Relationship between AQP4 expression and structural damage to the blood-brain barrier at early stages of traumatic brain injury in rats

Background Although some studies have reported that aquaporin-4 （AQP4） plays an important role in the brain edema after traumatic brain injury （TBI）, little is known about the AQP4 expression in the early stage of TBI, or about the correlation between the structural damage to the blood-brain barrier （BBB） and angioedema. The aim of this project was to investigate the relationship between AQP4 expression and damage to the BBB at early stages of TBI. Methods One hundred and twenty healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups： sham operation group （SO） and TBI group. The TBI group was divided into five sub-groups according to the different time intervals： 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The brains of the animals were taken out at different time points after TBI to measure brain water content. The cerebral edema and BBB changes in structure were examined with an optical microscopy （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and the IgG content and AQP4 protein expression in traumatic brain tissue were determined by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0 statistical software. Results In the SO group, tissue was negative for IgG, and there were no abnormalities in brain water content or AQP4 expression. In the TBI group, brain water content significantly increased at 6 hours and peaked at 24 hours following injury. IgG expression significantly increased from 1 to 6 hours following injury, and remained at a high level at 24 hours. Pathological observation revealed BBB damage at 1 hour following injury. Angioedema appeared at 1 hour, was gradually aggravated, and became obvious at 6 hours. Intracellular edema occurred at 3 hours, with the presence of large glial cell bodies and mitochondrial swelling. These phenomena were aggravated with time and became obvious at 12 hours. In addition, microglial proliferation was visible at 24 hours. AQP4 protein expression were reduced at 1 hour, lowest at 6 hours, and began to increase at 12 hours, showing a V-shaped curve. Conclusions The angioedema characterized by BBB damage was the primary type of early traumatic brain edema. It was followed by mixed cerebral edema that consisted of angioedema and cellular edema and was aggravated with time. AQP4 expression was down-regulated during the angioedema attack, but AQP4 expression was upregulated during intracellular edema.     

Research progress in traumatic brain penumbra

Objective Following traumatic brain injury （TBI）,brain tissue that surrounding the regional primary lesion is known as traumatic penumbra; this region may undergo secondary injury and is considered to have the potential to recover.This review aimed to reveal the existence and significance of traumatic penumbra by analyzing all relevant studies concerning basic pathologic changes and brain imaging after TBI.Data sources We collected all relevant studies about TBI and traumatic penumbra in Medline （1995 to June 2013） and ISI （1997 to March 2013）,evaluated their quality and relevance,then extracted and synthesized the information.Study selection We included all relevant studies concerning TBI and traumatic penumbra （there was no limitation of research design and article language） and excluded the duplicated articles.Results The crucial pathological changes after TBI include cerebral blood flow change,cerebral edema,blood-brain barrier damage,cell apoptosis and necrosis.Besides,traditional imaging method cannot characterize the consequences of CBF reduction at an early stage and provides limited insights into the underlying pathophysiology.While advanced imaging technique,such as diffusion tensor imaging （DTI） and positron emission tomography （PET）,may provide better characterization of such pathophysiology.Conclusions The future of traumatic brain lesions depends to a large extent on the evolution of the penumbra.Therefore,understanding the formation and pathophysiologic process of the traumatic penumbra and its imaging research progress is of great significant for early clinical determination and timely brain rescue.     

2型糖尿病大血管病变患者血清诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞中JAK2/STAT3信号通路的表达

目的 探讨Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶2/信号转导子和转录激活子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路在2型糖尿病大血管病变发病机制中的作用.方法 取健康志愿者、单纯2型糖尿病患者和2型糖尿病大血管病变患者的血清孵育人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)24 h,通过给予JAK2特异性抑制剂AG490阻断JAK2/STAT3信号通路,并将细胞按不同处理方式分为对照组(NC组)、单纯糖尿病组(DM组)、糖尿病大血管病变组(DV组)、单纯糖尿病+AG490组(DM+AG490组)及糖尿病大血管病变+AG490组(DV+AG490组),各30例.采用实时定量PCR技术检测各组细胞JAK2、STA T3、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和血管内皮生长因子受体(FLT1)mRNA表达水平,蛋白质印迹法检测JAK2、STAT3和磷酸化STAT3 (p-STAT3)蛋白表达量.结果 与NC组比较,DM组和DV组HUVEC细胞内JAK2、STA T3mRNA和JAK2、p-STAT3的蛋白表达水平均上调(P＜0.05),且DV组JAK2、STA T3 mRNA和JAK2、p-STAT3蛋白表达水平均高于DM组(P＜0.05).DM+AG490组和DV+AG490组的JAK2、STA T3 rnRNA和JAK2、p-STAT3蛋白表达水平分别低于DM组、DV组(P＜0.05).与NC组和DM组比较,DV组VEF和FLT1 mRNA的表达水平上调(P＜0.05);而与DV组比较,DV+AG490组VEGF和FLT1 mRNA的表达水平均下调(P＜0.05).结论 JAK2/STAT3信号通路可能参与2型糖尿病大血管病变的发病过程.     

JAK2/STAT3信号通路在白藜芦醇抗肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制研究

目的：：探讨JAK2/STAT3信号通路在白藜芦醇抗肝脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠40只随机分为4组,假手术对照(SC)组、肝脏缺血再灌注(HIR)组、白藜芦醇处理(Res+HIR)组、JAK2/STAT3通路阻断剂AG490(Res+AG490+HIR)组。建立急性肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,于再灌注6h后收集动物血液和肝脏标本。检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10、TGF-β的变化。肝脏组织HE染色,光镜下观察肝组织形态学变化。结果：与HIR组相比,Res+HIR组大鼠肝组织病理学变化明显改善,血清中反映肝脏功能学的指标ALT、AST及AKP的浓度明显降低,同时血清中抗炎因子IL-10和TGF-β含量升高,而促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α含量降低;使用JAK2/STAT3通路阻断剂AG490后,肝组织病理学改变明显,ALT、AST及AKP的浓度明显升高,IL-10和TGF-β含量降低,而IL-6和TNF-α含量明显升高。结论：白藜芦醇对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用可能是通过激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路,改变再灌注过程中炎性反应实现的。     

JAK2/STAT3通路在表皮生长因子诱导结肠癌细胞侵袭迁移中的作用

目的探讨JAK2/STAT3通路在表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)诱导结肠癌细胞侵袭迁移中的作用。方法以人结肠癌细胞株LoVo为研究对象,分为对照组、表皮生长因子处理组(EGF组)、表皮生长因子与JAK2激酶抑制剂AG490共处理组(EGF+AG490组)。采用免疫荧光和Western blot检测各组LoVo细胞E钙粘素蛋白、磷酸化STAT3表达水平;Transwell法检测细胞侵袭能力;细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力。结果细胞划痕实验对照组细胞划痕闭合约38%,EGF+AG490组细胞划痕闭合约40%,而EGF组闭合约80%。EGF组显著高于另2组(P<0.05);体外侵袭实验显示对照组透膜细胞数为(21.24±2.65)/视野,EGF+AG490组为(23.19±3.50)/视野,EGF组为(55.08±2.14)/视野。EGF组显著高于另2组(P<0.05);与EGF+AG490组结肠癌LoVo细胞相比,EGF组细胞P-STAT3表达增加72.4%,E-cadherin蛋白表达降低68.5%(P<0.05);免疫荧光显示EGF组细胞E-cadherin向细胞质内移位...     

AG490对缺血性脑损伤后炎症反应的影响

目的：研究AG490对大鼠缺血性脑损伤（ ischemic brain injury ）后TNF-α,IL-6表达的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠120只,随机分为假手术组、IBI-isotonic saline 组和IBI-AG490干预组,各组依次分为6h,12h,24h,72h 4个亚组;采用线栓法制作MCAO动物模型,AG490干预组于伤后1h腹腔注射AG490（5mg/kg）,假手术组、IBI-isotonic saline组腹腔注射等渗盐水（5ml/kg）;Real time PCR法测定TNF-αmRNA,IL-6mRNA,ELISA法测定TNF-α,IL-6含量。结果 TNF-αmRNA,IL-6 mRNA在缺血发生后表达程度均增高,给予AG490干预可降低其表达水平,与假手术组相比差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,TNF-α,IL-6检测显示相似结果。结论缺血性脑损伤后给予AG490能降低受伤脑组织的炎症反应,其机制可能与JAK/STAT途径有关。     

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen involved in the repair process of ouabain-induced brain damage independent of hypertension in rats

Background Ouabain is a mammalian adrenocortical hormone that is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension by inhibiting Na-K ATPase activity.It also participates in a variety of kinase-mediated signaling pathways associated with Na-K ATPase.Previous studies have shown that ouabain can cause cardiac remodeling independent of elevated blood pressure and that proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） plays a coordinating role for numerous proteins involved in multiple processes associated with DNA synthesis.Therefore,we hypothesized that ouabain might play a role in the cerebral cortex through signaling pathways independent of hypertension.And PCNA might be involved in this process.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ouabain or with 0.9% nitric sodium as the control group.Systolic blood pressure was recorded weekly.After four weeks of treatment,morphological changes in the cerebral cortex were analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy.The expression of PCNA in the cerebral cortex was evaluated by immunohistochemistry,real time quantitative PCR,and Western blotting.Results After 4-week treatment,there was no significant difference in systolic blood pressure compared with the control group,but both structural deterioration and up-regulated expression of PCNA in the brain was induced by ouabain treatment.Conclusions These results suggest that ouabain induces alterations in the brain structure,and this effect is independent of blood pressure.PCNA might be involved in the repair process of ouabain-induced brain damage.     

JAK2/STAT3通路在肝癌细胞侵袭及血管生成拟态中的作用

目的 探讨JAK2/STAT3通路在肝癌细胞QGY-7701侵袭及血管生成拟态中的作用.方法 JAK2抑制剂AG490(5、10 μmol/L)处理肝癌细胞48 h,Transwell小室、体外成管实验分别检测各组细胞的体外侵袭能力和成管能力,RT-PCR检测Twist1及MMP-2 mRNA表达差异,Western blot检测STAT3、p-STAT3、Twistl和MMP-2蛋白表达差异.结果 与对照组相比,Transwell小室穿膜细胞数减少,形成管道结构数目减少,Twist1及MMP-2 mRNA表达减少,Twist1、MMP-2和p-STAT3蛋白表达减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),STAT3蛋白表达无差异(P＞0.05).结论 AG490能有效抑制肝癌细胞侵袭及成管的能力,JAK2/STAT3通路在肝癌细胞侵袭及血管生成拟态中起促进作用.     

Effect of different resuscitation strategies on post-resuscitation brain damage in a porcine model of prolonged cardiac arrest

Background The choice of a defibrillation or a cardiopulmonary resuscitation （CPR）-first strategy in the treatment of prolonged cardiac arrest （CA） is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of defibrillation or CPR administered first on neurological prognostic markers in a porcine model of prolonged CA. Methods After 8 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation （VF）, 24 inbred Chinese Wuzhishan minipigs were randomized to receive either defibrillation first （ID group, n=12） or chest compression first （IC group, n=12）. In the ID group, a shock was delivered immediately. If defibrillation failed to attain restoration of spontaneous circulation （ROSC）, manual chest compressions were rapidly initiated at a rate of 100 compressions/min and a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30：2. If VF persisted after five cycles of CPR, a second defibrillation attempt was made. In the IC group, chest compressions were delivered first, followed by a shock. After successful ROSC, hemodynamic status and blood samples were obtained at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after ROSC. Porcine-specific neuron-specific enolase （NSE） and S100B were measured from sera using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Porcine cerebral performance category scores were used to evaluate preliminary neurological function following 24 hours recovery. Surviving pigs were sacrificed at 24 hours after ROSC and brains were removed for electron microscopy analysis. Results The number of shocks, total defibrillation energy, and time to ROSC were significantly lower in the ID group compared with the IC group. Compared with the IC group, S100B expression was decreased at 2 and 4 hours after ROSC, and NSE expression decreased at 6 and 24 hours after ROSC in the ID group. Brain tissue analysis showed that injury was attenuated in the ID group compared with the IC group. There were no significant differences between 6 and 24 hours survival rates. Conclusion Defibrillation first may result in a shorter tim     

HLA-G expression in the peripheral blood of live kidney transplant recipients

Background The human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) has been considered to be an important tolerogeneic molecule playing an essential role in maternal-fetal tolerance, upregulated in the context of transplantation, malignancy, and inflammation, and has been correlated with various clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the expression of membrane HLA-G (mHLA-G), intracellular HLA-G (iHLA-G), and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in the peripheral blood of live kidney transplant recipients.

Methods We compared the expression of the three HLA-G isoforms in three groups, healthy donors (n=20), recipients with acute rejection (n=19), and functioning transplants (n=30). Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of mHLA-G and iHLA-G in the T lymphocytes of peripheral blood from subjects in the three groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect sHLA-G in the plasma from the three groups.

Results There were no significant differences in mHLA-G and intracellular HLA-G among the three groups, but the sHLA-G plasma level was higher in the functioning group than in the acute rejection or healthy group. We found a subset of CD4+HLA-G+ and CD8+HLA-G+ T lymphocytes with low rates of mHLA-G expression in the peripheral blood of kidney transplantation recipients. Intracellular expression of HLA-G was detected in T lymphocytes. However, there was no correlation between acute rejection and the mHLA-G or intracellular HLA-G expression.

Conclusion sHLA-G was the major isoform in the peripheral blood of live kidney transplant recipients and high sHLA-G levels were associated with allograft acceptance.

     

Outcome of kidney transplantation between controlled cardiac death and brain death donors: a meta-analysis

Background Our goal was to evaluate the outcomes of kidney transplants from controlled cardiac death donors compared with brain death donors by conducting a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Methods The PubMed database and EMBASE were searched from January 1980 to July 2013 to identify studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed.Two authors independently extracted information on the designs of the studies,the characteristics of the study participants,and outcome assessments.Results Nine cohort studies involving 84 398 participants were included in this meta-analysis; 3 014 received kidneys from controlled cardiac death donors and 80 684 from brain death donors.Warm ischemia time was significantly longer for the controlled cardiac death donor group.The incidence of delayed graft function was 2.74 times （P 〈0.001） greater in the controlled cardiac death donor group.The results are in favor of the brain death donor group on short-term patient and graft survival while this difference became nonsignificant at mid-term and long term.Sensitivity analysis yielded similar results.No evidence of publication bias was observed.Conclusion This meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies suggests that the outcome after controlled cardiac death donors is comparable with that obtained using kidneys from brain death donors.     

AG490改善缺血性脑卒中后神经功能的机制研究

目的:探讨AG490改善缺血性脑卒中后神经功能的机制研究。方法:采用C57BL/6J成年雄性小鼠构建光化学法局灶性大脑皮层缺血性脑卒中模型,随机分为Control组、Stroke组、DMSO组和AG490组,每组18只。术后1、3、7、14 d进行神经功能评分。术后第3天进行荧光定量PCR检测小鼠脑组织中Janus 激酶2（JAK2）、信号转导与转录激活因子3（STAT3）、白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、补体C1q、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、紧密连接蛋白（Occludin、Claudin5和ZO-1）的表达,免疫印迹检测自噬相关蛋白（LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、P62/SQSTM1、Beclin-1）以及Occludin、Claudin5、ZO-1表达水平变化。结果:与Stroke组和DMSO组相比,AG490组在第3天、 7 天和 14 天错步/总步比例降低（F=3.704、9.199、10.83,均P＜0.05）,JAK2、STAT3 mRNA表达下调（F=6.331、7.168,均P＜0.05）,血脑屏障相关蛋白（Occludin、Claudin5、ZO-1）mRNA表达（F=7.648、29.83、25.08,均P＜0.05）和蛋白表达水平上调（F=12.42、10.88、14.32,均P＜0.05）,MMP-9 mRNA表达水平下调（F=9.790,P＜0.01）,脑组织炎性因子IL-1α、MCP-1和C1q表达下调（F=5.486、5.455、4.862,均P＜0.05）,自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1表达上调（F=6.092、15.52,均P＜0.05）,P62 /SQSTM1表达下调（F=8.143,P＜0.05）。结论:AG490通过抑制JAK2-STAT3通路的促炎作用并调节自噬,减轻血脑屏障损伤,改善缺血性脑卒中后的神经功能障碍。     

大鼠急性肺损伤过程中STAT-3的活化对caspase-3表达的影响

目的 探讨大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）过程中信号转导和转录活化因子-3（STAT-3）的活化对caspase-3表达的影响.方法 60只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：对照组（n=6）,脂多糖组（LPS组,n=24）,酪氨酸蛋白激酶（JAK）抑制剂 AG490组（n=6,AG490用0.4%二甲亚砜溶解）,AG490＋LPS组（n=24）;LPS、AG490＋LPS组在注射LPS后1、2、4、6 h又被分为4个亚组（每组n=6）.分别采用Western blotting检测各组大鼠肺组织中磷酸化STAT-3（pSTAT-3）的表达并采用免疫组织化学法测定caspase-3的表达情况.结果 注射LPS1、2、4、6 h后STAT-3被明显活化（P〈0.05）,而相对应的AG490＋LPS组中STAT-3活性较LPS组减弱（P〈0.05）.同时LPS组中caspase-3表达较相应的AG490＋LPS组明显减少（P〈0.01）.结论 大鼠ALI过程中STAT-3通路的激活可减低caspase-3的表达.     

Janus激酶抑制剂AG490对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞侵袭转移的影响

目的 研究Janus激酶抑制剂AG490对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞侵袭转移能力的影响,探讨JAK2/STAT3信号通路在肝癌侵袭调控中的作用。方法实验分为对照组、实验组（5、10 μmol/L AG490处理的SMMC-7721细胞）。采用Transwell小室检测肝癌细胞的侵袭能力,RT-PCR检测MMP-2 m...     

缺氧诱导肺泡巨噬细胞HMGB1的释放及其可能机制

目的:研究缺氧对肺泡巨噬细胞高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box1,HMGB1)释放的作用及其信号通路?方法:采用大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞NR8383,观察不同时间缺氧培养对细胞HMGB1 mRNA表达和培养上清液中HMGB1含量的影响,及不同浓度JAK2抑制剂tyrphostin AG 490和STAT1抑制剂氟达拉滨对HMGB1释放的抑制作用?HMGB1含量采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测?结果:培养上清液中HMGB1含量和mRNA表达水平分别于缺氧培养6?12 h后明显升高(P < 0.01),并随缺氧培养时间延长而进一步升高和增强;tyrphostin AG 490和氟达拉滨对缺氧培养肺泡巨噬细胞释放HMGB1有不完全的抑制作用,并呈剂量依赖性?结论:缺氧诱导肺泡巨噬细胞释放HMGB1,JAK/STAT信号通路可能参与其释放过程?     

JAK/STAT信号通路在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎早期作用机制的研究

  目的  探讨抑制JAK/STAT信号通路对大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)早期相关疾病指标的影响，从而推测该信号通路在SAP大鼠中可能的作用机制。  方法  将54只成年SD大鼠按随机数字表分成对照组、SAP组、AG490组，每组18只，AG490组造模前给予AG490，其他组给予等量生理盐水，以5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胆胰管内注射法制作SAP模型，造模后6、12、24 h每组分别处死6只大鼠，取心房血测血淀粉酶、血钙、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6，留取胰腺组织行HE染色病理检查及Western blotting法检测胰腺组织中STAT3蛋白表达水平。  结果  AG490组在6、12、24 h淀粉酶值分别为(2 049.17±257.00)U/L、(2 915.00±188.42)U/L、(3 746.50±181.05)U/L，高于对照组、低于SAP组，SAP组高于对照组(均P＜0.05)；AG490组6、12、24 h血钙浓度高于SAP组, 2组均低于对照组(均P＜0.05)；AG490组6、12、24 h TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1均低于SAP组，2组均高于对照组；SAP组胰腺组织STAT3表达量随时间增加，24 h明显高于AG490组，其他时间点差异不明显。SAP组、AG490组胰腺病理切片可见胰腺细胞水肿、炎性细胞浸润，差异不明显。  结论  SAP早期阶段可能是通过JAK/STAT信号通路诱导多种炎性因子分泌，促进胰腺炎的进展。      

JAK抑制剂AG490对卵巢上皮癌Survivin基因表达的影响

目的:通过Janus激酶(JAK)抑制剂AG490在卵巢上皮癌SKOV3细胞中对Survivin基因表达的影响,探讨Survivin基因对肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡的作用机制,了解Survivin在卵巢上皮癌发展中的作用.方法:不同浓度的AG490作用于SKOv3后,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期变化的情况,并以免疫组化法检...