人类白细胞抗原G在肾移植受者外周血的表达探讨

目的 探讨人类白细胞抗原(HLA)G的膜型HLA-G(mHLA-G)、胞内HLA-G(iHLA-G)和可溶型HLA-G(sHLA-G)在肾移植受者外周血的表达及其与术后临床相关性.方法 研究对象为2000年2月至2006年6月解放军第三零九医院全军器官移植中心行肾移植的175例受者,根据4周内是否发生排斥反应分为急性排斥反应组(36例)、功能稳定组(139例),30例健康供者作为对照组.应用流式细胞术检测外周血mHLA-GI、iHLA-G1的表达,酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆sHLA-G5的含量.结果 T淋巴细胞CD~+ mHLA-G1~+、CD8~+ mHLA-G1~+、CD4~+ iHLA-G1~+、CD8~+ iHLA-G1~+平均表达率在对照组分别为0.43%±0.19%、1.23%±0.41%、27%±13%、36%±14%,急性排斥反应组分别为:0.57%±0.34%、1.31%±0.56%、26%±8%、37%±17%,功能稳定组分别为0.61%±0.43%、1.39%±0.47%、26%±9%、37%±17%,3组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).外周血浆sHLA-G5表达在对照组为(25±14)ng/ml;急性排斥组术前为(24±15)ng/ml,术后为(34±21)ng/ml;功能稳定组术前为(25±11)ng/ml,术后为(56±32)ng/ml;急性排斥组和功能稳定组术前与健康组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后功能稳定组明显高于急性排斥组(P<0.05).结论 肾移植受者外周血存在一群比率较低的HLA-G~+ T淋巴细胞,mHLA-G1和iHLA-G1的表达与肾移植术后的排斥反应发生无关,sHLA-G5的高表达与排斥反应发生的减少有关.     

人类白细胞抗原G及其受体在肾移植术后监测的临床意义

目的 探讨人类白细胞抗原G(HLA-G)作为判断肾移植预后的生物标记物的价值并分析HLA-G受体的表达与HLA-G作用机制的相关性.方法 选取2006年2月至2008年6月解放军第三○九医院全军器官移植中心施行初次肾移植受者215例,根据术后临床状况分为肾功稳定组(n=173)和急性排斥组(n=42),采集外周血用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测可溶性人类白细胞抗原G5(sHLA-G5)表达含量,流式细胞术分析HLA-G受体免疫球蛋白样受体2(ILT-2)在T、B淋巴细胞的表达及杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)2DL4在自然杀伤(NK)细胞的表达.采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线运算sHLA-G5阈值,预测肾移植术后排斥反应.运用回归分析验证sHLA-G5与急性排斥反应发生的相关性.结果 sHLA-G5水平预测急性排斥反应组的最适域值为139.0μg/L,其敏感度为63.6%,特异度为82.1%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.780.二元Logistic回归分析显示sHLA-G5是肾移植术后急性排斥反应发生的独立影响因素(P=0.019,OR=0.039,95%可信区间为2.091～5.661).急性排斥组CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、B细胞表面的ILT-2表达均低于肾功稳定组(21%±7%比52%±17%,23%±6%比39%±16%,21%±7%比39%±16%,均P＜0.05).急性排斥组NK细胞表面的KIR2DLA表达也低于肾功稳定组(31%±10%比57%±21%,P＜0.05).结论 sHLA-G5表达水平对预测肾移植术后排斥反应具有较高的敏感度和特异度,HLA-G诱导免疫耐受的机制可能与淋巴细胞表面ILT-2、KIR2DLA的高表达密切相关.     

Changes in dendritic cells and dendritic cell subpopulations in peripheral blood of recipients during acute rejection after kidney transplantation

Background Advances in transplantation immunology show that the balance between dendritic cells （DCs） and their subsets can maintain stable immune status in the induction of tolerance after transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate if DCs and DC subpopulations in recipient peripheral blood are effective diagnostic indicators of acute rejection following kidney transplantation. Methods Immunofluorescent flow cytometry was used to classify white blood cells （WBCs）, the levels of mononuclear cells and DCs （including the dominant subpopulations, plasmacytoid DC （pDC） and myeloid DC （mDC）） in peripheral blood at 0, 1, 7, and 28 days and 1 year after kidney transplantation in 33 patients. In addition, the blood levels of interleukin-10 （IL-10） and IL-12 were monitored before and after surgery. Fifteen healthy volunteers served as normal controls. Patients were undertaking hemodialysis owing to uremia before surgery. Results The total number of DCs, pDC, and mDC in peripheral blood and the pDC/mDC ratio were significantly lower in patients than controls （P 〈0.05）. Peripheral DCs suddenly decreased at the end of day 1, then gradually increased through day 28 but remained below normal levels. After 1 year, levels were higher than before surgery but lower than normal. The mDC levels were higher in patients with acute rejection before and 1 day after surgery （P 〈0.005）. There was no significant difference in IL-10 and IL-12 levels between patients with and without acute rejection. Conclusion The changes in DCs and DC subpopulations during the acute rejection period may serve as effective markers and referral indices for monitoring the immune state, and predicting rejection and reasonably adjusting immunosuppressants.     

HLA-G在异基因造血干细胞移植中诱导免疫耐受

目的 研究供者粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员前后外周血和骨髓中单个核细胞人白细胞分化抗原G(HLA-G)膜表达以及血浆和骨髓液中HLA-G水平,揭示G-CSF动员骨髓移植优于外周血干细胞移植与骨髓中HLA-G有关的机制.方法 流式细胞术检测外周血和骨髓中单个核细胞HLA-G膜表达以及酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血浆和骨髓液中HLA-G水平.结果 动员后膜结合型HLA-G(m HLA-G)在外周血和骨髓中均显著高于动员前(P=0.001,P=0.000),且动员后骨髓m HLA-G含量较外周血中高(P=0.001).动员后外周血中分泌型HLA-G(s HLA-G)较动员前无明显差异(P=0.279),动员后骨髓中s HLA-G较动员前明显增高(P=0.002),且动员后骨髓s HLA-G较动员后外周血中含量明显增高(P=0.004).结论 HLA-G在G-CSF动员后造血干细胞移植(HSCT)诱导免疫耐受中具有重要作用.     

Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute lung injury caused by severe dichlorvos poisoning in swine

Background Organophosphate poisoning is an important health problem in developing countries which causes death mainly by inducing acute lung injury. In this study, we examined the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride （PHC）, a selective M-receptor inhibitor, on dichlorvos-induced acute lung injury in swine. Methods Twenty-two female swines were randomly divided into control （n=5）, dichlorvos （n=6）, atropine （n=6）, and PHC （n=5） groups. Hemodynamic data, extravascular lung water index （EVLWI）, and pulmonary vascular permeability index （PVPI） were monitored; blood gas analysis and acetylcholinesterase （AchE） levels were measured. PaO2/FiO2, cardiac index （CI）, and pulmonary vascular resistance indices （PVRI） were calculated. At termination of the study, pulmonary tissue was collected for ATPase activity determination and wet to dry weight ratio （W/D） testing 6 hours post-poisoning. TUNEL assay, and Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 expression were applied to pulmonary tissue, and histopathology was observed. Results After poisoning, PHC markedly decreased PVRI, increased CI more effectively than atropine. Anticholinergic treatment reduced W/D, apoptosis index （AI）, and mitigated injury to the structure of lung; however, PHC reduced AI and caspase-3 expression and improved Bcl-2/Bax more effectively than atropine. Atropine and PHC improved ATPase activities; a significant difference between groups was observed in Ca2＋-ATPase activity, but not Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity. Conclusions The PHC group showed mild impairment in pathology, less apoptotic cells, and little impact on cardiac function compared with the atropine group in dichlorvos-induced acute lung injury.     

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry in the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus and the complicating kidney injury

Background It is necessary to develop some innovative methods to reveal and discover the novel (SLE)-related protein molecules.In the present study,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of f...     

A novel and feasible way to cultivate and purify endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow of children with congenital heart diseases

Background  Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are used in vascular tissue engineering and clinic therapy. Some investigators get EPCs from the peripheral blood for clinic treatment, but the number of EPCs is seldom enough. We have developed the cultivation and purification of EPCs from the bone marrow of children with congenital heart disease, to provide enough seed cells for a small calibre vascular tissue engineering study.

Methods  The 0.5-ml of bone marrow was separated from the sternum bone, and 5-ml of peripheral blood was collected from children with congenital heart diseases who had undergone open thoracic surgery. CD34+ and CD34+/VEGFR+ cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood were quantified by flow cytometry. CD34+/VEGFR+ cells were defined as EPCs. Mononuclear cells in the bone marrow were isolated by Ficoll^® density gradient centrifugation and cultured by the EndoCult Liquid Medium Kit™. Colony forming endothelial cells was detected. Immunohistochemistry staining for Dil-ac-LDL and FITC-UEA-1 confirmed the endothelial lineage of these cells.

Results  CD34+ and CD34+/VEGFR+ cells in peripheral blood were (0.07±0.05)% and (0.05±0.02)%, respectively. The number of CD34+ and CD34+/VEGFR+ cells in bone marrow were significantly higher than in blood, (4.41±1.47)% and (0.98±0.65)%, respectively (P <0.0001). Many colony forming units formed in the culture. These cells also expressed high levels of Dil-ac-LDL and FITC-UEA-1.

Conclusion  This is a novel and feasible approach that can cultivate and purify EPCs from the bone marrow of children with congenital heart disease, and provide seed cells for small calibre vascular tissue engineering.

     

Blockade of the OX40/OX40L pathway and induction of PD-L1 synergistically protects mouse islet allografts from rejection

Background OX40/OX40 ligand （OX40/OX40L） and programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 （PD-1/PD-L1） co- stimulator/signals play important roles in T cell-induced immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of OX40/OX40L and PD-1/PD-L1 costimulatory pathways in mouse islet allograft rejection. Methods Lentiviral vectors containing OX40L siRNA sequences and an adenovirus vector containing the PD-L1 gene were constructed. The streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes was established in C57BL/6 （H-2b） mice. Diabetic C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into five groups： group 1, untreated control; group 2, Ad-EGFP treatment; group 3, Ad-PD-L1 treatment; group 4, OX40L-RNAi-LV treatment; group 5, OX40L-RNAi-LV combined with Ad-PD-L1 treatment. Lentiviral vector and the adenovirus vector were injected, singly or combined, into the caudal vein one day before islet transplantation. The islets of DBA/2 （H-2d） mice were transplanted into the renal subcapsular space of the diabetic recipients. Recipient blood glucose and the survival time of the allografts were monitored. Antigen-specific mixed lymphocyte reaction was also evaluated.     

联合检测血清HLA-G5和sCD30水平对评价肾移植受者免疫状态的价值

目的 研究肾移植受者血清人类白细胞抗原G5(HLA-G5)、可溶性CD30(sCD30)的表达与移植肾功能的关系,以及联合两者评价肾移植受者免疫状态的最佳诊断阈值、敏感度及特异度.方法 选取2002年1月至2008年11月西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院肾病中心接受同种异体肾移植手术受者66例,其中38例移植肾功能正常,15例为急性排斥反应,13例为慢性排斥反应.检测所有受者血清HLA-G5、sCD30的表达水平;应用受试者工作特征曲线分析HLA-G5联合sCD30评价移植术后1年内及术后1年以上不同免疫状态的最佳临界值、敏感度和特异度.结果 HLA-G5水平与血肌酐水平相关(r=-0.493,P＜0.01),sCD30水平与血肌酐水平相关(r=0.691,P＜0.01).术后1年内,当HLA-G5临界值取82μg/L,sCD30 临界值取12.2μg/L时,评价肾移植受者免疫状态的敏感度为7 8.6%,特异度为85.7%;术后1年以上,当HLA-G5临界值取141μg/L,sCD30临界值取10.3 μg/L时,评价肾移植受者免疫状态的敏感度为92.3%,特异度为84.6%.结论 血清HLA-G5联合sCD30可作为反映肾移植受者免疫状态简便而有效的临床指标.     

Clinical manifestation of the SRSF2 gene mutation in Chinese patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

BackgroundSpliceosome mutations have been recently identified and associated with hematological malignancies. SRSF2, one of components of the splicing machinery, has a high mutation frequency during chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, according to previous reports. However, the relevance of this finding in Chinese populations remains unknown.

MethodsWe recruited 50 Chinese patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia to analyze the state of SRSF2 and to assess the corresponding clinical features by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing.

ResultsTen of 50 patients (20%) harbored SRSF2 mutations, including five P95R, two 95H, and three P95L point mutations. The patient group was older than the wild type group (P <0.01). No significant statistical differences were observed with regard to the other clinical characteristics (sex, peripheral blood count, serum lactate dehydrogenase, karyotype, World Health Organization classification, etc.) between these two groups. Two of the patients showed an early evolution to acute myeloid leukemia.

ConclusionsSRSF2 mutations are frequent in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia patients, but show a relatively lower incidence in Chinese patients. Moreover, the mutation can be related to old age and an unfavorable prognosis. Our results provide valuable insights for the development of a diagnostic marker, or for the identification of a therapeutic target for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

     

Retrospective study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in IgA nephropathy with proliferative pathological phenotype

Background Mycophenolate mofetil （MMF） and cyclophosphamide （CTX） are widely used in treating various kidney diseases.However,whether they are effective and which one is better for treating IgA nephropathy patients with proliferative pathological phenotype in renal diseases,such as endocapillary proliferation,cellular crescents,and/or capillary loops fibrinoid necrosis is still unknown.We,therefore,initiated a study to compare the effects of MMF and CTX in treating IgA nephropathy with the above pathological lesions.Methods One hundred and nineteen patients with IgA nephropathy who had at least one of the three aforementioned lesions were enrolled.All patients were treated with prednisone; 48 patients received prednisone only （Pred group）,40 received MMF and prednisone （MMF ＋ Pred group）,and 31 were treated with CTX and prednisone （CTX ＋ Pred group）.The median time of follow-up was 30 months （maximum：96 months）.The primary endpoint was defined as renal survival.The incidence of remission of proteinuria was the secondary endpoint.Results Serum creatinine in all groups declined significantly at different follow-up times （P=0.002）,and the differences among the three groups were significant （P＜0.001）.At 24 months of follow-up,the decline rates were 12.35％,32.95％,and 24.14％ in the Pred,MMF ＋ Pred,and CTX ＋ Pred groups respectively.For urine protein excretion,the decline rates were 49.12％ （Pred）,73.67％ （MMF ＋ Pred）,and 63.53％ （CTX ＋ Pred） respectively at 24 months of follow-up.The differences among the three groups were not significant （P=0.714）.Renal survival （the primary endpoint） was significantly different （P=0.027）; however,the sencondary endpoint was similar for all the three groups （P=0.100）.Conclusions For IgA nephropathy patients with endocapillary proliferation,cellular crescents,and/or fibrinoid necrosis of capillary loops,prednisone combined with MMF was more effective in lowering the serum creatinine than with CTX.Combined MMF and orednisone treatment led to a better renal survival compared to that of prednisone with CTX.     

Immune system modifications and feto-maternal immune tolerance

Objective This review aimed at understanding pregnancy-induced changes in the maternal immune response and mechanisms for the establishment of feto-maternal tolerance.Data sources Articles cited in this review were obtained from PubMed in English from 2000 to 2014,and the search string included keywords such as feto-maternal tolerance,dendritic cells,macrophage,T regulatory cells,natural killer cells,cytokines and hormone.Study selection Articles regarding altered maternal immune response,including the proliferation and differentiation of the altered cells,and the production of cytokines and regulation of hormones in the feto-maternal interface were retrieved,reviewed and analyzed.Results The changes in immune cells and cytokines in the local uterine microenvironment and peripheral blood are correlated with the establishment of feto-maternal tolerance.The endocrine system regulates the maternal immune system,promoting modifications during pregnancy.In these regulatory networks,every factor is indispensible for others.Conclusions The integration and balance of these immune factors during pregnancy give rise to an environment that enables the fetus to escape rejection by the maternal immune system.This progress is complicated,and needs more comprehensive exploration and explanation.     

Monitoring the source of mesenchymal stem cells in patients after transplantation of mismatched-sex hematopoietic stem cells plus third-party cells

Background In bone marrow transplant patients, the microenvironment in bone marrow is damaged after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Subsequent to allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with clinically successful engraftments, the source of mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） remains controversial. To further verify the stimulatory effect of the simultaneous transplantation of cells from second donors on engraftment success for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in support of donor MSCs engraftments, the aim of this study is to monitor the dynamics of the engraftment of bone marrow-derived MSCs in patients after transplantation with mismatched-sex hematopoietic stem and third-party cells. Methods In this study, the hematopoietic stem cells from 32 clinical donors of different sexes that resulted in successful engraftments were selected for transplantation and were classified into three groups for research purposes： group A consisted of 14 cases of transplantation with bone marrow and recruited peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, group B contained 8 cases of simultaneous re-transfusion of MSCs from the second donor, and group C contained 10 cases of simultaneous re-transfusion of umbilical blood from the second donor. The bone marrow from 32 patients with successful engraftments of hematopoietic transplantation were selected and sub-cultured with MSCs. Flow cytometry （FCM） was used to measure the expression of surface antigens on MSCs. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography （DHPLC） in combination with polymerase chain reaction amplification of short tandem repeats （STR- PCR） was used to measure the engraftment status of fifth-generation MSCs in patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） revealed the sex origin of the fifth-generation MSCs in 32 patients. Dynamic examinations were performed on patients receiving donor transplantations. Results The progenies of fifth-generation MSCs were successfully cultured in 32 cases. The results of FCM demonstrated that the expression levels of CD14＋ and CD45＋ cells were lower than 0.04% in the fifth-generation MSCs. The analysis using DHPLC and FISH showed similar results. One patient from group B also received a temporary transplantation of MSCs from the donor. The MSCs in the remaining 31 patients all originated from the patients themselves. Conclusions After transplantation, the MSCs present in patients originated from the host. In patients transplanted with MSCs from a second donor, the phenomenon of temporary chimerization of MSCs was observed.     

Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in intensive care septic patients based on the KDIGO guidelines

Background Acute kidney injury （AKI） is a common complication of sepsis,which is associated with higher risks of adverse outcomes.Recently,kidney disease：improving global outcomes （KDIGO） recommended a new guideline forAKI,including a little modification on the AKI staging criteria.Methods This retrospective study included 211 septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit （ICU） at Xiangya Hospital,Central South University from January 2008 to January 2011.AKI was diagnosed and classified according to the KDIGO or acute kidney injury network （AKIN） criteria.Differences between the AKI and non-AKI groups for baseline characteristics,laboratory examinations,etiology,outcomes,as well as the risk factors for AKI and 28-day mortality were analyzed.The reliability of the KDIGO criteria was also evaluated by comparing it with the AKIN criteria.Results The overall incidence of AKI in septic patients was 47.9％,and the 28-day mortality was 32.7％.The incidence of AKI was significantly higher in patients with more severe sepsis.Indicators of hepatic and respiratory function were significantly worse in the AKI group.Furthermore,a higher proportion of patients were infected with Enterobacter cloacae in the AKI group.The independent risk factors for AKI were shock,the number of organ failures,blood urea nitrogen （BUN）levels,and the use of vasopressors.The independent risk factors for mortality were BUN and creatine kinase-MB （CK-MB）levels.Both the KDIGO criteria and the AKIN criteria were significantly associated with 28-day mortality.Conclusions The incidence and 28-day mortality of AKI were very high in ICU septic patients.Greater attention should be paid to AKI-induced hepatic and respiratory dysfunction in clinical practice.Patients with an intra-abdominal source of infection were more likely to develop AKI.KDIGO criteria are reliable in AKI staging.     

Total endoscopic nephroureterectomy for native kidney ipsilateral to transplanted kidney

Background  From limited exposure with management of the native distal ureter ipsilateral to the transplanted kidney, we usually choose open nephroureterectomy (NU) or laparoscopic NU combined with an open approach in renal transplant (RTx) recipients. We herein describe our preliminary experience with total endoscopic NU with bladder cuff (BC) excision and evaluate its feasibility for RTx recipients.

Methods  From August 2008 to June 2011, eight RTx recipients underwent total endoscopic NU with BC excision for clinically presumed native upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC) ipsilateral to the transplanted kidney. Cystoscopic circumferential excision of the ipsilateral ureteral orifice with BC was followed by retroperitoneal laparoscopic NU using early ureteral ligation without primary BC closure. The intact specimen was removed through a 3-cm flank incision (an enlarged trocar site). Perioperative and pathological data and oncological outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Results  All endoscopic procedures were completed successfully without major complications and with open conversion. The mean estimated blood loss was 100 ml with no blood transfusion. The mean operating room time was 234.8 minutes, mean time to ambulation was 2.6 days, and mean hospital stay was 9.0 days. Pathological findings confirmed UUT-UC in seven recipients, two with bladder UC. During the mean 25.2-month follow-up, none of the recipients developed recurrence, while two developed contralateral UUT-UC after the first NU.

Conclusion  Total endoscopic NU with BC excision is technically feasible and safe for RTx recipients.

     

Evaluation and treatment of marginal grafts with surgical diseases in kidney transplantation

Background  Marginal renal grafts may alleviate the shortage of suitable organs to meet an increasing demand of kidney transplantation, especially when live donors are currently limited to relatives of patients in China. The aim of this study was to investigate how to increase the available donors pool, evaluation, and treatment of marginal donors.

Methods  We had performed 121 kidney transplantation cases with living relative donors. Five out of these cases applied marginal grafts with surgical diseases, including one renal stone, one duplex kidney, one renal leiomyoma and two cases of simple renal cysts. In each case, particular surgical interventions were exerted on the graft prior to standard engrafting procedures.

Results  All recipients recovered with functioning transplants given that their serum creatinine levels declined to a normal range within one week after operation. These recipients were subsequently followed up for 10 months on average and their kidney functions remained stable.

Conclusions  Marginal renal grafts with surgical diseases, which can be treated surgically before engrafting, may provide satisfying transplantation outcomes. Positive and cautious consideration of these grafts may increase renal donor pool.

     

Epigenetic regulation of putative tumor suppressor TGFBI in human leukemias

Background Both in vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated the TGFBI gene functions as a putative tumor suppressor and is frequently downregulated in human tumors of different histological types.The hypermethylation of the TGFBI promoter,as one of the main regulatory mechanisms,is associated with TGFBI silencing.In this study,we used a methylation-specific PCR （MSP） method to evaluate the methylation status of the TGFBI promoter in human leukemias.Methods Real-time RT-PCR and methylation-specific PCR approaches were performed to define the TGFBI expression and promoter methylation in human leukemia call lines and clinical samples.Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leukemia patients,bisulfite-converted,and analyzed by the MSP method.Results Hypermethylation of the TGFBI promoter occurred in leukemia cell lines and demethylation treatment reexpressed TGFBI at a substantially increased level in most of leukemia cell lines tested.Furthermore,a much higher level of CpG island methylation and a significantly lower TGFBI expression were also identified in clinical leukemia samples.Conclusion The results suggest an important role of promoter methylation in regulating TGFBI expression in leukemia,which provides a useful diagnostic marker for clinical management of human leukemias.