Radiographic Outcomes Following Primary Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Hallux Abductovalgus Deformity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic outcomes of primary metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis for hallux abductovalgus deformities. Between January 2004 and March 2009, 56 consecutive patients (58 feet) underwent primary arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) for severe hallux abductovalgus deformity and or hallux rigidus. Results were assessed by primary radiographic outcome measurements (hallux valgus and first-second intermetatarsal angle). Overall, the mean hallux valgus (HA) angle improved significantly from 31.9° to 13.4° (P < .01). The mean first-second intermetatarsal (IM) angle correction was also signficantly reduced from 14.0° to 9.7° (P < .01). When separated by deformity group (mild, moderate, and severe), the mean hallux valgus and first-second intermetatarsal angles demonstrated statistically significant correction in all groups when comparing preoperative and postoperative values (P < .01). Primary arthrodesis provides predictable radiographic outcomes and effective correction for patients with differing severity of hallux abductovalgus deformity and arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A separate proximal osteotomy for severe metatarsus primus varus correction may not be necessary because of the correction achieved at the metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis level. The results of this study demonstrate that as the severity of the preoperative deformity increases, the amount of postoperative radiographic (HA and IM angle measurement) correction after MTPJ arthrodesis will improve correspondingly.     

Observed Changes in Radiographic Measurements of the First Ray after Frontal Plane Rotation of the First Metatarsal in a Cadaveric Foot Model

We observed the changes in the angular measurements commonly used in the evaluation of the first metatarsal and first metatarsophalangeal joint in cadaveric specimens before and after frontal plane rotation of the first metatarsal. Measurements of the first and second intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux abductus angle, proximal articular set angle, and tibial sesamoid position (TSP) were taken after varying degrees of varus and valgus rotation of the first metatarsal. Standard dorsoplantar radiographs were taken at 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30° of valgus rotation of the first metatarsal and repeated at 10°, 20°, and 30° varus rotation of the first metatarsal. The data were analyzed using a mixed linear model to compare the change in each angle measurement over the range of valgus and varus rotation. The change in the TSP was significant in both valgus and varus rotations (p = .0004 and p = .028, respectively), an increase in valgus rotation causing an increase in the TSP and an increase in varus rotation causing a decrease in TSP. The change in the IMA was significant compared with valgus rotation (p = .028), showing that as the valgus rotation increased, the IMA also increased. However, compared with the varus rotation, the correlation was not significant (p = .18). The proximal articular set angle and hallux abductus angle measurements, compared with metatarsal rotation, showed positive trends but were not statistically significant. From our results and a review of the published data, we have hypothesized that frontal plane rotation of the first metatarsal is an integral component of hallux abducto valgus pathologic features, specifically in relation to the TSP and IMA.     

A Qualitative Study of the Functional Outcomes Following First Metatarsophalangeal Joint (MTPJ) Arthrodesis Based on a Procedure Focused Questionnaire

Hallux rigidus is the second most common condition to affect the first ray with an incidence of 2.5% in those above 50 years. Metatarsophalangeal Joint (MTPJ) arthrodesis remains the standard surgery. There are currently no patient-reported outcome measures or functional outcome measures specific to first MTPJ arthrodesis. Finding out what patients can and cannot do after surgery would help surgeons appropriately consent patients and manage expectations pre- and postsurgery. A pilot group of 15 patients postarthrodesis agreed on the suitability of the questions developed by the authors. As no further changes were made, a further 35 patients were recruited. Median age was 68 years, 78% were females, and 68% of patients were retired. Median follow-up was 64.5 months. Complete or almost complete pain relief was reported by 92% of patients. No major difficulty was reported by 97% of patients using ladders, 95% of patients driving, 90% of patients standing, 86% of patients wearing shoes without heels. Fifty-seven percent of patients reported extreme difficulty running and 48% of patients reported moderate or extreme difficulties wearing shoes with heels. None of the men reported difficulty with shoe wear without heels compared to 18% of women (p = .01). None of the men reported any difficulty in driving compared to 18% of women (p = .06). Difficulty in walking was reported in 44% of women compared to 9% of men (p = N/S). Our study is the first to reflect patients’ own long term experiences following first MTPJ arthrodesis. Based on our study, following first MTPJ arthrodesis the majority of patients did not have trouble with pain, walking, standing, and driving. More than half of patients did not have trouble wearing shoes without heels; up to a third didn't have trouble wearing heels. More women experienced difficulty compared to men wearing shoes without heels, driving, and walking.     

Technique Tip: Correcting Malalignment of the Talus Using a Pin-Based Distracter During Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis

It is technical demanding work to perform arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis to treat end-stage ankle osteoarthritis with excessive talar tilt. This article aimed to provide an effective technique tip for the treatment of Takakura stage 3b ankle osteoarthritis with a talar tilt angle more than 15 degrees under arthroscopy. A conventional anterior arthroscopic approach is used. After arthroscopic examination and debridement, one pin which is parallel to the distal tibial surface is inserted into the tibial side of the ankle, the other pin which is parallel to the talar dome surface is inserted into the talar side of the ankle, both at the coronal plane. Then a distracter is used in the medial side to open the interspace of the tibiotalar joint and correct the talar tilt through the 2 pins, under which circumstance the tibiotalar joint surface can be well prepared. Next an anti-distracter is used in the lateral side to close the tibiotalar interspace and correct the talar tilt through the 2 pins, in which condition 3 fully threaded cannulated lag screws can be inserted through guide pins in a cross pattern to fix the ankle joint. We used the pin-based distracter to open and close tibiotalar interspace, correct the talar tilt and maintain a good mechanical axis for fusion, and the outcomes were good.     

Mobility of the First Ray in Patients With or Without Hallux Valgus Deformity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The hypermobility theory of the first ray is the reason for the popularization of procedures such as the modified Lapidus procedure involving arthrodesis of the first tarsal–metatarsal joint for correction of hallux valgus deformity. Although many studies have involved motion of the first ray in hallux valgus patients, the presence and clinical significance of hypermobility in the first ray remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the difference in the first ray range of motion between patients with or without hallux valgus deformity. The databases used for the present review included Ovid EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database. We searched for comparative studies that had evaluated the motion of the first ray in patients with or without hallux valgus. After screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 3 studies that were relevant to our study question. All 3 studies showed more first ray motion in the hallux valgus group. Our quantitative synthesis showed a mean difference in the range of motion of the first ray of 3.62 mm (95% confidence interval 2.26 to 4.98) between those with and without hallux valgus deformity. Thus, we found statistically significantly increased first ray motion in patients with hallux valgus deformity compared with those without hallux valgus deformity. However, the clinical significance of this small amount of increased sagittal plane motion as a response to or a cause of hallux valgus remains unanswered.     

PCCP治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨经皮加压钢板（percutaneous compression plating,PCCP）治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法对12例老年骨质疏松股骨粗隆间骨折患者进行PCCP内固定手术,平均年龄75.3岁（69～82岁）。术后进行下肢功能锻炼。观察手术时间、术中使用C型臂透视时间、术中失血量、切口尺寸以及功能恢复情况。结果平均随访10.2（4～12）个月。手术时间（从切皮到缝合）平均为47.8 min（35～75 min）,C型臂X线机透视平均使用时间为51.3秒（30～85秒）,术中平均显性失血为101.7 mL（50～200 mL）,近端切口2～3 cm,远端切口3～4 cm。术后48 h疼痛为60分的有9例（占75%）,口服镇痛药可以控制。术后下肢功能评价优8例,良4例,1例病人术前合并脑梗塞,在拐杖的支持下恢复到术前的运动功能。本组未出现切口感染、深静脉血栓形成、骨不连、钢板螺钉断裂、髋内翻及股骨头坏死等并发症。结论采用PCCP治疗老年骨质疏松性粗隆间骨折具有切口小、出血少,手术时间短、术中透视时间短、术后功能恢复好等特点,是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的理想固定方式,具有较满意的临床疗效。     

Accuracy of Preoperative Templating in Total Hip Arthroplasty With Special Focus on Stem Morphology: A Randomized Comparison Between Common Digital and Three-Dimensional Planning Using Biplanar Radiographs

BackgroundAccurate preoperative planning is a key component of successful total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of the present study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of three-dimensional (hipEOS) and common digital two-dimensional (TraumaCad) templating with special focus on stem morphology.Methods51 patients undergoing THA were randomized to two groups. Preoperative planning was performed on 23 patients with hipEOS (3D) and on 28 patients with TraumaCad (2D) planning software. Planning results were compared with the implanted component size. Inter- and intraobserver reliability as well as planning accuracy of both planning methods with special focus on straight and short stem design were recorded.ResultsIntraobserver reliability of both planning methods was good for component planning (ICC_2,1: 0.835-0.967). Interobserver ICC_2,1 for stem and cup planning were higher for 3D templating (3D ICC_2,1: 0.906-0.918 vs. 2D ICC_2,1: 0.835-0.843). Total stem and cup size predictions were within 2 sizes for 3D and within 3 sizes for 2D planning. Comparing short stem planning accuracy of both planning methods, absolute difference between implanted and planned component size was significantly lower in 3D planning (P = .029). There was no significant difference in straight stem (P = .935) and cup (P = .954) planning accuracy.ConclusionOur findings suggest that 3D templating with hipEOS software has a good overall reliability and may have a better planning accuracy of short stem prostheses than digital templating with TraumaCad software. Assuming that the number of implanted short stem prostheses will further increase in coming years, a more precise planning with 3D technique can contribute to improve surgery outcome.     

Metatarsal Head Resection in the Rheumatoid Foot: 5-Year Follow-Up With and Without Resection of the First Metatarsal Head

Twenty-nine patients (45 feet) who underwent metatarsal head resections for rheumatoid forefoot deformities were reviewed retrospectively at a mean follow-up of 6.57 years (range, 5-9.3 years). Resections were confined to the lesser metatarsal heads in 16 feet because of a lack of involvement in the first metatarsal head. In the remaining 29 feet, all metatarsal heads were resected. A questionnaire was provided to assess subjective outcomes. Thirty-three feet (73.3%) had no pain or only mild pain, 5 feet (11%) had moderate pain, and 7 (15.5%) had severe pain. Among the 29 feet with panmetatarsal head resections, 5 (17%) required revision of metatarsal stumps at an average follow-up of 55.2 months (range, 17-84 months; standard deviation, 26.88). Among the 16 feet with only lesser metatarsal head resections, 7 (43.75%) required subsequent first metatarsal head resections at an average follow-up period of 33.14 months (range, 13-56 months; standard deviation, 16.54). In conclusion, metatarsal head resection is a simple procedure that gives long-term pain relief in over two thirds of the patients who have rheumatoid forefoot deformities. A high rate of recurrence of pain and subsequent resection of first metatarsal head is noted if it is not resected primarily. We recommend a low threshold for the inclusion of some form of primary reconstruction of the first metatarsophalangeal joint when resection arthroplasty is performed on the lesser toes.     

A Biomechanical Comparison of the Effects of Constant and Cyclic Compression on Fracture Healing in Rabbit Long Bones

In a biomechanical study, the strength of healing experimental fractures in rabbit tibias was compared for two different healing environments. During the healing period large constant compression was applied to one leg, while the other leg was subjected to cyclic compression forces. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 weeks after the operation. The healing bones were tested in a dynamic torsion testing machine. Results indicate that on an average basis the cyclic compression treated bones exhibited higher torque and energy absorption to failure, but lower stiffness as compared with the constant compression treated bones, during the 30 to 50 days' healing period. These differences were statistically significant. Additionally, it was estimated that a 27 per cent saving in healing time may be realized for a bone treated with cyclic as compared with constant compression.     

The Effect of Percutaneous Flexor Tenotomy on Healing and Prevention of Foot Ulcers in Patients With Claw Deformity of the Toe

Claw deformity of the foot is frequently seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. Percutaneous flexor tenotomy is a simple surgical procedure for the treatment of foot ulcers on the distal end of the toe caused by this deformity. This procedure can also be performed to prevent ulcers in claw toes that are at risk of ulceration. The aim of this study is to investigate whether percutaneous flexor tenotomy is an effective surgical method for treatment and prevention of toe ulcers in patients with claw deformity. This retrospective study, with a median follow-up of 13.4 (1 to 66.7) months, included all consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous flexor tenotomy in 2 hospitals between July 2012 and April 2017. In total, 101 feet underwent flexor tenotomy: 84 (83.3%) therapeutic and 17 (16.7%) prophylactic. Of the 84 therapeutic procedures, 95.1% healed, with a median healing time of 27 days. In 11 (13.3%) therapeutic procedures, a reulceration was recorded. In the therapeutic group, 4 (4.8%) infections and 1 (1.2%) amputation of the digit occurred. In the 17 prophylactic procedures, local bleeding was recorded in 1 (5.9%). In the prophylactic group, 2 ulcers occurred. In 77 (76.2%) of all procedures, patients had diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, percutaneous flexor tenotomy is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive procedure for the treatment and prevention of toe ulcers in patients with claw deformity.     

Innovative Surgical Planning in Resecting Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Foot Using Augmented Reality With a Smartphone

Augmented or hybrid reality is a display technology that combines the real world with the virtual world; it permits digital images of preoperative planning information to be combined with the surgeon's view of the real world. Augmented reality (AR) can increase the surgeon's intraoperative vision by providing virtual transparency of the real patient and has been applied to a wide spectrum of orthopedic procedures, such as tumor resection, fracture fixation, arthroscopy, and component's alignment in total joint arthroplasty. We present a case of a male patient who presented with pain in the medial aspect of his left foot after he underwent an incomplete mass excision elsewhere where it turned out to be synovial sarcoma. Because the mass was small, impalpable, and deeply positioned beneath both the plantar and the medial plantar aponeuroses, it was impossible to preoperatively decide a plan for resection. We opted to use the aid of AR in the form of an application using the camera of a smartphone. We were able to excise the tumor with negative surgical margins. On 12-month follow-up, the patient is in complete remission and has optimal mobility and functionality of his foot. In conclusion, AR holds great potential for use in the future of orthopedic surgical oncology. We emphasize using it via a handheld device that we found to be optimal for planning resection of the small and relatively fixed tumor. Based on our literature review, this is the first case describing the surgical planning in resecting an impalpable synovial sarcoma of the foot using AR technology.     

SKY骨扩张器治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者的护理

目的 探讨骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者行经皮穿刺SKY椎体成形术的护理要点.方法 对20例在局部麻醉、C型臂X线机透视引导下,接受经皮穿刺SKY骨扩张椎体成形术的患者术前进行心理护理、手术体位(俯卧位)耐受力训练及肠道准备;术后严密观察生命体征、预防穿刺部位感染,进行并发症的观察,特别是加强康复训练的指导及出院指导等.结果 20例患者均顺利接受了手术,且疗效显著,住院期间均未发生并发症.结论 手术前后的护理干预是进行经皮穿刺SKY骨扩张椎体成形术成功的重要措施.