Ward三角区再研究

目的深入研究Ward三角区骨密度的临床意义。方法采用美国Norland XR-600双能X线骨密度仪,通过测定1189例病人的左股骨近端骨密度,评估计算机自动生成的Ward三角区的特点;通过测定30例志愿者左右股骨近端骨密度,评估不同肢体侧别的骨密度是否存在差异;通过对72例随访病人3~6月内进行左股骨近端骨密度测定,观察Ward三角区骨密度在较短时间内随时间的变化规律及临床特点。结果 1Ward三角区由计算机根据骨密度最低值自动搜索形成,大部分受试者(86.7%)Ward三角区位于股骨颈底边附近,少部分受试者(5.2%)位于股骨颈外,以大粗隆最为常见,与解剖位置不完全对应;2部分受试者(8.7%)Ward三角区骨密度并非股骨上段最低值,最低值出现在大粗隆。3计算机自动生成的Ward三角区小方块前后两次位置无明显变化。4Ward三角区骨密度值的精确度误差(2.27%)大于股骨颈(1.05%)及大粗隆(1.57%)。5正常人双髋骨密度无显著性差异(P=0.32,P0.05)。672例随访患者Ward三角区的骨密度(BMD)变化先于股骨颈及正位腰椎出现。结论髋关节采用标准体位摆放,Ward三角区位置较为固定,可用于临床随访。     

探讨体重指数对绝经后老年妇女不同部位骨密度的影响

目的分析不同体重指数患者的腰椎和股骨近端、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度及T值评分,探讨体重指数对绝经老年妇女不同部位骨密度的影响。方法以我院225例年龄均为60以上的绝经老年妇女为研究对象,计算体重指数将患者分为体瘦组、正常组和肥胖组,检测患者腰椎和股骨近端、股骨颈、Ward’s三角区的骨密度,分析各部位骨密度变化与体重指数的关系。结果体瘦组的患者各部位骨密度明显低于正常和肥胖组的患者,体瘦组与正常组或肥胖组比较,腰椎(L1～L4)、股骨颈、股骨近端、Ward’s三角区的骨密度均有显著的差异(P<0.01);正常组与肥胖组比较,仅L3和L4的骨密度有显著的差异(P<0.05),其余部位的骨密度无显著的差异(P>0.05)。结论体重和体重指数是影响骨密度的一个重要因素,体重和体重指数与绝经老年妇女不同部位的骨密度存在一定的相关性,低体重指数的绝经老年妇女,骨丢失而引起的骨量减少明显,易发生骨质疏松。     

骨密度结合Singh指数预测老年髋部骨折风险的意义

[目的]探讨骨密度值(BMD)结合Singh指数在预测髋部骨折风险的意义.[方法]观察组随机抽取老年髋部骨折50例,年龄60岁以上,其中男性13例,女性37例,股骨颈骨折29例,粗隆间骨折21例.对照组50例,年龄60岁以上,男11例,女39例.分别测量骨折组和对照组髋部骨密度(BMD),Singh指数,对比两组的测量结果.[结果]骨折组骨密度平均值(g/m2),股骨颈(0.64±0.13)、WardS三角(0.58±0.14)和转子处(0.69±0.11),对照组股骨颈(0.87±0.07)、WardS 三角(0.69±0.11)和转子处(0.75 ±0.14),组间差异显著.骨折组Sighn指数值3.34±1.05级,对照组Sighn指数值4.46±1.14级,组间差异显著.骨密度值与Sighn指数呈正相关.[结论]低骨密度值(BMD及Singh指数与骨质疏松髋部骨折有明显的相关性,二者结合应用可以更准确预测骨折.     

Singh指数

<正>Singh指数是X线平片判断股骨近端骨丢失的半定量形态学指标,1978年Singh提出以x线测量股骨近端骨小梁形态以衡量骨的机械强度。股骨近端骨小梁被分为5组:主要抗压力骨小梁、主要抗张力骨小梁、粗隆部骨小梁、次要抗压力骨小梁、次要抗张力骨小梁。Singh按骨小梁消失顺序和程度将股骨近端骨小梁变化分为6级。5组骨小梁均清晰可见者为6级;只有次要骨小梁减少而不连续者为5级;次要骨小梁消失,主要抗张力骨小梁减少者为     

老年性骨质疏松与髋部骨折

本研究采用随机分组设计比较了102名绝经后妇女中股骨颈骨折及股骨粗隆间骨折患者与正常对照组的Singh指数、股骨颈皮质骨指数和股骨外侧皮质骨厚度,结果表明两骨折组与正常对照组之间均有非常显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)之统计学差异,认为骨质疏松是老年人髋部骨折的主要影响因素之一,而采用X线平片评定股骨近端的骨量改变对于预测髋部骨折之危险性具有一定价值.     

定量超声与双能骨密度测定在骨质疏松诊断中的应用及评价

目的观察定量超声法(QUS)在骨质疏松诊断中的意义及双能X线骨密度测定法(DEXA)在骨结构评价中的作用.方法采用Osteospace定量超声跟骨测定仪及HologicQDR4500A型双能骨密度测定仪,对40例健康体检者同时测定跟骨超声声速(SOS)、声衰减(BUA)以及全身、正位腰椎、侧位腰椎、侧位腰椎感兴趣区、股骨近端骨密度(BMD).结果BUA、SOS与大多数部位BMD相关关系显著(r=0.35～0.62,P<0.05或P<0.01);股骨近端及正位腰椎2BMD与BUA及SOS的直线回归关系显著(P<0.05).结论QUS是诊断骨质疏松和评价骨强度的良好方法.在DEXA测定部位中,股骨近端及正位腰椎2BMD有较高的评价骨结构特性价值.     

骨密度结合股骨近端几何参数预测老年髋部骨折

目的研究老年人骨密度(Bone mineral density,BMD)值结合股骨近端几何参数是否能提高骨质疏松性髋部骨折危险性的预测。方法将85例绝经后妇女髋部骨折患者按骨折类型分组, 其中52例股骨颈骨折,33例转子间骨折。对照组100例老年女性。在骨盆片上测量股骨近端几何参数,在股骨颈、Ward’s三角和转子处测量BMD值,对结果进行统计学处理分析。结果骨折组的BMD值均低于对照组(P<0．01);股骨干皮质厚度与股骨颈BMD值有相关性(r=0．45,P< 0．01);逐步线性回归分析结果显示股骨距内侧皮质厚度、转子处BMD值、颈干角和Ward’s三角 BMD值相结合是预测髋部骨折最好方法(r=0．74,r2=0．53,P<0．01)。结论骨密度值结合放射学测量股骨近端几何参数能提高对骨质疏松性髋部骨折及骨折类型的预测。     

老年人骨质疏松与髋部骨折发病关系的分析

目的探讨骨质疏松与老年人髋部骨折的关系。方法采用随机分组设计测量了120名老年人股骨颈骨折及股骨粗隆间骨折患者与正常对照组的Singh指数、股骨颈皮质指数和股骨外侧皮质骨厚度。结果显示两组之间有非常显著（P〈0．01）的统计学差异。结论骨质疏松是老年人髋部骨折的主要致病因素之一。采用X线片评定股骨近端骨量改变对于预测髋部骨折的危险性具有一定价值。     

肱骨近端、髋部骨折老年女性骨密度和骨代谢指标对比研究

目的对髋部、肱骨近端骨折老年女性的骨密度和骨代谢指标进行对比分析,进一步揭示上述骨折部位女性患者骨密度和骨代谢指标特征性变化情况。方法经患者及家属同意,共纳入62例老年髋部骨折女性患者(其中股骨颈骨折39例,股骨粗隆间骨折23例)、肱骨近端骨折21例,收集患者年龄、检测患者骨密度、血清骨转换指标(Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽,P1NP;Ⅰ型胶原C端肽β降解产物,β-CTX)。结果肱骨近端骨折女性患者平均年龄为(66.1±8.0)岁,明显小于股骨颈骨折、粗隆间骨折女性患者(P<0.05);肱骨近端骨折女性髋部(T=-1.19±0.66)、腰椎骨密度(T=-1.67±1.00)明显高于粗隆间骨折女性髋部(T=-2.36±1.17)、腰椎骨密度(T=-2.61±1.42)(P<0.05),同时显著高于股骨颈骨折患者髋部骨密度(T=-2.33±0.99)。股骨颈骨折、股骨粗隆间骨折患者髋部、腰椎骨密度相比差异无统计学意义;三组间血清P1NP比较差异没有统计学意义,粗隆间骨折女性血清β-CTX(732.18±334.37μg/L)要明显高于肱骨近端骨折患者(529.66±292.34μg/L)(P<0.05)。结论相对于髋部骨折患者,肱骨近端骨折老年女性患者年龄较低,骨密度相对较高;骨吸收活跃可能是导致粗隆间骨折女性骨密度下降的原因。     

生长因子与老年性骨质疏松症相关性的临床研究

目的观察老年性骨质疏松患者转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1),表皮生长因子(EGF)血清水平以及与骨质疏松的相关性.方法采用双能X线骨密度仪测量了86例在本院老年病门诊和住院的老年人腰椎正位以及股骨颈、ward三角区、大粗隆部位的骨密度(BMD),受试者均为老年男性,平均年龄为69.97±5.73岁,按照WHO推荐的诊断标准,参考中国人骨质疏松症建议诊断标准(第二稿),将其分为非骨质疏松组(NOP)、腰椎骨质疏松组(OP1)和股骨上段骨质疏松组(OP2),测定所有受试者血清TGF-β1,IGF-1,EGF水平.结果腰椎骨质疏松组和股骨上段骨质疏松组血清IGF-1浓度值均低于非骨质疏松组((P＜0.01)).腰椎骨质疏松组血清TGF-β1浓度值与非骨质疏松组无明显差异((P>0.05)),股骨上段骨质疏松组血清TGF-β1浓度值低于非骨质疏松组(0.01<P<0.05),骨质疏松组血清EGF值与非骨质疏松组无差异(P>0.5).腰椎骨密度值与血清IGF-1值呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.212、0.325、0.228),腰椎骨密度值与血清TGF-β1值呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.373、0.328、0.341、P<0.05).股骨颈、Ward三角、大粗隆的骨密度值与IGF-1和TGF-β1无显著相关性.骨密度值与表皮生长因子无显著相关性.结论老年骨质疏松患者血清TGF-1含量低而血清TGF-β1浓度值差异较大,但从相关分析结果看,骨密度值与IGF-1和TGF-β1有较密切关系,为进一步探讨骨质疏松的发病机理,需做生长因子的骨组织表达.血清表皮生长因子(EGF)可能与骨重建无明显相关性.     

Pattern of bone loss of the proximal femur: a radiologic, densitometric, and histomorphometric study

The pattern of bone loss in the proximal femur was studied in 141 cadaveric femora from 36 women and 39 men ranging from 27 to 89 years of age. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck, greater trochanter, Ward's triangle, and tensile and compressive stress regions were measured by dual photon absorptiometry. Radiographs were graded by Singh's method. Histomorphometry of tensile and compressive trabecular areas was performed on ground midsection of the methylmethacrylate-embedded whole proximal femur. Although Singh index had some correlation with BMD of the femoral neck, the various BMD measurements showed that all regions lost bone to the same extent; in particular, no selective bone loss was found at low stress regions (tensile trabeculae or Ward's triangle). Histomorphometry revealed that most of the trabecular bone loss of the proximal femur is attributable to a decrease in thickness of individual trabeculae.     

Symmetry of Bone Mineral Density at the Proximal Femur with Emphasis on the Effect of Side Dominance

The symmetry and effect of side dominance on the bone mineral density (BMD) of proximal femur was evaluated in 266 normal Chinese women with a dual photon absorptiometer (DPA, Norland 2600). The BMDs of the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle at the proximal femur in the dominant leg (BMDd) were compared with those of the nondominant side (BMDn). The linear regression of BMDd and BMDn of the corresponding regions at the proximal femur showed a good correlation (r = 0.893–0.941, SEE = 0.052–0.062 g/cm²). The paired difference of proximal femoral BMD was −0.002 ± 0.062 g/cm² for the femoral neck, 0.003 ± 0.054 g/cm² for the trochanter, and 0.008 ± 0.062 g/cm² for the Ward's triangle. The ratio of asymmetry for femoral neck BMD was mean ± SD =−0.4 ± 7.8%, for trochanter 0.6 ± 8.1%, and for the Ward's triangle 1.3 ± 9.7%. Both paired difference and ratio of asymmetry between BMDd and BMDn were approximately normally distributed, with a mean ± 2 SD ranging from −0.126 to 0.122 g/cm² for paired difference and −16.0% to 15.2% for the ratio of asymmetry in the femoral neck. These data revealed that dominance had little effect on the proximal femur BMDs. However, the wide range of paired difference and ratio of asymmetry of the proximal femur BMD in the normal individuals should be considered in the interpretation of the proximal femoral BMD. Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 23 April 1997     

Ultrasound and dual X-ray absorptiometry densitometry in women with hip fracture

To assess the usefulness of the measurement of the os calcis by ultrasound, a method that probably reflects bone quality as well as density, we have studied 54 women with hip fracture of the proximal femur and a control group. Ultrasound evaluation of the os calcis [broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of the sound (SOS), and a combined index (stiffness)], and bone mineral density (BMD) determination over the proximal femur by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed. Weight, BMD, and ultrasound values in the hip fracture patients were significantly lower than controls (P<0.001). The Z-scores for BUA and stiffness were not different than that for femoral neck. Ward's triangle or trochanteric BMD (between-1.7 and -1.5). The odds ratios determined by receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis were greater at the femoral neck (25.1) and BUA (24.4). Intermediate values were found at stiffness (16.9), Ward's triangle (12.8), and trochanter (11.1), and lower values were obtained at SOS (4.2). In turn, patients with trochanteric hip fractures had a significantly lower femoral neck and Ward's triangle BMD, stiffness, and BUA than patients with cervical hip fractures. Comparing a subgroup of 30 women with hip fractures without vertebral fractures with an age-matched group of 87 women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures, both groups were of similar weight and BMD but all ultrasound values were significantly lower in the hip fractures compared with vertebral fracture patients (P<0.05-P<0.01). Our findings suggest that in women with hip fractures, ultrasound evaluation of the os calcis has diagnostic sensitivity comparable to DXA of the femur and could be useful to predict hip fracture risk. Ultrasound values are lower in hip fractures compared with vertebral fracture, age-matched women and in older compared with younger hip fracture patients.     

The effect of age and menopause on bone mineral density of the proximal femur

Although the menopause has been associated with increased bone loss at several skeletal sites, it has not previously been noted in the hip, yet estrogen therapy has been reported to reduce the incidence of hip fractures. We investigated the effect of age and menopause on bone loss in the proximal femur by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter by dual-photon absorptiometry in 263 normal women aged 20-84. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant decrease in BMD of the femoral neck and Ward's triangle with age in both pre- and postmenopausal women (p less than 0.001). In the trochanter the decrease with age was significant only in postmenopausal women (p less than 0.001). Further analysis revealed that BMD decreased faster at all sites in the early postmenopausal years. During the first 6 years postmenopause, the decrease in BMD of the femoral neck and trochanter was 3-10 times higher than the change in the decade prior to menopause. About 20% of the lifetime femoral neck loss and 30% of the trochanteric loss occurred in the early postmenopausal period. It is concluded that both age and menopause are major determinants of BMD in the proximal femur. These findings could explain why estrogen therapy has been reported to prevent hip fracture. The rapid early postmenopausal loss in BMD of the proximal femur demonstrates the importance of starting estrogen replacement therapy immediately after menopause for maximum effect.     

Bone density in white Brazilian women: Rapid loss at the time around the menopause

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanter) in 417 normal women (aged 20–79) living in São Paulo, Brazil. Bone density decreased with age at all sites. At the spine, the greatest decrease occurred during the sixth decade, with an average 11.4% bone loss compared with the previous decade. Stratifying the subjects according to menopausal status revealed that the fastest bone occurred at the time around the menopause (ages 45–60) when the rate of bone loss (-0.66%/year) was almost twice as rapid as in postmenopausal women (-0.39%/year). Although significant linear rates of bone loss were detected in all proximal femur sites before the menopause, a menopause-dependent pattern was less evident that at the spine. Lifetime rates of bone loss at the appendicular skeleton were-0.43,-0.62, and-0.35%/year at the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric area, respectively. After the menopause, BMD declined with menopausal age at all sites, although the rate of bone loss was faster at the femoral neck (-0.62%/year) and Ward's triangle (-0.84%/year) than at the spine-0.49%/year). The results are consistent with the notion that in women, the fastest bone loss occurs at the time round the menopause, most likely consequent to ovarian failure; and that faster rates of bone loss are detected at the proximal femur than at the lumbar spine in late postmenopausal women.     

Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy finnish women

Summary A cross-sectional study of 351 healthy Finnish women aged 20–76 years was done to establish reference values of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The effects of age and of several physical and lifestyle factors on BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle area) were investigated. Altogether 58 women were excluded from the final analysis due to significant spinal osteoarthritis or other diseases or drugs known to influence calcium or bone metabolism. The precision of the method was 0.9, 1.2, 2.7, and 2.4% in the lumbar, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter area, respectively. Lumbar BMD was increased by 30% (P<0.001) in 15 patients with osteoarthritis (21% of women 50 years or older), but it was apparently unaffected in 5 cases with aortic calcification. Except for the trochanter area, BMD diminished along with age, and this was significant after the menopause. The peak of mean BMD was observed at the age of 31–35 years in the spine and at the age of 20–25 years in the femoral neck and Ward's triangle. BMD was in a positive relationship to weight both in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and to the use of oral contraceptives in premenopausal women and to that of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Labors and pregnancies had a weak positive effect on BMD in premenopausal women. As compared with nonusers premenopausal women who had used alcohol showed a slightly decreased BMD of Ward's triangle. In postmenopausal women there was a positive correlation between alcohol intake and BMD.     

How Hip and Whole-Body Bone Mineral Density Predict Hip Fracture in Elderly Women: The EPIDOS Prospective Study

We conducted a population-based cohort study in 7598 white healthy women, aged 75 years and over, recruited from the voting lists. We measured at baseline bone mineral density (BMD g/cm²) of the proximal femur (neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle) and the whole body, as well as fat and lean body mass, by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). One hundred and fifty-four women underwent a hip fracture during an average 2 years follow-up. Each standard deviation decrease in BMD increased the risk of hip fracture adjusted for age, weight and centre by 1.9 (95% CL 1.5, 2.3) for the femoral neck, 2.6 times (2.0, 3.3) for the trochanter, 1.8 times (1.4, 2.2) for Ward's triangle, 1.6 times (1.2, 2.0) for the whole body, and 1.3 times (1.0, 1.5) for the fat mass. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were not significantly different between trochanter and femoral neck BMD, whereas ROC curves of femoral neck and trochanter BMD were significantly better than those for Ward's triangle and whole-body BMD. emsp;Women who sustained an intertrochanteric fracture were older (84 ± 4.5 years) than women who had a cervical fracture (81 ± 4.5 years) and trochanter BMD seemed to be a stronger predictor of intertrochanteric ([RR = 4.5 (3.1, 6.5)] than cervical fractures ([RR = 1.8 (1.5, 2.3]). emsp;In very elderly women aged 80 years and more, hip BMD was still a significant predictor of hip fracture but the relative risk was significantly lower than in women younger than 80 years. emsp;In the 48% of women who had a femoral neck BMD T-score less than –2.5, the relative risk of hip fracture was increased by 3, and the unadjusted incidence of hip fracture was 16.4 per 1000 woman-years compared with 1.1 in the population with a femoral neck BMD T-score 5–1. Received: 19 May 1997 / Accepted: 16 October 1997     

Dissimilar Spine and Femoral Z-Scores in Premenopausal Women

The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist in premenopausal women between z-scores for lumbar spine and proximal femoral bone mineral densities (BMD). Participants were 237 women ranging in age from 20 to 45 years. BMDs of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (femoral neck, Ward's area, and trochanter) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX). Mean (±SD) age, height, and weight of the participants were 29.4 ± 6.9 years, 164.4 ± 6.1 cm, and 64.9 ± 12.1 kg, respectively. Lumbar spine BMD and BMD at the femoral neck, Ward's area, and trochanter were significantly correlated with large SEEs (r = 0.59–0.65; SEE = 0.09–0.11). No positive correlation with age and BMD at any site was seen in this population but a significant negative correlation with age was seen in the proximal femur beginning at age 30. Twenty to 24% of the 20–29-year-olds exhibited a difference in z-scores of greater than 1 between the spine and sites in the proximal femur. This percentage increased to 32–46% in the 30–45-year-olds but the nature of the observed differences changed. The differences in spine and proximal femoral z-scores that are seen in the older age group appear to be the result of the earlier onset of bone loss in the proximal femur rather than an initial difference in peak bone mass which has been maintained. Received: 28 August 1996 / Accepted: 25 April 1997     

Right and left proximal femur analyses: Is there a need to do both?

The purpose of this study was to determine if differences existed between right and left proximal femur bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of women. Participants for the study were 198 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years. Bone mineral densities of both proximal femurs (femoral neck, Ward's area, and trochanter) were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX). Mean (±SD) age, height, and weight of the participants were 32.9±18 years, 164±7.4 cm, and 64.9±12.1 kg, respectively. Significant differences between right and left femoral BMDs were found only in the trochanter. Overall, mean differences in BMD were low (neck=0.7%, Ward's =0.2%, and trochanter=1.9%) but individual variations were as high as 22%. Based on BMD z-scores of <−1.0, 84 women were classified as “at risk” for osteoporosis. When right and left z-scores were compared, misclassifications of at risk women were 4, 15, and 11 for neck, Ward's area, and trochanter, respectively. In conclusion, analyses of both right and left proximal femurs may not be necessary for either the researcher or the clinician.