股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤根治术后缺损

目的:探讨股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣的制备要点及修复头颈肿瘤根治术后缺损的优缺点。方法:2007年12月—2011年3月制备股前外侧穿支皮瓣,同时解剖保护血管蒂上的肌分支,设计一蒂多岛的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复66例头颈肿瘤根治术后缺损。舌、口底癌32例,舌根、咽侧癌30例,颊癌2例,颌骨中央性鳞癌1例,腮腺癌1例。切取股前外侧皮瓣面积7cm×4cm～16cm×7cm,肌瓣约3cm×4cm,观察并发症及受、供区功能恢复情况,总结穿支嵌合皮瓣制取技术及优点。结果:65例穿支嵌合皮瓣成活,成活率98.5%。1例术后5d出现危象,最终放弃,创口均Ⅰ期愈合。2例发现无合适穿支血管,改用股前内侧穿支皮瓣修复成功。术后随访0.5～3a,皮瓣6个月后萎缩停止,局部外形丰满,语言及吞咽功能恢复满意。供区均拉拢缝合,瘢痕隐蔽,下肢无功能障碍。结论:逆行和顺行解剖技术相结合是制备穿支嵌合皮瓣的理想手段,能够帮助外科医师克服穿支血管的解剖变异。股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣能提供不同类型的组织进行三维修复,减少术后并发症(感染、瘘、血肿等)的发生率,是头颈肿瘤术后复合组织缺损修复的理想选择之一。     

应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤根治术后缺损

目的 探讨游离股前外侧(anterolateral thigh flaps,ALT)穿支皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤根治术后缺损的修复重建中的应用价值。方法 回顾分析2010年1月—2011年1月中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面-头颈外科,口腔颌面外科,采用ALT穿支皮瓣游离移植修复23例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者接受根治术后的缺损,其中舌癌13例、颊癌3例、腭癌3例、口底癌2例、口咽癌2例。结果 23例皮瓣中,22例移植皮瓣成活,1例坏死,成活率为95.7%。患者下肢运动均未受影响,81.0%(17/21)的患者对供区外观满意,有38.1%(8/21)的患者感觉供区皮肤麻木,81.0%(17/21)的患者可以正常进食,85.8%(18/21)的患者发音可以被理解,3例患者不影响发音。结论 游离ALT穿支皮瓣是修复头颈部肿瘤根治术后缺损的理想皮瓣。其血运可靠,可切取面积大,对供区、受区影响较小,患者容易接受。     

Preoperative Doppler assessment of perforator anatomy in the anterolateral thigh flap

Despite its many evident merits as a donor site, the principal disadvantage of the anterolateral thigh flap is the variability in its vascular anatomy. Preoperative assessment by Doppler of the vascular perforators has been advocated as routine. We report the accuracy of this method, and describe the strategy for rescue where adequate perforators are not evident. Eighty-six consecutive patients were marked preoperatively using hand-held Doppler and the pattern was compared with intraoperative findings. Assessment by Doppler predicted a median of 3 (range 0–8) perforator signals, and a median of 2 (range 0–5) was found intraoperatively. This overall trend towards false positives was exaggerated in thin thighs, but in the obese there were more false negative results. In 79% of cases explored medially it would have been possible to raise an apparently viable anteromedial thigh flap. As this can be done without extending the incision, it is the option of choice for rescue, although use of more proximal perforators may often be possible.     

35例股前外侧游离皮瓣血管危象临床分析

目的:总结分析股前外侧游离皮瓣术后血管危象发生的可能原因,探讨影响股前外侧游离皮瓣移植成功率的因素,为进一步提高皮瓣移植成功率提供参考.方法:回顾2005年9月-2012年12月中南大学湘雅二医院口腔颌面外科行股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复的患者,记录皮瓣危象发生的时间、危象类型及抢救结果.计算皮瓣移植成功率、皮瓣危象发生率、危象抢救成功率等.应用SPSS 16.0软件包对数据进行x2检验或Fisher精确检验.结果:812块股前外侧游离皮瓣移植成功率为97.8％ (794/812).发生血管危象者35块,抢救成功17块,坏死18块.35块发生血管危象的皮瓣中,静脉危象31块(88.6％)、动脉危象4块(11.4％).术后16h内皮瓣抢救成功率显著高于术后16h以后的抢救成功率(70.6％:27.8％,P=0.011),静脉危象的抢救成功率高于动脉危象的抢救成功率(51.6％:25.0％,P=0.316),但差异无显著性.穿支血管受损是导致股前外侧皮瓣危险的重要原因之一.结论:早期发现并及时手术探查是提高皮瓣危象抢救成功率最有效的方法.针刺出血试验是目前判断皮瓣危象发生与否及危象类型最准确的临床观察方法.也是目前判断皮瓣危象发生与否及危象类型的金标准.     

1 212块股前外侧肌皮瓣在口腔颌面缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨游离股前外侧肌皮瓣在口腔颌面部修复重建的价值。方法 收集2002年2月-2013年6月间在中南大学湘雅二医院口腔颌面外科住院,进行了股前外侧肌皮瓣修复的患者1 185例（1 212块皮瓣）。记录并统计患者的基本资料、缺损部位、皮瓣的面积及类型、受区血管的处理方法、供区并发症、患者术后生存质量等情况。结果 1 212块皮瓣成活1 176块,坏死36块,成活率97.0%。皮瓣供区无严重并发症出现。股前外侧肌皮瓣重建口腔颌面部各个部位的缺损后,90%以上的患者得到了良好的功能恢复及美观效果。吻合1根静脉与吻合2根静脉相比,可以显著地缩短显微操作时间（P=0.000 3）。2组的静脉危象发生率、抢救成功率及静脉危象导致的皮瓣坏死率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 股前外侧肌皮瓣组织供应量大,可满足口腔颌面部各个部位缺损的修复要求。股前外侧肌皮瓣比其他游离皮瓣,更适合用于口腔颌面部缺损修复,应作为首选皮瓣。     

The anterolateral thigh flap in head and neck reconstruction: “Pearls and pitfalls”

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has found a permanent and highly valued place in head and neck reconstruction because of its versatility, two-team method of operating, and favourable donor site. The principal disadvantages are related to unpredictable vascular anatomy and the need to meticulously dissect the perforator. With these issues in mind we present a series of practical “pearls and pitfalls”. Our experience has not only given us more confidence to use this flap in an increasing variety of defects, but also given us a new perspective on the applicability of chimeric flaps and perforator techniques in a wide range of donor sites.     

股前内侧皮瓣紧急替代股前外侧皮瓣修复颌面部贯通缺损1例

股前外侧皮瓣作为口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复皮瓣,近年来已得到临床医生的广泛应用,但其血管的解剖变异往往会给手术造成困难,甚至取皮瓣失败。本文报道1例因股前外侧皮瓣血管解剖变异而术中紧急采用股前内侧皮瓣替代股前外侧皮瓣修复颌面部贯通缺损的病例,并结合文献探讨股前内侧皮瓣的解剖及应用。     

股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面肿瘤术后缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织复杂缺损的效果。方法选择2011年1月至2014年7月以游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损患者39例。术前以彩色多普勒探测并标记供区血管,结合术中探查设计并制备嵌合皮瓣,并以此嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损,术后观察口腔颌面部及供区形态和功能。结果 39例游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣全部成活,其中3例术后24 h内出现血管危象,经处理后皮瓣逐渐恢复正常。随访1~4年,口腔颌面部及供区形态及功能良好,6例患者术后3年内复发、死亡,其余患者均无复发。结论游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面肿瘤术后软组织复杂缺损效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

Clinical anatomical study and evaluation of the use of the free anteromedial thigh perforator flaps in reconstructions of the head and neck

The anteromedial thigh (AMT) perforator flap is usually thin, pliable, and nearly hairless, making it particularly suitable to repair defects of the head and neck. We studied the topography and outcomes of AMT perforator flaps in such defects after excision of tumours. We retrospectively reviewed the casenotes of 11 consecutive patients who had had reconstructions of the head and neck with the initial intent of using an AMT perforator flap from January 2010 to July 2011. For each patient we recorded the size and thickness of the flap; the length of the pedicle; and the number, external diameters, anatomical types, source vessels, and sites of the sizeable perforators. Of the 11 patients, 10 had successful reconstruction using AMT perforator flaps, but one had no AMT perforator big enough. The mean (range) number of sizeable perforators/flap was 1.3 (1–2), length of pedicle 10.6 (7–13) cm, and diameter of the artery 1.1(1.0–1.5) mm. Of the 13 sizeable perforators, 3 were direct and septocutaneous. The remaining ones were all musculocutaneous. Most of them were located in the middle third of the thigh. Primary closure of the donor site was achieved in all patients. One flap was successfully revised after compression of the perforator. All flaps survived with good functional and aesthetic outcomes. The free AMT perforator flap is suitable for reconstructions of the head and neck if a sizeable perforator can be found. The AMT flap may be used as a primary flap rather than as an alternative to the anterolateral thigh flap or a component of a chimeric flap.     

Assessment of quality of life of patients with oral cavity cancer who have had defects reconstructed with free anterolateral thigh perforator flaps

The aim of this study was to evaluate quality of life (QoL) in patients who have had resections of oral cancer and reconstruction by free anterolateral thigh perforator flaps. QoL was assessed by the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QoL) questionnaires 12 months postoperatively.     

Lateral segmental mandibulectomy reconstruction with bridging reconstruction plate and anterolateral thigh free flap: a case series of 30 consecutive patients

Lateral posterior segmental mandibular defects present a reconstructive challenge and an osseous flap would be the gold standard to reconstruct such a defect. However, combining a mandibular reconstruction plate (MRP) with a soft-tissue free flap (to restore mucosal integrity and provide durable coverage of the plate itself) offers an alternative option for posterior segmental mandibular defects in patients who are not suitable for osseous reconstruction, or do not choose it. We retrospectively reviewed 30 consecutive patients (19 male and 11 female) who underwent reconstruction of a segmental mandibulectomy defect using a bridging MRP and anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap. The mean (range) age was 67 (31-87) years. The American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) status of the study population comprised Grade 1 (n = 10), Grade 2 (n = 18), and Grade 3 (n = 2). The majority of patients had oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (n = 26) involving the mandible, two had osteoradionecrosis, and two mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Four patients had complications specific to the reconstruction, and flap loss occurred in one (96.7% success rate). Metalwork infection occurred in three, including one plate extrusion and one plate fracture. The median length of stay was 10 days, and mean (range) duration of follow up 23.3 (1-96) months. This technique is an alternative reconstructive option for the non-tooth-bearing mandible. Reconstructing a posterolateral segmental mandibulectomy defect with a bridging MRP and ALT free flap offers a robust reconstructive alternative with a favourable complication profile.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部组织缺损18例报告

目的：探讨游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建中的应用价值及效果。方法：分析并评价应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣转移修复18例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术后及颌面部外伤引起的软组织大面积缺损病例的成功率及术后效果。结果：18例皮瓣中,1例术中皮瓣危象抢救成功,1例术后皮瓣危象抢救成功,全部皮瓣成活,成活率为100％。成活皮瓣术后修复效果满意,腿部供区无明显后遗症。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣血供系统恒定,游离移植皮瓣成功率高,供皮面积大,组织量丰富,对供区影响小,皮瓣大小厚薄具备可控性,是修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Anterolateral thigh free flap for trismus release in pediatric oncology patients

Trismus is a common postoperative complication for patients operated on for cancer of the masticator space, infratemporal fossa, or pterygomaxillary fossa, particularly those who need radiotherapy. When other techniques have failed, free tissue transfer should be considered as an option in young patients who have previously been treated for oral cancer. We report our experience with the free anterolateral thigh musculocutaneous flap in two children.     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤术后缺损

目的:探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣在口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术后缺损的修复重建中的应用价值。方法:2007年12月—2010年6月,采用股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复76例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者接受根治术后的缺损,其中舌癌32例、颊癌16例、口底癌10例、牙龈癌9例、口咽癌8例、面部皮肤癌1例,评价移植修复成功率及术后效果。结果:76例皮瓣中,74例移植皮瓣成活,2例坏死,成活率为97.4%。成活皮瓣术后效果满意,供区无明显后遗症。结论:游离股前外侧皮瓣血运可靠,可切取面积大,对供区影响小,是修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的理想皮瓣。     

The effect of early detection of anterolateral thigh free flap crisis on the salvage success rate,based on 10 years of experience and 1072 flaps

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of early exploration of anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap compromise in head and neck reconstruction and to correlate this with the salvage success rate. The perioperative data of 1051 patients with 1072 ALT flap reconstructions were reviewed retrospectively for the period January 2002 to December 2012. Outcome measures included ethnicity, defect type, incidence and timing of flap compromise, type of flap compromise, causes of vascular occlusion, and salvage rate. The success rate of free flap reconstruction was 97.3% (1043/1072). Of the 29 failures, 21 were complete and eight were partial failures (10–40% of the flap). Venous occlusions occurred in 39 flaps (83.0%) and arterial occlusions in five flaps (17.0%). Six cases were detected within 8 h postoperatively, 13 at 8–16 h postoperatively, seven at 16–24 h postoperatively, and 18 at 24–48 h postoperatively, with respective salvage rates of 66.7%, 61.5%, 28.6%, and 22.2%; three cases detected after 48 h failed. The salvage rate at ≤16 h (62.2%) was much higher than that at >16 h (21.4%, P = 0.0039). Early detection, re-exploration, and effective handling of the flap crisis increases the rate of flap salvage tremendously.     

颊部恶性肿瘤切除术后股前外侧皮瓣修复32例临床分析

目的：分析颊部恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损部位利用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复的临床效果。方法：60例颊部恶性肿瘤手术患者分为2组,颊部缺损行股前外侧皮瓣移植修复32例（观察组）,28例采用创缘松解直接拉拢缝合的修复方法（对照组）。分别所有患者术后并发症及满意度进行对比分析。结果：观察组手术成功32例,术后开口度均未受影响;对照组术后开口度有不同程度影响。经6～12个月随访,观察组对修复后外观满意率93．75％（30／32）,高于对照组（60．71％,17／28）,且没有出现并发症。术后患者恢复情况Ⅰ、Ⅱ级占比观察组为93．75％。远高于对照组的78．57％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：采用移植组织皮瓣修复颊部恶性肿瘤切除术后的缺损临床效果好,患者对修复后的满意度高,且并发症较少。     

影响头颈部游离皮瓣移植成活的因素分析

目的：分析影响头颈部游离皮瓣移植成活的相关因素。方法：对我院2005.9—2009.11期间进行的124例游离皮瓣移植资料进行回顾,分析年龄,吸烟和（或）饮酒、手术技术及抗凝药物和扩血管药物等因素对游离皮瓣移植成功的影响。采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行连续性校正χ2检验和Fisher确切检验。结果：皮瓣移植的成功率为97.5%（121/124）,与手术技术有明显相关性,而与年龄、是否吸烟和（或）饮酒、是否有高血压和（或）糖尿病以及是否全身应用抗凝药物等无相关性;术后皮瓣危象发生率为4.0%（5/124）,静脉栓塞是主要原因（80%）,手术探查3例,抢救成功2例,成功率为66.7%。结论：精良的显微外科技术以及血管蒂的处理和保护是提高皮瓣游离移植成功率的关键,而性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒及全身应用抗凝药物和扩张血管药物等均不是影响头颈部游离皮瓣移植成活的关键因素。     

Comparison of donor site complications of supra- versus subfascially harvested anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps: A meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the complications at the donor site of supra- versus subfascially harvested anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps.MethodWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM) and the Cochrane Library until December 31, 2018, to identify studies that compared complications at the donor site of the supra- versus subfascially raised anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps. Two authors individually extracted the data and performed the quality assessments. Skin grafting, the rate of poor healing in the donor site, dysfunction at the donor site and sensory functions at the donor site were evaluated.ResultSeven studies with a total of 525 patients were included in our analysis. No significant differences were found regarding skin grafting and sensory functions between the 2 groups. However, in regard to the rate of poor healing and dysfunction at the donor site, the SPF group showed significantly better outcomes than the SBF group after the operation.ConclusionOur meta-analysis suggested that, in regards to skin grafting and sensory recovery, the SPF and SBF groups were similar. With regard to donor site healing and functional recovery, the SPF group exhibited better outcomes than the SBF group.     

前臂桡侧皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复半舌缺损的比较研究

目的：分析比较前臂桡侧皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣在修复半舌缺损后的舌功能恢复和供受区并发症情况。方法：2008年7月-2012年11月,23例舌癌患者接受肿瘤扩大切除,遗留的半舌缺损,14例采用前臂桡侧皮瓣修复,供区伤口取腹部全厚皮片移植修复;9例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复。术后4~6个月,对每例患者的吞咽功能、语言清晰度和供受区并发症等情况进行随访分析。结果：前臂桡侧皮瓣组和股前外侧皮瓣组患者吞咽功能和语言清晰度均恢复良好,两组之间无显著差异。在受区,前臂桡侧皮瓣组有1例出现全部皮瓣坏死;股前外侧皮瓣组有1例出现小部分皮瓣坏死,1例出现口颈瘘。在供区,前臂桡侧皮瓣组有4例出现移植皮片部分坏死,1例伤口部分裂开,12例出现明显的瘢痕,9例局部麻木,3例手臂功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣组有1例局部麻木,1例出现明显的瘢痕,均未出现运动功能障碍。前臂桡侧皮瓣组供区并发症明显多于股前外侧皮瓣组。结论：股前外侧皮瓣可获得的血管蒂长、管径大、供区并发症少,是半舌缺损较理想的修复组织瓣。