Lateral sesamoid position in hallux valgus: Correlation with the conventional radiological assessment

Background

We aimed to quantify the severity of the hallux valgus based on the lateral sesamoid position and to establish a correlation of our simple assessment method with the conventional radiological assessments.

Methods

We reviewed one hundred and twenty two dorso-plantar weight bearing radiographs of feet. The intermetatarsal and hallux valgus angles were measured by the conventional methods; and the position of lateral sesamoid in relation to first metatarsal neck was assessed by our new and simple method.

Results

Significant correlation was noted between intermetatarsal angle and lateral sesamoid position (Rho 0.74, p < 0.0001); lateral sesamoid position and hallux valgus angle (Rho 0.56, p < 0.0001). Similar trends were noted in different grades of severity of hallux valgus in all the three methods of assessment.

Conclusions

Our method of assessing hallux valgus deformity based on the lateral sesamoid position is simple, less time consuming and has statistically significant correlation with that of the established conventional radiological measurements.     

双侧足母趾籽骨对足母趾外翻矫正手术效果的影响研究

目的 探讨足母趾胫侧籽骨及腓侧籽骨对足母趾外翻矫正手术效果的影响。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月来我院接受近端或远端Chevron截骨矫正治疗的110例足母趾外翻病人。根据病人有无双侧足母趾籽骨分为双侧足母趾籽骨组（30例）和非双侧足母趾籽骨组（80例）。其中,双侧足母趾籽骨组行跖骨近端Chevron截骨矫正治疗4例,跖骨远端Chevron截骨矫正治疗26例;非双侧足母趾籽骨组行跖骨近端Chevron截骨矫正治疗15例,跖骨远端Chevron截骨矫正治疗65例。记录并比较两组病人术前一般资料,手术前后影像学资料测量足母趾外翻角、跖骨间夹角、跖骨远端关节面固有角,比较其手术前后及组间的美国足踝外科医师协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, AOFAS）踝与后足功能评分。结果 两组病人术后足母趾外翻情况均明显改善。两组病人术后的足母趾外翻角、跖骨间夹角、跖骨远端关节面固有角及AOFAS评分均较术前明显改善;但上述指标组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 双侧足母趾籽骨对近端或远端Chevron截骨矫形治疗足母趾外翻畸形手术无明显影响。     

Off-axis view radiographs for assessing hallux valgus interphalangeus in hallux valgus deformity: A comparison with the traditional anteroposterior standing radiographs

BackgroundThe newly described anteroposterior “off-axis view” (OAV) radiograph might help detect a hallux valgus interphalangeus (HVI) deformity more precisely compared to anteroposterior standing radiographs.MethodsA radiographic assessment of HVI angles was performed using preoperative standing anteroposterior and OAV radiographs for 67 ft. Intra- and interobserver agreement for all angles and their correlation with HV severity were analyzed.ResultsThe proximal-to-distal phalangeal articular angle showed less intra- and interobserver variance (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.825) than did the other angles. OAV radiographs showed less interobserver reliability than did standing radiographs. HVI was underestimated significantly, by up to 5°, on standing radiographs compared to OAV radiographs (p < 0.001). The mean differences between OAV and standing radiographs were 3.7° and 5.0° for the proximal-to-distal phalangeal articular and hallux interphalangeal angles, respectively, and were more pronounced for moderate-to-severe HV deformities.ConclusionAngular measurements of HVI on traditional anteroposterior standing radiographs are significantly smaller than on OAV radiographs. Furthermore, angular measurements on OAV radiographs are associated with higher interobserver reliability. The most precise angle representing an HVI deformity might be the proximal-to-distal phalangeal articular angle.Clinical RelevanceOur findings may facilitate preoperative decision-making for additional akin osteotomy in HV correction.Level of EvidenceLevel II.     

Surgical correction of hallux valgus deformity in children with cerebral palsy

Objective

This study aimed to present a treatment algorithm for the correction of the hallux valgus deformity in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients and to discuss the outcomes based on our clinical and radiological results.

Hemiepiphysiodesis for juvenile hallux valgus deformity: A systematic review

BackgroundAmong the numerous surgical interventions for correcting hallux valgus deformity in skeletally immature patients, hemiepiphysiodesis is a simple technique with a low complication rate yet its effectiveness remains unclear. This systematic review evaluates hemiepiphysiodesis of the first metatarsal for treating juvenile hallux valgus (JHV) deformities with respect to radiological outcomes, postoperative clinical outcomes, and postoperative complications.MethodsEMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database were searched from inception to September 15th, 2022, for studies investigating hemiepephysiodesis for JHV and its effect on clinical and radiological outcomes. The search, data extraction and methodologic assessment were performed in duplicate for all included studies.ResultsSix studies out of 488 with a total of 147 feet in 85 patients were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society hallux metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale (AOFAS Hallux MTP-IP scale) was used in two studies. The mean pooled preoperative score was 62.2 ± 8.9 and improved to 88.6 ± 4.8 postoperatively in 33 patients. All six studies reported significant improvement in the hallux valgus angle (HVA) from mean preoperative angle of 29.2° ± 3.7–23.8° ± 4.5° postoperatively, while the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) preoperative and postoperative means corrected from 13.9° ± 1.1–11.4° ± 1.2°, respectively. Out of 147 feet, 21 (14.2%) had reported complications including recurrence and need for revision surgery.ConclusionThis systematic review confirms that hemiepiphysiodesis of the first metatarsal in patients with JHV has improved clinical and radiological outcomes.Level of evidenceLevel IV, Systematic review     

微创治疗拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形的临床观察

目的:探讨小切口微创截骨矫形治疗拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形的临床效果。方法:自2013年1月至2016年6月,采用微创小切口截骨矫形治疗168例拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形患者,其中男7例,女161例;年龄22~75(59.3±3.5)岁。术前患者的主要临床症状为拇囊红肿、跖骨周围疼痛,拍摄患足正侧位X线片确诊为拇外翻及小趾内翻畸形。观察并比较手术时间、术后并发症情况,手术前后IMA(第1、2跖骨间角),HVA(拇外翻角),LDA(第5跖骨外翻角),MPA(小趾内翻角),IM4-5(第4、5跖骨间角)以及PASA(近端关节固定角)的变化,术后采用美国足踝外科协会拇趾-跖趾-趾间关节评分系统(AOFAS)进行功能评价。结果:168例患者获得随访,时间6~48(28.6±3.2)个月。术后伤口愈合良好,无感染、窦道形成等并发症发生。拇外翻矫形手术时间为16~28(18.3±2.1)min;小趾内翻矫形手术时间12~26(16.9±1.8)min;IMA、HVA、LDA、MPA以及IMA 4-5分别由术前的(10.1±2.1)°、(32.6±4.2)°、(6.9±2.3)°、(18.5±5.2)°、(15.1±2.9)°矫正到术后的(8.3±2.2)°、(10.9±2.9)°、(2.7±0.4)°、(6.5±1.6)°、(8.9±1.8)°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而PASA由术前的(9.1±2.1)°矫正到术后的(8.7±1.9)°,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后AOFAS功能评分由术前的31.6±3.9提高至术后的83.7±5.2,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其中优147例,良13例,可6例,差2例。结论:微创治疗拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形的临床效果良好,具有切口小、无缝线、外观美、手术时间短,术后功能恢复好的优点,值得在临床中推广。     

(足母)外翻足内侧足纵弓的初步研究

目的观察     

可吸收螺钉在拇外翻畸形微创截骨术中的应用分析

目的:探讨可吸收螺钉在拇外翻畸形微创截骨术中的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析自2019年1月至2020年1月收治的31例拇外翻患者的临床资料,根据术中使用螺钉不同分为可吸收螺钉组(17例)和钛合金空心螺钉组(14例)。其中可吸收螺钉组男1例,女16例;年龄32~72(54.53±12.12)岁;左侧6例,双侧5例,右侧6例;轻度1例,中度11例,重度5例;采用拇外翻微创截骨术+可吸收螺钉固定进行治疗。钛合金空心螺钉组男2例,女12例;年龄18~71(47.57±15.68)岁;左侧4例,双侧4例,右侧6例;轻度1例,中度9例,重度4例;采用拇外翻微创截骨术+钛合金空心螺钉固定进行治疗。观察两组患者并发症情况,分别于术前和术后12个月在足负重位X线片测量并比较两组患者拇外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)和第1、2跖骨间角(intermetatarsal angle,IMA)变化情况,并比较术前和术后12个月美国足踝外科学会(American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)拇趾关节评分系统和视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)。结果:31例患者获得随访,时间13~20(16.61±2.47)个月;可吸收钉组随访时间14~20(16.88±2.80)个月,钛合金空心钉组随访时间13~19(16.29±2.05)个月;两组随访时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。吸收螺钉组1例出现术口周围出现麻木;钛合金空心钉组3例出现并发症,其中术口周围麻木症状1例,内固定物刺激皮肤症状1例,复发1例;两组并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.651,P=0.199)。两组术前和术后12个月HVA、IMA比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术前和术后12个月AOFAS评分、VAS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:与拇外翻微创截骨后使用钛合金空心螺钉进行固定相比,使用可吸收螺钉固定在影像学评价和功能评价上可以达到与钛合金空心螺钉固定水平相当的临床效果。     

Natural progression of radiographic indices in juvenile hallux valgus deformity

BackgroundThis study aimed to estimate the annual change in radiographic indices for juvenile hallux valgus (JHV) and to analyze the factors that influence deformity progression.MethodsPatients aged <15 years who had JHV and were followed up for at least 1 year were included. Hallux valgus angle (HVA), hallux interphalangeal angle, intermetatarsal angle, metatarsus adductus angle, distal metatarsal articular angle, anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle, and lateral talo-first metatarsal angle were evaluated. The progression rate of HVA was adjusted by multiple factors by using a linear mixed model.ResultsA total of 133 feet were included. The HVA and distal metatarsal articular angle both increased by 0.8° per year (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). HVA increased by 1.5° per year (p < 0.001) at under the age of 10, and the HVA progression in the older patients was not statistically significant.ConclusionsJHV deformity could progress with aging. Most deformity progression could occur before the age of 10 years.     

The chevron bunionectomy for moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity: Effects of procedural factors on hallux valgus correction

BackgroundEffects of procedural factors on chevron bunionectomy outcomes were studied.MethodsIncluded were 109 feet with distal chevron osteotomy and preoperative intermetatarsal angle (IMA) greater than 15 degrees. IMA and hallux valgus angles (HVA), release type, fixation, second-digit procedures, and risk factors were evaluated.ResultsEighty-three percent (91/109 feet) had satisfactory outcomes; nine had moderate pain. From preoperative, IMA improved 7.2 and HVA 20.5 degrees. Risk factors or second-digit procedures had no effect. Lateral release improved IMA (p < 0.01), with no difference between open lateral and transarticular release; 86% percent (64/74) were satisfied with open lateral release compared with 83% (19/23) and 66% (8/12) with no release and transarticular release, respectively. Fixation did not affect outcomes.ConclusionChevron bunionectomy corrected IMA and HVA to normal with few complications. Lateral release increased IMA correction. Transarticular release had lower satisfaction than open lateral release or no release.Level of EvidenceLevel III, retrospective     

Hallux sesamoid bones. Anatomical observations with special reference to osteoarthritis and hallux valgus

Summary The normal characteristics of the hallux sesamoid bones were studied in 200 toes (100 dissections and 100 radiographs from patients with hallux valgus), and pathological changes were recorded. Normally each sesamoid articulated with a separate groove on the plantar surface of the first metatarsal head. A bony ridge on the head separated these grooves.Bipartite sesamoids were found in 4% of the toes. Osteoarthritic changes manifested by deformity, irregularity, lipping, cysts in the sesamoids and in the heads of the first metatarsal and erosions in the articular surfaces were present in 32% of the dissected toes. Fusion of the sesamoids was found in 6%. Ankylosis between the sesamoids and the head of the metatarsal was observed in 4%.In the toes affected by hallux valgus the sesamoids, together with the plantar pad and the tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis, were displaced laterally to a variable degree. In severe deformities the lateral sesamoid was dislocated lateral to the first metatarsal head and the medial sesamoid occupied the groove originally corresponding to the lateral sesamoid, while the metatarsal ridge separating the two sesamoids tended to disappear. Osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joint frequently accompanied hallux valgus.     

经皮Chevron截骨术治疗轻中度足拇外翻畸形

目的评估经皮Chevron截骨术治疗轻中度足拇外翻畸形的疗效。方法 2010年6月至2012年5月,采用经皮Chevron截骨术治疗24位(26例)轻中度足拇外翻患者。所有患者均为女性,平均年龄48岁,其中右足14例,左足12例。术前和末次随访时测量足拇外翻角、跖骨间角,并进行美国足踝骨科学会(AOFAS)前足评分。术前足拇外翻角20°~40°,跖骨间角小于20°,跖骨远端关节角小于10°。结果术后平均随访26.3个月,足拇外翻角由术前平均31.68°纠正至术后平均14.39°,跖骨间角由术前平均13.77°纠正至术后平均7.98°,AOFAS前足评分由术前平均59.26分改善至术后平均88.35分。术后4例出现内侧关节囊折叠缝合引起的刺激症状,4例出现螺钉尾端刺激症状,但无伤口感染、关节僵硬及跖骨头坏死等并发症发生。结论经皮Chevron截骨术中期随访结果较好,可有效治疗轻中度足拇外翻畸形。     

(足,母)外翻合并第二跖骨头下疼痛的生物力学定量研究

目的探讨跖骨头下压力变化与蹰外翻合并跖骨头下疼痛的关系，并对引起第二跖骨头下疼痛的跖骨头下压力进行定量分析。方法采用由中国中医研究院骨伤科研究所生物力学实验室研制的足底压力测试系统，对58名正常人（116足），32例（45足）拇外翻单纯合并第二跖骨头下疼痛患者，56例（102足）拇外翻无足底疼痛患者进行足底压力测试，将三组跖骨头下压力进行比较。采用病例一对照设计，研究压力与疼痛的关系，并对引起第二跖骨头下疼痛的压力进行定量分析。结果（1）蹲外翻单纯合并第二跖骨头下疼痛组分别与拇外翻无足底疼痛组及正常组比较，第二跖骨头下压力均明显增高（均P〈0．05）；（2）第二跖骨头下压力高于正常组与第二跖骨头下压力不高于正常组比较，疼痛的发生率明显增加（P〈0．05，OR〉3，OR95％CI〉1）；（3）拇外翻合并第二跖骨头下疼痛组第二跖骨头下压力占体重的5．20％-7．29％。结论跖骨头下压力异常增高是跖骨头下疼痛的危险因素，第二跖骨头下压力超过体重的5．20％，极易出现跖骨头下疼痛。     

外翻合并第二跖骨头下疼痛的生物力学定量研究

目的探讨跖骨头下压力变化与(足,母)外翻合并跖骨头下疼痛的关系,并对引起第二跖骨头下疼痛的跖骨头下压力进行定量分析.方法采用由中国中医研究院骨伤科研究所生物力学实验室研制的足底压力测试系统,对58名正常人(116足),32例(45足)(足,母)外翻单纯合并第二跖骨头下疼痛患者,56例(102足)(足,母)外翻无足底疼痛患者进行足底压力测试,将三组跖骨头下压力进行比较.采用病例-对照设计,研究压力与疼痛的关系,并对引起第二跖骨头下疼痛的压力进行定量分析.结果 (1)(足,母)外翻单纯合并第二跖骨头下疼痛组分别与(足,母)外翻无足底疼痛组及正常组比较,第二跖骨头下压力均明显增高(均P＜0.05);(2)第二跖骨头下压力高于正常组与第二跖骨头下压力不高于正常组比较,疼痛的发生率明显增加(P＜0.05,OR＞3,OR 95%CI＞1);(3)(足,母)外翻合并第二跖骨头下疼痛组第二跖骨头下压力占体重的5.20%～7.29%.结论跖骨头下压力异常增高是跖骨头下疼痛的危险因素,第二跖骨头下压力超过体重的5.20%,极易出现跖骨头下疼痛.     

Great toe metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis for hallux valgus deformity in ambulatory adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy

Background  Hallux valgus deformity is a common sequel of spastic cerebral palsy. Methods  Twenty ambulatory patients (24 feet) suffering hallux valgus deformity, with painful forefoot and restricted footwear, secondary to spastic cerebral palsy acquired perinatally, were treated with great toe metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis using percutaneous K-wires for fixation. The mean age at the time of surgery was 16.2 years (range 14–18 years). They were retrospectively evaluated for the results after arthrodesis at a mean interval of 3 years and 4 months (range 3–4 years) by physical examination and radiographs. Results  All patients had a stable painless aligned great toe, with <10° valgus, <20° dorsiflexion and neutral rotation after arthrodesis, evidenced by improvement in pain, cosmesis, functional activity, footwear, callosities and hygiene, as well as by significant improvement in the measures of the MTP and the intermetatarsal angles (IMA) by postoperative radiographs. Neither non-union (pseudoarthrosis) nor recurrence of the deformity developed. Complications included superficial wound slough in a single case. Using the modified American Orthopaedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hallux Metatarsophalangeal–Interphalangeal Scale, 18 feet (75%) were classified as excellent and six feet (25%) as good. Neither fair nor poor cases were recorded. Conclusion  Hallux valgus deformity in adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy is best treated by great toe MTP arthrodesis to improve segmental foot malalignment and dynamic foot deviation.     

改良McBride术式治疗(足母)外翻17例

外翻是骨科常见病,可发生于任何年龄,以女性多见。外翻的治疗,可供选择的手术方式很多,自1995年6月-2000年5月采用改良McBride术式矫正外翻畸形17例(25足),术后经5年以上随访,效果满意,现总结报告如下。1临床资料本组共17例(25足),男2例(3足),女15例(22足);年龄20～57岁,     

改良McBride术式治疗(足母)外翻17例

拇外翻是骨科常见病,可发生于任何年龄,以女性多见.拇外翻的治疗,可供选择的手术方式很多,自1995年6月-2000年5月采用改良McBride术式矫正拇外翻畸形17例（25足）,术后经5年以上随访,效果满意,现总结报告如下.     

Scarf截骨治疗中、重度(足母)外翻

目的探讨Scarf截骨治疗拇外翻的手术适应证、手术方法及近期疗效。方法2001年1月至2005年12月，手术治疗拇外翻患者25例40足，其中23例36足获得随访，男2例2足，女21例34足；年龄28～70岁，平均56岁。手术均采用Scarf截骨，术中2枚螺钉固定。比较手术前、后及末次随访时与拇外翻相关的各角度的X线测量值，并结合AOFAS和VAS评分观察疗效。术前、术后的各组数据采用SPSS 11．5统计软件进行统计学分析。结果拇外翻角和第一、二跖骨间角从术前的38．0°±22．0°和16．0°±4．6°改善到术后的14．0°±6．1°和7．8°±2．9°，第一跖骨远端关节面角从23．0°±15．0°矫正为7．7°±5．1°。末次随访时拇外翻角为15．0°±5．7°，第一、二跖骨间角为8．8°±4．1°，第一跖骨远端关节面角为5．9°±3.8°。患者随访10-57个月，平均32个月。AOFAS评分从术前（46±17）分改善为（85±11）分，VAS评分从（7．4±2．3）分改善为（3.3±1．9）分。术后拇僵硬2例，最内侧皮神经损伤1例，转移性跖骨痛1例。结论Scarf截骨具有较好的自身稳定性，并发症少，手术效果好，可作为中、重度拇外翻矫形手术的首选方法。     

Axial radiographic evaluation in hallux valgus: evaluation of the transverse arch in the forefoot

To quantitatively evaluate the shape of the transverse arch in the forefoot with hallux valgus, a method for axial imaging and analysis of the forefoot has been developed. A foot was imaged at 30° of flexion. A two-dimensional coordinate system was established by drawing a vertical line on the X-ray image through the lowest point of the head of the second metatarsal. The origin was set at the intersection between the plane of the base of the foot and this vertical line. A control group of 51 feet from 29 normal subjects and a test group of 59 feet from 34 subjects with hallux valgus were examined. Compared with the normal group, the heads of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones were lower in the hallux valgus group, and their sesamoids were shifted outward with a rotational deviation. There was a statistical correlation between the degree of outward dislocation of the fibular sesamoid bone and the hallux valgus angle. The position of the fibular sesamoid bone become higher than the head of the first metatarsal when the angle of the hallux valgus exceeded 25°.