乌司他丁影响膀胱引流式犬胰腺移植Oddi括约肌功能的研究

目的:研究乌司他丁(US)对膀胱引流式犬胰腺移植后移植物Oddi括约肌(SO)功能的影响。方法:正常犬和膀胱引流式胰腺移植后犬在应用US 10万U和30万U前后测定SO的动力学指标。结果:US对正常犬SO基础压和收缩幅度无明显影响(P>0.05),但可降低其收缩频率和动力指数(P<0.01);在10万U和30万U剂量间,动力指数有统计学差异(P<0.01),收缩频率则无统计学差异(P>0.05);移植后应用US可全面降低SO基础压、收缩频率、收缩幅度和动力指数(P<0.01),且在10万U与30万U剂量间差异均有显著性 (P<0.05)。结论:US可抑制犬SO运动, 并呈剂量依赖性;尤其胰腺移植后,抑制作用更显著,可以有效地降低基础压,改善胰液引流,从而有助于防治移植物胰腺炎的发生。     

膀胱引流式胰腺移植后Oddi括约肌运动变化的实验研究

目的　研究膀胱引流式胰腺移植后移植物Oddi括约肌功能的变化以及对移植物功能的影响。方法　应用三腔测压管对正常犬、膀胱引流式胰腺移植后犬和离体的犬Oddi括约肌进行测压 ,并检测移植后犬Oddi括约肌的抗反流能力 ,同时监测移植物内外分泌功能。结果　正常犬Oddi括约肌在 ( 18 5± 2 8)mmHg( 1mmHg =0 133kPa)基础压水平上有规律收缩 ,收缩频率为 ( 9 7±1 5 )次 /min ,收缩幅度为 ( 4 7 1± 5 5 )mmHg ,动力指数为 2 36± 5 6。移植后犬胰腺内外分泌功能良好 ,移植物Oddi括约肌失去了正常的收缩规律 ,基础压升高至 ( 2 7 8± 2 8)mmHg ,收缩频率增快至( 13 1± 1 9)次 /min ,但收缩幅度明显缩小至 ( 8 3± 1 8)mmHg ,动力指数无明显变化。胆管残端内压力不随膀胱内压升高而发生变化。结论　膀胱引流式犬胰腺移植后 ,移植物Oddi括约肌丧失了正常的收缩规律 ,基础压升高 ,收缩频率增快 ,但收缩幅度明显缩小 ,仍然具有一定的抗反流能力     

三硝酸甘油对胰腺移植犬Oddi括约肌运动的影响

目的 研究三硝酸甘油(GTN)对膀胱引流式犬胰腺移植后移植物Oddi括约肌(SO)功能的影响。方法 对正常犬和膀胱引流式胰腺移植后犬应用GTN前后进行SO测压,并检测犬SO中环磷酸鸟苷(CGMP)水平。结果 正常犬SO基础压为(18.5±2.8)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=1.33kPa),收缩频率为(9.7±1.5)次/分,收缩幅度为(47.1±5.5)mm Hg,动力指数为235.6±56.1。应用GTN后SO基础压、收缩频率、收缩幅度和动力指数分别显著降低为(8.1±2.4)mm Hg,(6.2±1.0)次/分,(21.1±4.0)mm Hg和66.5±22.7,与用药前相比,差异有极显著性(P均<0.01)。移植物SO基础压和收缩频率分别升高为(27.8±2.8)mmHg和(13.1±1.9)次/分,收缩幅度缩小为(8.3±1.8)mm Hg。移植犬应用GTN后,基础压、收缩频率和动力指数分别降低为(20.2±2.7)mm Hg,(7.5±1.4)次/分和98.8±28.5,与用药前相比,差异有显著性(P均<0.05)。应用GTN后,正常犬和移植犬SO中CGMP水平分别为(86.5±15.5)pmol/g和(62.6±12.6)pmol/g,显著高于应用GTN前(P<0.01)。结论 GTN可能通过提高SO组织中CGMP水平抑制正常和移植后犬的SO运动。     

胆囊收缩素对自体胰腺移植犬Oddi括约肌功能的影响

目的研究胆囊收缩素对胰腺移植后移植物Oddi括约肌功能的影响。方法对正常犬和膀胱引流式胰腺移植后犬应用胆囊收缩素前后进行Oddi括约肌测压。结果与正常犬相比 ,应用胆囊收缩素后Oddi括约肌的基础压、收缩频率、收缩幅度和动力指数显著降低 ,分别为 (1 8 5±2 8)mmHg与 (1 0 2± 2 2 )mmHg(P <0 0 1 )、(9 7± 1 5 )次 /min与 (5 0± 1 2 )次 /min (P <0 0 1 )、(4 7± 6 )mmHg与 (1 9± 5 )mmHg(P <0 0 1 )、(2 36± 5 6 )与 (5 0± 1 7) (P <0 0 1 )。移植物Od di括约肌基础压和收缩频率分别升高为 (2 7 8± 2 8)mmHg和 (1 3 1± 1 9)次 /min ,收缩幅度降低为(8± 2 )mmHg。移植犬应用胆囊收缩素后 ,基础压、收缩频率和动力指数分别升高为 (35 5± 5 1 )mmHg ,(1 8 9± 1 9)次 /min和 (5 1 5± 4 2 ) ,与用药前相比 ,P均 <0 0 1。 结论胆囊收缩素可抑制正常犬的Oddi括约肌运动 ,但对移植胰腺的Oddi括约肌起激动作用     

一氧化氮在犬离体胰腺低温灌注与保存中的作用

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)对犬胰腺低温灌注及保存中缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法在EC(EuroCollin)液中分别加用L精氨酸(LArg,200mg/kg体重)、N硝基L精氨酸甲酯(LNAME,10mg/kg体重)和生理盐水,分别对犬离体胰腺节段进行低温灌注保存(灌注量为30～50ml,温度为0～4℃,时间为24h),应用犬胰节段移植模型,测定移植后犬血清中脂肪酶、淀粉酶含量,测定移植胰腺组织中髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA的表达情况。并进行组织学观察。结果血清脂肪酶,LArg处理组<对照组对照组(0.31±0.06)μmol/L>LNAME处理组(0.17±0.04)μmol/L;NOS活性:LArg处理组(3.13±0.19)U/ml>对照组(2.37±0.20)U/ml>LNAME处理组(1.68±0.20)U/ml;iNOSmRNA的表达:LArg处理组(0.89±0.22)μmol/L>对照组(0.63±0.18)μmol/L>LNAME处理组(0.49±0.20)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LArg处理组胰小叶间质水肿和胰小叶内中性粒细胞浸润较轻。结论NO对犬胰腺低温灌注及保存中缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

钙激活通道对不稳定逼尿肌条收缩功能调节的实验研究

目的探讨钙激活钾通道和氯通道对逼尿肌条收缩的调节在逼尿肌不稳定发生中的作用.方法建立Wistar大鼠逼尿肌不稳定模型,设正常对照组,利用逼尿肌条体外实验,观察阻断与开放通道后肌条的收缩频率和动力指数变化及差异.结果对照组与不稳定组肌条收缩频率分别为(2.3±0.5)次/min和(4.1±0.9)次/min,动力指数分别为31.3±6.1和59.5±7.8,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).2组逼尿肌条的收缩频率和动力指数在钙激活钾通道阻断与开放前后的增加或下降变化均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中对照组大电导钙激活钾通道阻断后频率下降(23±10)%,不稳定组增加(29±10)%,2组动力指数分别增加(24±5)%和(16±5)%,通道开放后频率分别下降(34±7)%和(23±9)%,动力指数分别下降(32±9)%和(23±7)%.2组小电导钙激活钾通道阻断后频率分别增加(77±16)%和(27±10)%,动力指数分别增加(81±12)%和(52±14)%,通道开放后频率分别下降(49±6)%和(35±7)%,动力指数分别下降(55±8)%和(32±12)%.2组钾通道阻断或开放前后变化幅度的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).对照组阻断钙激活氯通道后收缩频率及动力指数下降(9±20)%和(8±9)%(P＞0.05),不稳定组分别下降(44±17)%和(50±12)%(P＜0.01),2组变化幅度差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论钙激活钾通道和氯通道反馈调节逼尿肌收缩功能,钾通道作用下降和氯通道作用增强可能是导致梗阻性逼尿肌不稳定的重要原因之一.     

地塞米松治疗急性坏死性胰腺炎的实验研究

目的探讨地塞米松治疗急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)的机理.方法经胰胆管逆行注射牛磺胆酸钠法诱导SD大鼠ANP,治疗组(n=24)模型诱导30 min后注射地塞米松0.2 mg/100 g鼠重,对照组(n=24)注射等量生理盐水,两组分别于4 h和12 h各处死8只鼠测血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、淀粉酶,并行胰腺坏死程度评分、检测胰腺腺胞细胞凋亡,余下8只鼠作生存期观察.结果治疗组4 h、12 h TNFα分别为(17.8±2.7) pg/ml和(8.5±1.6) pg/ml,胰腺腺胞细胞凋亡指数分别为(36.94±4.12)%和(32.79±3.31)%,生存时间为(33.4±21.5) h; 对照组上述各项指标依次为(53.6±18.7) pg/ml和(37.2±11.1) pg/ml (P<0.01)、(4.37±1.24)%和(5.12±2.11)%(P<0.01)及(14.6±5.7) h (P<0.01),两组胰腺坏死程度评分差异有显著性意义(P<0.01).结论地塞米松能通过抑制TNFα调控细胞凋亡,细胞凋亡对胰腺具有保护作用.     

血流对自体动脉移植物内皮功能的影响

目的　观察血流对自体动脉移植物内皮依赖性松弛反应的影响。方法　将 1 4条犬在不同血流条件下移植的自体动脉进行内皮依赖性松弛反应测定。结果　移植自体动脉流出道血流率实验组为 ( 1 3.71± 1 .90 )ml/min ,对照组为 ( 65.71± 8.60 )ml/min。正常和异常血流条件下移植物对乙酰胆碱 (Ach)、二磷酸腺苷 (ADP)和钙离子制剂 (A2 31 87)都得到了类似的内皮依赖性松弛曲线。异常与正常血流条件下的犬自体动脉移植物对ACh、ADP和A2 31 87松弛反应差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　与自体静脉不同 ,即使是在异常血流条件下 ,移植自体动脉的内皮仍可以产生足够的内皮依赖性松弛因子 (EDRF)来维持血管平滑肌的正常收缩与舒张     

生长抑素对Oddi's括约肌功能的影响

目的: 研究生长抑素类似物施他宁对奥狄括约肌(sphincter of Oddi,SO)功能状态的影响.方法: 通过T管窦道经胆道镜途径顺行插入测压管至SO,低压水灌注系统压力传感器与微机相连记录压力曲线,分析软件进行压力曲线分析.结果: 对SO基础压的作用与用药前差异显著(P<0.01);对SO收缩幅度的影响无显著性意义;对SO收缩间期的影响与用药前比较差异显著(P<0.05);对SO收缩频率的影响与用药前比较差异显著(P<0.05).施他宁倍量输入后10 min SO收缩频率与用药前已无差异,与5 μg/min用药10 min比较差异显著(P<0.05).结论: 施他宁显著降低SO基础压,延长收缩间期且具有剂量依赖性.对收缩频率的影响:低剂量时增加,高剂量时抑制;对收缩幅度的作用:高剂量时收缩幅度下降但无显著性意义.     

动脉测压系统滤过频率设定对血压的影响

目的　观测动脉测压系统滤过频率的设定对血压的影响。方法　 3 2例全麻手术病人经桡动脉穿刺有创测压 ,在麻醉诱导气管内插管循环稳定后 ,调节动脉测压系统的滤过频率分别至 0～ 3Hz、0～ 12Hz、0～ 18Hz、0～ 4 0Hz,同时用振荡法无创测压 (NIBP)。结果　滤过频率设定在 0～3Hz时所测得的收缩压 ( 96 4± 15 4mmHg)明显低于同期其他滤过频率设定时所测得的收缩压 (分别为 112 5± 2 5 0mmHg ,10 9 2± 2 5 8mmHg ,113 9± 18 1mmHg ,P <0 0 1) ,低于NIBP( 10 7 3±15 0mmHg,P <0 0 1)所测得的收缩压 ,而NIBP测得的舒张压及平均动脉压 ( 66 8± 13 5mmHg和83 2± 13 0mmHg)则分别高于同期所有滤过频率设定时的有创测压约 13 %和 10 % (P <0 0 1)。 结论　动脉测压系统滤过频率设定在 0～ 3Hz时所测得收缩压偏低 ,而NIBP有过高估计舒张压及平均动脉压的倾向。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.