequent surgery.ConclusionsThis study presents the largest clinical series of nonsurgical treatment for lumbar facet joint synovial cysts. Lumbar facet joint steroid injection with attempted cyst rupture is correlated with avoiding subsequent surgery in half of treated patients. Successful cyst rupture does not appear to have added benefit, and it was associated with worse disability 3 years postinjection. Long-term outcomes are similar, regardless of subsequent surgery.     

退变性腰椎侧凸两侧椎间高度及关节突矢状角参数特点及其对侧凸的影响

目的:分析退变性腰椎侧凸骨性结构参数的特点及其与椎间盘-终板退变的相关性,探讨骨性结构参数对腰椎侧凸发生、发展的影响及意义。方法:选取120例原发性退变性腰椎侧凸患者的影像学资料作为病例组,同时期、同年龄段及同性别比例诊断为腰椎退变性疾病(除外腰椎侧凸)的89例患者的影像学资料作为对照组。分别测量两组患者椎体和椎间两侧高度及两侧关节突矢状角,计算椎体和两侧椎间平均高度及两侧关节突平均矢状角作为骨性结构参数。测量病例组患者的腰椎侧凸角及前凸角。采用pffirman及Modic分级评分法对各个椎间盘及邻近终板退变程度进行量化。比较两组的骨性结构参数,分析骨性结构参数与椎间盘-终板退变、腰椎侧凸角及前凸角的关系。结果:病例组凸凹侧骨性结构参数有显著性差异(P<0.05),呈不对称分布;对照组两侧骨性结构参数无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组间椎间盘-终板退变评分有显著性差异(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,骨性结构参数不对称度与椎间盘-终板退变评分有相关性(P<0.05),与腰椎侧凸角呈正相关(0相似文献   

Combination of lumbar kyphosis, epidural lipomatosis, and perineural cyst as a cause of neurological deficit: a case report

 We describe the rare simultaneous occurrence of epidural lipomatosis and a perineural cyst at the same level, lumbar kyphosis, osteoporotic vertebral fractures, and neurological deficits. A 75-year-old corticosteroid-dependent female farmer presented with severe low back pain, progressive lumbar kyphosis, and inability to stand because of numbness and muscle weakness of both legs. Plain radiographs displayed markedly decreased bone density, significant lumbar kyphosis, and vertebral compression fractures of L2, L3, and L4. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed a perineural cyst at the L2–3 level, extensive epidural lipomatosis, and spinal canal stenosis. Laminectomy from L3 to L5 with resection of epidural fatty tissue restored her walking ability. We postulate that the osteoporotic fractures and epidural lipomatosis were induced by corticosteroid therapy. Preexisting degenerative lumbar kyphosis of the type commonly seen in elderly farmers could have promoted osteoporotic lumbar vertebral fractures at points where bending stress had been strongly exerted. The combination of a perineural cyst and epidural lipomatosis at the same level has not been reported previously. Received: April 26, 2002 / Accepted: July 25, 2002 Offprint requests to: N. Miyakoshi     

Retrolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation: a preoperative assessment of patient function.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Retrolisthesis is relatively rare but when present has been associated with increased back pain and impaired back function. Neither the prevalence of this condition in individuals with lumbar disc herniations nor its possible relation to preoperative back pain and dysfunction has been well studied. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the prevalence of retrolisthesis (alone or in combination with other degenerative conditions) in individuals with confirmed L5-S1 disc herniation who later underwent lumbar discectomy; (2) to determine if there is any association between retrolisthesis and degenerative changes within the same vertebral motion segment; and (3) to determine the relation between retrolisthesis (alone or in combination with other degenerative conditions) and preoperative low back pain, physical function, and quality of life. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 125 individuals were identified for incorporation into this study. All patients had confirmed L5-S1 disc herniation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and later underwent L5-S1 discectomy. All patients were enrolled in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) study; data were obtained from the multi-institutional database comprised of SPORT patients from across the United States. OUTCOME MEASURES: Retrolisthesis, degenerative change on MRI, and Modic changes. METHODS: MRI scans of the lumbar spine were assessed at spinal level L5-S1 for all 125 patients. Retrolisthesis was defined as posterior subluxation of 8% or more. Disc degeneration was defined as any loss of disc signal on T2 imaging. Modic changes were graded 1 to 3 and collectively classified as vertebral endplate degenerative changes. The presence of facet arthropathy and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy was classified jointly as posterior degenerative changes. RESULTS: The overall incidence of retrolisthesis at L5-S1 in our study was 23.2%. Retrolisthesis combined with posterior degenerative changes, degenerative disc disease, or vertebral endplate changes had incidences of 4.8%, 16%, and 4.8% respectively. The prevalence of retrolisthesis did not vary by sex, age, race, smoking status, or education level when compared with individuals with normal sagittal alignment. However, individuals with retrolisthesis were more likely to be receiving workers' compensation than those without retrolisthesis. Increased age was found to be associated with individuals having vertebral endplate degenerative changes (both alone and in conjunction with retrolisthesis) and degenerative disc disease. Individuals who had retrolisthesis with concomitant vertebral endplate degenerative changes were more often smokers and had no insurance. The presence of retrolisthesis was not associated with an increased incidence of having degenerative disc disease, posterior degenerative changes, or vertebral endplate changes. No statistical significance was found between the presence of retrolisthesis on the degree of patient preoperative low back pain and physical function. Patients with degenerative disc disease were found to have increased leg pain compared with those patients without degenerative disc changes. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant relationship between retrolisthesis in patients with L5-S1 disc herniation and worse baseline pain or function. It is possible that the contribution of pain or dysfunction related to retrolisthesis was far overshadowed by the presence of symptoms caused by the concomitant disc herniation. It remains to be seen whether retrolisthesis will affect outcome after discectomy in these patients.     

后路减压联合经腰椎间孔椎体间融合术60例临床分析

目的探讨后路减压联合经椎间孔腰椎体间融合术（TLIF）治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效。方法采用椎管扩大减压后行TLIF手术,使用单枚融合器加椎弓根钉治疗腰椎退行性疾病60例。结果 60例均获随访,时间8～30个月。无椎弓根钉失败及Cage前、后侧移位。3例术后出现无症状侧下肢麻木、酸痛感,于1～3个月症状消除。疗效：优38例,良19例,可3例,优良率为95%。结论采用单枚融合器及扩大减压可增加TLIF手术适应证且临床疗效满意,但术中应注意无症状侧的选择性减压及融合器型号的选择。     

Ochronosis and lumbar disc herniation

Summary Alkaptonuria is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which the homogentisic acid oxidase activity is absent. Its incidence is as low as 0.001%. Ochronosis is the pigmentation of connective tissues and this pigmentation leads to degenerative changes in alkaptonuric patients. Alkaptonuria most prominently involves the lumbar region, but lumbar disc herniation as the presenting feature of alkaptonuria is not common. Only a few patients required surgical intervention. Herewith we report an alkaptonuric patient, who was operated on for lumbar disc herniation. His discectomy material was black and the metabolic disorder was diagnosed retrospectively. This metabolic disease is often recognized on physical re-examination after the black disc material was seen during the operation. Therefore urinalysis for homogentisic acid should be performed in all patients with degenerative changes of the vertebral column. The results of disc surgery in this patient group is successful.     

改良选择性神经根阻滞术在多节段退行性腰椎疾病诊断中的应用

【摘要】 目的 探讨改良选择性神经根阻滞术在多节段退行性腰椎疾病诊断中的应用及临床价值。方法〓回顾分析本院从2010年11月~2014年2月收治的术前不能准确定位的多节段退行性腰椎疾病患者71例,行改良选择性神经根阻滞术后明确责任间隙及责任神经根之后行相应处理。随访并比较患者术前及术后7天,3个月,6个月及末次随访时日本骨科学会(JOA)及疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分,并依据改良的MacNab 标准对治疗效果进行评价。结果〓术后所有病例均获得随访,随访时间为6~36个月,平均19.1个月。术后不同时间段的VAS评分及JOA评分均较术前有明显改善,按照改良的MacNab标准评定:本组71患者中,优53例、良13例、差3例,无效2例。优良率为92.9%。结论〓改良方法操作对术前不能准确定位的多节段退行性腰椎疾病,具有诊断率高、敏感性高、特异性强的特点,是影像学检查的有益补充,对下一步治疗方案的制定具有很好的指导意义。     

Dynesys内固定系统治疗单节段与双节段腰椎退变性疾病的短期疗效对比

目的 比较单节段与双节段Dynesys系统内固定治疗腰椎退变性疾病的短期临床疗效.方法 2008-10-2011-08,我院采用Dynesys内固定系统治疗37例腰椎退变性疾病患者,其中单节段固定29例,双节段固定共8例(皆为L4-5及L5-S1两节段),对29例单节段固定患者中的16例进行随访(其中L4-5及L5-S1各8例),双节段固定患者均获得随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均12.3个月.疗效评价指标包括VAS、ODI、椎间隙高度及椎间活动度(ROM).结果 24例患者均获得随访,单节段与双节段相比,术后及各个随访时间段VAS及ODI差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但均较术前明显改善(P＜0.05);术后1周及术后3个月椎间隙高度与椎间活动度相比无明显差异(P＞0.05);术后6个月及末次随访双节段与单节段相比,椎间隙高度减小(P＜0.05),椎间活动度增大(P＜0.05).结论 Dynesys对于治疗腰椎退变性疾病的短期临床疗效是肯定的,双节段固定和单节段Dynesys系统固定短期临床疗效无明显差异,但是双节段Dynesys固定效果可能较单节段固定差.     

Epidural infusion pressure in degenerative spinal disease before and after epidural steroid therapy.

The analgesic mechanism of epidural steroids in reducing pain associated with degenerative spinal disease (DSD) is poorly understood. We report increased inline epidural infusion pressure in patients with DSD and assess whether this phenomenon is affected by administration of an epidural steroid injection. We collected data during epidural placement for routine surgery or epidural steroid therapy. Using a 17-gauge Tuohy needle, with patients in the right lateral decubitus position, loss of resistance to 2 mL of saline identified the epidural space. Two minutes later the needle was attached to saline-filled tubing connected to a pressure transducer (Baxter PX 260 pressure monitoring kit with Truwave TM disposable pressure transducer). In the first part of the study, 4 successive boluses of 3 mL of local anesthetic were administered at a rate of 6 mL/min to 15 patients (age 47 +/- 6 yrs) with radicular back pain and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) evidence of DSD, and to 8 control patients with no history of back pain (age 44 +/- 5 yr) while inline epidural infusion pressure was measured. In the second part of the study 44 patients with low back pain and MRI or CT evidence of DSD presenting to the pain clinic were infused with 8 mL of 0.125% bupivacaine and 40 mg of methylprednisolone (20 mg/mL) at a rate of 6 mL/min while inline epidural infusion pressure was measure and recorded. This was repeated 3 wk later. Initially, DSD patients had significantly increased infusion pressures over normals, which most likely reflects outflow resistance or obstruction. A significant decrease in inline epidural infusion pressure was observed after epidural steroid treatment. This change in pressure may indicate efficacy from epidural steroid injection. IMPLICATIONS: During injection into the epidural space we observed increased resistance in patients with degenerative spinal disease. This resistance was significantly less when measured 3 wk after an epidural steroid injection. This change in pressure may indicate efficacy from epidural steroid injection.     

Spinal canal enlargement procedure by restorative laminoplasty for the treatment of lumbar canal stenosis.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Multilevel fenestration or laminectomy is generally performed to treat the patient with lumbar canal stenosis (LCS). However, in patients requiring laminectomy, little attention has been paid to the later development of lumbar pain possibly caused by a removal of the posterior elements of the spine. In general, spinal instrumentation and fusion has been generally performed when laminectomy might cause severe postoperative spinal instability. Surgical methods where osteotomized vertebral arches are repositioned rather than removed have long been performed. However, they have never become widespread, possibly because of the complicated surgical procedures and poor postoperative arch stability, which leads to a long period of postoperative immobilization. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present report was to introduce our surgical procedures of spinal canal enlargement using restorative laminoplasty and to report the results. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: This retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical results in 33 patients with lumbar canal stenosis who had been treated by our surgical procedures of spinal canal enlargement using restorative laminoplasty. PATIENT SAMPLE: Subjects were 33 patients followed for at least 2 years after surgery. Meyerding Grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis was found in 10 patients, and degenerative scoliosis of more than 5 degrees was seen in 20 patients. Nine patients demonstrated both degenerative spondylolisthesis and degenerative scoliosis. OUTCOME MEASURES: Using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring system, lumbago, sciatica, leg numbness, muscle strength and gait were quantified before surgery, 1 year after surgery and at final examination (at least 2 years after surgery) to calculate improvement rates. Furthermore, correlations to age, gender, disease duration, degenerative spondylolisthesis and degenerative scoliosis were statistically analyzed. METHODS: Our surgical procedures of spinal canal enlargement using restorative laminoplasty were performed for all patients. In our procedures, posterior elements were reapplied with an absorbable fixation (poli-L-lactic acid pins). No other fusion procedure was performed jointly. RESULTS: The mean number of restored vertebral arches was 2.2, and mean surgery time was 131 minutes. Mean volume bleeding during surgery was 328.0 ml. In all patients, successful bone healing was obtained at a mean of 5 months after surgery. Mean improvement rate for the total JOA score was 80.6%. Mean improvement rates for lumbago and sciatica were 70.0% and 87.7%, respectively. Mean improvement rate for leg numbness was 50.8%. Mean improvement rates for leg muscle strength and intermittent claudication were 70.0% and 98.9%, respectively. No significant correlation was found between gender and overall improvement rate, between age and overall improvement rate, between age and leg numbness or between number of restored vertebral arches and overall improvement rate. The tendency was that the longer the disease duration, the lower the overall improvement rate, and the more severe the residual numbness. No significant correlation was found between disease duration and muscle strength or lumbago.A significant correlation was not found between the presence of preoperative Grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis and overall improvement rate or lumbago. However, a significant difference in severity of lumbago existed between patients with degenerative scoliosis of 9 degrees and below and those with degenerative scoliosis of 10 degrees and above. CONCLUSIONS: Our surgical procedures of spinal canal enlargement using restorative laminoplasty produce complete decompression and anatomical reconstruction of the posterior elements, ligaments and muscles. Improvement in complaints of lumbago may be a consequence of the anatomical reconstruction of the posterior spinal elements. Overall, favorable results were obtained. The best results were obtained if surgery is performed within 2 years of the onset of LCS.     

Vertebral osteolysis after posterior interbody lumbar fusion with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2: a report of five cases.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rh-BMP-2) is frequently used in an off-label fashion. Its application for posterior interbody fusion appears intuitive because its use obviates the need for iliac crest bone graft and shows higher fusion rates than with the use of local autologous bone graft. To date, there is no report of adverse outcomes with such use of rh-BMP-2. PURPOSE: To draw attention to this unusual complication of posterior interbody lumbar fusion and to review the relevant literature. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical report of five cases of vertebral osteolysis that developed postoperatively from lumbar transforaminal interbody fusion of the L5/S1 motion segment using cages and rh-BMP-2. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients underwent transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for spondylolisthesis or degenerative disc disease with discogenic back pain. Five of these 68 patients developed vertebral osteolysis within 4 months from their surgery. Their clinical presentation and radiographic findings are presented in this case series. RESULTS: Each one of these five patients had uneventful surgery and postoperative recovery. Their back and leg pain improved in the immediate postoperative period. However, each patient reported worsening back pain with variable radicular pain as early as 4 weeks and as late as 3 months after the index procedure. Diagnostic workup revealed evidence of vertebral osteolysis typically involving the L5 vertebral body. In all five patients, osteolytic defects filled in spontaneously, and symptoms typically resolved within an additional 3 months of nonoperative care. CONCLUSIONS: Vertebral osteolysis can occur with the use of rh-BMP-2 in posterior lumbar interbody fusions. Violation of the end plate during decortication may be a contributing factor. Symptoms often resolve spontaneously.     

不同程度退变的软骨终板的影像学变化及其临床意义

目的：从影像学角度研究腰椎间盘不同程度退变时终板在矢状面和横断面的形态变化规律，探讨其临床意义。方法：本研究选取58例L4．5椎间盘呈退行性改变的影像学资料（MRI、CT）进行研究（其中椎间盘突出者34例），分别将其矢状位MRI T2WI成像采用MRI机内Mean／Curve测量软件测量L4．5运动节段退变的椎间盘与相应节段脑脊液平均信号强度比值，判断椎间盘退变程度进行分组。分为3组：轻度退变组17例，中度退变组17例，重度退变组24例。同时采用正中矢状位MRI T2WI成像分别测量相应椎间（L4．5）终板于矢状面上的凹陷角。另外借助L4．5椎间CT平扫成像测量其相邻终板的最大前后径和横径，计算终板的相对曲率，分析椎间盘在不同退变程度下椎体终板凹陷角及其相对曲率的变化规律，并探讨椎体终板的凹陷角与其相对曲率的相关性。结果：①椎体终板（L4下终板，L5上终板）凹陷角均随着相应椎间盘退变程度加重而增大，重度退变组与中度、轻度退变组（L4下终板、L5上终板）凹陷角差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。②重度退变组与轻度退变组（L4下终板、L5上终板）相对曲率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），中度退变组与轻度退变组（L4下终板、L5上终板）相对曲率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），中度退变组与重度退变组（L4下终板、k上终板）相对曲率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。⑧终板凹陷角与其相对曲率呈正相关关系（r：0．786，0．490）。结论：椎体终板的凹陷角与相对曲率随着椎间盘退变程度加重而发生相应变化，这种变化是腰椎间盘退变突出、椎间盘源性下腰痛的重要因素，且椎体终板的凹陷角与其相对曲率存在着相关关系，故可以通过凹陷角的变化判断其相对曲率的改变，评估椎间盘突出的概率。     

IsoC-3D计算机导航结合Mast Quadrant通道管微创治疗腰椎退行性疾病

目的:探讨IsoC-3D计算机导航下结合MastQuadrant通道管微创减压、椎间融合、经皮椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎退行性病的疗效。方法:2009年1月至2010年2月,采用IsoC-3D计算机导航下经皮椎弓根内内固定结合MastQuadrant通道管下椎管减压、椎间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病患者21例,男12例,女9例;年龄36～72岁,平均50.2岁。临床疗效采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestrydisabilityindex,ODI)评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visualana-logscale,VAS)及患者满意度进行评定。结果:18例(85.7%)患者得到随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均10个月。无手术相关的并发症。ODI评分术前(49.6±12.2)分,末次随访时为(17.2±9.2)分,与术前比较明显下降(P<0.01)。腿痛VAS评分术前(75.2±10.0)分,末次随访时下降至(12.2±11.8)分(P<0.01)。腰痛VAS评分从术前(59.9±17.3)分下降至末次随访时(16.6±11.5)分(P<0.01)。16例患者对手术效果感到满意。结论:作为一种新型微创术式,MastQuadrant通道管在显微镜及目视下进行椎管减压、椎间融合,同时结合三维导航系统技术快速辅助下行经皮椎弓根钉内固定,临床疗效良好,具有组织损伤轻、出血少、住院时间短的优点。     

腰椎间盘退变后椎体的变化及其临床意义

目的研究腰椎退变时椎体的形态和骨密度的变化规律,探讨其临床意义。方法选择对照组患者31例,腰椎退变组患者94例,通过应用计算机处理其X线片和MRI等影像学资料,测定L4,L5椎体的骨密度和测定腰椎椎体的周径和对角径、相对高度,相对矢状径及对角径等,同时观察MRI上椎体骨髓信号的改变。应用SPSS11.5对实验数据进行处理。结果①对照组L4及L5椎体指数在男女间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。提示X线侧位片上男、女L4及L5椎体的形态相似。②L4及L5椎体指数在对照组明显大于退变组,之间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。③L4及L5椎体相对高度在对照组均较退变组高,而椎体的上下矢状径对照组较退变组要小,对角距差别不大;比较具有统计学上的差异显著性(P<0.05)。④椎体骨密度测定结果显示两组间有显著差异性(P<0.05)。结论腰椎间盘退变后,椎体发生改变与否与椎间盘退变的程度成正相关。     

A pure fluid-filled intradural cyst associated with intradural disc herniation and possible pathogenesis: a case report

Background contextLumbar intradural disc herniation (IDH) is rare, and intradural cyst associated with IDH is quite rare. Only seven cases of an intradural cyst associated with lumbar disc herniation have been reported, and all were gas-filled cysts. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of a fluid-filled intradural cyst associated with IDH.PurposeTo report an extremely rare case of a fluid-filled intradural cyst associated with lumbar IDH and suggests the possible pathogenesis.Study designCase report.MethodsAn 82-year-old woman presented with right leg pain and motor weakness. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed calcified lumbar disc herniation and an intradural cystic mass at the L1–L2 level. An MRI, which was performed 2 years before admission, showed an IDH without a cyst at the same level.ResultsSurgical resection of the intradural cyst was performed. Intraoperative finding showed a fluid-filled intradural cyst with 1-cm diameter of displacing nerve rootlets. The cyst was connected with extradural cystic components through a ventral dural hole, but the tract was blocked by fibrous septum. Histopathologic examination showed a pseudocyst that consisted of degenerative cartilaginous and fibrous tissues, including degenerative disc materials. We concluded that the cyst was an intradural cyst transformed from the intradural disc fragment.ConclusionsThe current case is the first report to our knowlege of a fluid-filled intradural cyst associated with IDH. The possible mechanism may be focal degeneration and spontaneous absorption of the intradural disc with fluid production. Unlike the gas-filled intradural cysts, the cause of the pure fluid-filled cyst may be disconnection from the intervertebral vacuum because of a calcified disc and septation of the cyst.     

破碎型腰椎间盘疝出和退变型腰椎间盘突出的X线及MRI表现

目的：探讨破碎型腰椎间盘疝出和退变型腰椎间盘突出的X线及MRI表现。方法：回顾性分析110例腰椎间盘突出症,依术中所见分为两组：破碎型腰椎间盘疝出组和退变型腰椎间盘突出组,比较两者的X线及MRI表现。结果：72例破碎型椎间盘疝出组有48例椎体骨质增生,21例病变节段椎间盘内低信号,5例出现椎间盘上下终板信号异常,35例病变椎间盘上下椎体信号异常。38例退变型腰椎间盘突出组有34例椎体骨质增生,32例病变节段椎间盘内出现低信号,12例病变椎间盘上下终板信号异常,12例病变椎间盘上下椎体信号出现异常。采用两组χ2检验,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：X线及MRI中T2加权像对区分破碎型腰椎间盘疝出和退变型腰椎间盘突出有一定的价值,从而更好指导腰椎间盘突出症的治疗。     

Pathophysiology, neurology and diagnostic radiology of degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine

Degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine have a high medical and socioeconomic impact. The leading symptom is back pain, but there are many reasons for this. The aim of this paper is to describe the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine and their clinical symptoms in relation to the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the spine. Discs, vertebral facet joints, osseous and ligamentous structures as well as the erector trunci muscles are a functional unit. Progressive degenerative changes of the discs induce bone overgrowth and ligamentous thickening, affect the orientation of the vertebral facet joints and change the pressure, tension and shear forces of the spine. The different radiological diagnostic tools are presented and discussed according to the different degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine.     

Intradural cyst with compression of the cauda equina in ankylosing spondylitis

A cauda equina syndrome complicating long-standing ankylosing spondylitis was found to be due to a large multiloculated cyst. This differed from posterior dural diverticula identified in similar cases in that the cyst filled the lumbar canal with erosion of the upper lumbar vertebral bodies and chronic inflammatory changes were evident in the cyst wall. Cauda equina compromise in ankylosing spondylitis has several possible mechanisms including fibrosis following arachnoiditis, root damage by dural diverticula, and direct compression by arachnoid cyst.     

Lumbar intradural hydatid cyst. Case report

Hydatid disease is a serious public health problem in developing countries. Cerebrospinal localizations account for 1% of all cases of hydatid disease. The spino-radicular form is exceptional. We report a case of a 25-year-old women with cauda equina. Thoraco-lumbar MRI has showed an intradural process extending from L3 to L5, a low-intensity signal on T1 weighted images and a high-intensity signal on T2 weighted images, which were not enhanced after gadolinium injection. There was no vertebral involvement. After L3 L4 and L5 laminotomy and opening of the dura-matter, multiple vesicles were found scattered among the roots, with no adhesion to meninges or nervous structures. Total extirpation was easy. The outcome was marked by recovery of the motor deficit and sphincter disorders. This localization is serious but its prognosis is excellent if the diagnosis is made early enough to prevent cyst rupture and to allow total resection.